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PubMed1975

Bone marrow regeneration after local injury: a review.

This paper is focused on a mechanically depleted medullary cavity as an experimental model for analysis of marrow regenerative programs. The reconstitution of marrow in an evacuated cavity is basically a local phenomenon in respect to the stimulus for regeneration and the origin of the responsible cells. The nature of the triggering stimulus is unknown, but it is probably related to disruption of the continuity of the marrow stroma and endosteum. The initiating cells appear to be independent lines of mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells bound to bone, most likely within the endosteum and haversian system. The mesenchymal cells form the characteristic marrow stroma. Hemic cell regeneration can occur without immigrant hematopoietic stem cells, although such cells are known to contribute to later stages of repopulation. The formation and resorption of trabecular bone appears to be intimately related to the development of a sinusoidal matrix, perhaps by serving as a callus or supporting lattice and perhaps by providing a mechanism for distribution of stromal progenitors. Hematopoiesis is initiated in sites of active bone resorptive. The interplay of events consequent to marrow removal is strikingly similar to that seen with heterotopic marrow implants. Because stromal stem cells, unlike hematopoietic stem cells, do not migrate from distant sites, marrow stroma is the limiting factor in recovery from localized injury. Stromal stem cells are fairly radiosensitive but are not as sensitive as hematopoietic stem cells. The apparent radioresistance of stromal elements in an intact marrow seems to be due to their very low turnover rate. Latent radiation damage can be readily unmasked by conditions that promote their proliferation. This no doubt accounts for the radiosensitivity of stroma in an evacuated femur or heterotopic implant in contrast to its continued functional integrity with similar irradiation of in situ marrow. Even in an intact marrow, however, exposures in the 1000 rad range can lead to slowly evolving hypocellularity associated with diminished blood flow. With higher doses, aplasia of the irradiated site becomes progressively more generalized. It remains to be seen whether this limiting condition is due to the loss of specific regulatory functions or stromal components or merely reflects sinusoidal damage.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Standardization and comparability of CASA instruments.

Thirty human semen specimens were analyzed using a standard manual method, then videotaped and reanalyzed using two different computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) instruments (the HTM system, Hamilton-Thorn Research, Danvers, MA, and the CTS system, Motion Analysis Corp., Santa Rosa, CA). Videotaped specimens were analyzed by CASA for 5 frames for sperm concentration (CON) and percent motility (MOT), and for 15 frames for kinematic variables (straight-line velocity, VSL; curvilinear velocity, VCL; linearity, LIN; and amplitude of lateral head displacement, ALH). Machine parameter settings for the two instruments were matched as closely as possible. CASA values were compared with each other for all measures and with manual results for sperm count and the percentage of motile sperm. Results show: 1) HTM and CTS average values for CON are not different from manual measures for the 5- or 15-frame analysis, but slight differences are seen between CTS and HTM; 2) average values for MOT for the 5-frame analysis are higher than the 15-frame analysis for both instruments, but the average manual measurement for percent motility is much higher than any CASA value; 3) average VSL and LIN are slightly higher for HTM than CTS, but pair-wise comparison shows a high degree of concordance between the instruments; and 4) the mean values for VCL and ALH are equal for the two instruments, and there is a close concordance for the pair-wise comparison for VCL; however, pair-wise comparison of ALH reveals significant differences between the instruments. Overall, the differences seen between these instruments are slight, and are probably not biologically or clinically significant.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1997

Macrophage activity in organ cultures of the avian cochlea: demonstration of a resident population and recruitment to sites of hair cell lesions.

The factors that regulate the repair and regeneration of the sensory hair cells of the inner ear are not understood. Previous studies of hair cell injury in the lateral line sensory organs of amphibians and the cochleae of mammals have demonstrated that macrophages and other leukocytes are recruited to sites of hair cell lesions. The present study examined the distribution and activity of macrophages in organ cultures of the avian cochlea, a system whose regenerative abilities have been widely studied. Cochleae were removed from chicks and placed in organ culture, and precise hair cell lesions were created using a laser microbeam. Macrophages in the cultures were identified using histochemical, immunocytochemical, and morphologic criteria. It was found that (a) cultured cochleae contained a resident population of macrophages, and (b) increased numbers of macrophages were recruited to the sites of hair cell lesions. Furthermore, the latency of macrophage recruitment to lesions is consistent with a suggested role for macrophages in the initiation of hair cell regeneration.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Neuropathological changes in two lines of mice carrying a transgene for mutant human Cu,Zn SOD, and in mice overexpressing wild type human SOD: a model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS).

Two different lines of mice, G1 and G20, carrying a transgene for a mutant form of Cu,Zn SOD, found in a family with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), develop clinical and pathological changes which are, in their late stages, strikingly similar to those in human disease. We have analyzed the distribution and characteristics of lesions in the central and peripheral nervous systems of such mice. The most affected structure was the spinal cord, followed by the medulla, pons and midbrain. The early stages of the disease were characterized by vascular degeneration of anterior horn neurons and their processes, while, in the late stages, the main changes consisted of neuronal loss and atrophy of the anterior horns and the deposition in these areas of multiple filamentous inclusions resembling Lewy bodies. In the late stages of the disease, the white matter of the spinal cord was also involved, particularly in the anterior and lateral columns. Posterior columns were also involved, but to a much lesser degree. The brainstem structures also showed vacuolar degeneration of several motor nuclei and of several groups neurons in the reticular formation. Anterior roots and peripheral nerves showed the classical features of Wallerian degeneration. The dorsal root ganglia, with rare exceptions, were unremarkable. The posterior roots showed mild changes in the most severely affected mice. Changes in these two affected lines were compared to changes in mice overexpressing wild type, rather than mutant human Cu,Zn SOD. These mice never developed clinical disease, although, pathologically, they developed very mild vacuolar changes in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and in motor axons. This study shows that although simple overexpression of SOD may be injurious to motor neurons, albeit very mildly, the mutant form is necessary to produce both clinical disease and severe pathological changes which, in the chronic stage of the disease, have striking similarities to human familial ALS. A dominant gain of function, therefore, is the most likely pathogenesis of tissue injury induced by mutations in Cu,Zn SOD.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed1978

Development of the calyx and lateral oviduct during oogenesis in Aedes aegypti.

The lateral oviduct and calyx of nulliparous Aedes aegypti on a sucrose diet are both flattened sacs, lacking a well defined lumen. Both are formed of an inner epithelial and an outer muscular layer, each one cell thick. The lateral oviduct is surrounded by a circular muscle sheath which is continuous with the ovarian sheath. Each ovariolar sheath is continuous with the outer layer of the calyx. The structure of both the lateral oviduct and the calyx is greatly modified after the initial blood meal. A distinct lumen develops; there is an extensive development of the outer muscular layers, and the inner epithelial layers become invaginated forming deep crypts lined with extensive microvilli. The follicular stem, which joins the primary follicle to the calyx in each ovariole, is not hollow and does not mark the opening into the calyx through which the mature egg can pass. The eggs gain access to the oviductal system after the calyx extends around the follicular epithelium of the primary follicle, when breaks appear in the calyx wall opposed to the follicular epithelium, until the mature eggs, eventually lie in a highly distended thin-walled sac of calyx from which they have direct and easy access to the lateral oviduct. After oviposition, this sac contrasts to occupy once more a compact axial position in the ovary. Remnants of the follicular epithelium, containing many lysosomes are attached to the calyx at this time.

Aedes↗
PubMed2005

Physiological neuroprotection by melatonin in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease.

There is considerable evidence that pharmacological doses of the pineal hormone, melatonin, are neuroprotective in diverse models of neurodegeneration including Parkinson's disease. However, there is limited information about the effects of physiological doses of this hormone in similar models. In this study, rats were chronically treated with melatonin via drinking water following partial 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning in the striatum. The two doses of melatonin (0.4 microg/ml and 4.0 microg/ml) were within the reported physiological concentrations present in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid respectively. At 2 weeks after surgery, the higher dose of melatonin significantly attenuated rotational behavior in hemi-parkinsonian rats compared to similarly lesioned animals receiving either vehicle (P < 0.001) or the lower dose of melatonin (P < 0.01). Animals were perfused or sacrificed 10 weeks after commencing melatonin treatment for immunohistochemical or mRNA studies. Animals treated with 4.0 microg/ml melatonin exhibited normal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the lesioned striatum, whereas little or no TH immunofluorescence was visible in similarly lesioned animals receiving vehicle. In contrast, semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed no group differences in TH mRNA, suggesting spontaneous recovery of this transcript as observed previously in partially lesioned animals. There were no significant differences in striatal GDNF mRNA levels between sham and lesioned animals. However, there was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in GDNF mRNA expression in the intact contralateral striata of lesioned animals treated with vehicle. Interestingly, melatonin treatment attenuated this novel compensatory contralateral increase in striatal GDNF expression, presumably due to its neuroprotective effect. These findings support a physiological role for melatonin in protecting against parkinsonian neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal system.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Apparent insensitivity of the hotplate latency test for detection of antinociception following intraperitoneal, intravenous or intracerebroventricular M6G administration to rats.

Although morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) has been shown to be analgesically active, the relative involvement of spinal and supraspinal structures in mediating M6G's pain-relieving effects following central and systemic administration to rats is unclear. As the tail flick and hotplate latency tests are reported to quantify antinociception mediated primarily by spinal and supraspinal mechanisms respectively, these methods were used to determine the comparative "apparent" levels of antinociception (expressed as percentage maximum possible effect, % MPE) achieved after M6G or morphine administration. Following i.v. or i.p. M6G (1.9-5.4 micromol) dosing or i.p. morphine (10 micromol) dosing, high levels of antinociception (>50% MPE) were achieved using the tail flick test whereas base-line levels of antinociception were observed 30 sec later in the same rats using the hotplate test. By contrast, antinociception evoked by i.v. morphine (10 micromol) exceeded 50% MPE using both the hotplate and tail flick tests although the "apparent" potency was approximately 2.5 times greater using the tail flick test. After i.c.v. dosing, M6G (0.22-3.3 nmol) was significantly (P < .05) more potent when assessed using the tail flick compared with the hotplate test. Taken together, these data strongly indicate that following central and systemic administration, M6G's antinociceptive effects are mediated primarily by spinal structures whereas both spinal and supraspinal mechanisms contribute to systemic morphine's antinociceptive effects.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed2000

The role of ERp57 in disulfide bond formation during the assembly of major histocompatibility complex class I in a synchronized semipermeabilized cell translation system.

We have established a semipermeabilized cell system that reproduces the folding and assembly of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I complex as it would occur in the intact cell. The translation of the MHC class I heavy chain (HLA-B27) in this system was synchronized allowing the folding and assembly of polypeptide chains synthesized within a short time frame to be analyzed. This has enabled us to dissect the time course of interaction of both disulfide and nondisulfide-bonded heavy chain with various molecular chaperones during its assembly in a functionally intact endoplasmic reticulum. The results demonstrate that unassembled, nondisulfide-bonded forms of heavy chain interact initially with calnexin. A later and more prolonged interaction of calreticulin, specifically with assembled, disulfide-bonded heavy chain, highlights distinct differences in the roles of these two proteins in the assembly of MHC class I molecules. We also demonstrate that the thiol-dependent reductase ERp57 initially interacts with nondisulfide-bonded heavy chain, but this rapidly becomes disulfide-bonded and indicates that heavy chain folding occurs during its interaction with ERp57. In addition, we also confirm a direct interaction between MHC class I heavy chain and tapasin, emphasizing the role that this protein plays in the later stages of MHC class I assembly.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of ability of activation mapping by duodecapolar catheter to diagnose complete isthmus block utilizing electroanatomical mapping system.

UNLABELLED: Duodecapolar catheters (DPCs) have been widely used to diagnose isthmus block after ablation in patients with atrial flutters. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of DPC to diagnose isthmus block utilizing electroanatomical mapping system (CARTO). METHODS: Sixty-two patients with common atrial flutter underwent isthmus ablation during CS pacing while DPC was positioned at lateral wall of RA along tricuspid annulus (TA). When activation sequence of DPC recording changed exclusively counter-clockwise after ablation, or did not even after ablations targeting single potentials on ablation line (Ab-L), only lateral side of Ab-L was remapped using CARTO to assess whether complete block (CB) was established. RESULTS: After ablation, DPC recording suggested CB and incomplete block (ICB) in 53 (85%) and 9 patients (15%), respectively. In 51/53 patients (96%) with CB suggested by DPC recordings, CARTO remap also demonstrated CB, however, in the remaining two patients (4%), demonstrated ICB with residual isthmus conduction that was slow enough to allow wavefront conducting around TA to arrive at distal dipole of DPC earlier, mimicking CB. In 4/9 patients (44%) with ICB suggested by DPC recordings, CARTO remap also demonstrated ICB, however, in the remaining five patients (56%), demonstrated CB with earlier arrival of wavefront traversing posterior wall at just lateral to Ab-L than that conducting around TA, mimicking ICB. Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values of DPC to diagnose CB were 91, 67, 96, and 44%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Mapping using DPC would not be sufficient for diagnosis of CB and ICB.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Influence of MUC18/MCAM/CD146 expression on human melanoma growth and metastasis in SCID mice.

The cell surface glycoprotein MUC18MCAM/CD146 was originally defined as a marker of melanoma progression and has been suspected to be directly linked to the metastatic process of this malignancy. In order to address this question, 2 MCAM negative human melanoma cell lines, SK-2 and XP44RO(Mel), were transfected with MCAM-encoding cDNA. Surface MCAM expression on SK-2 and XP44RO(Mel) transfectants was similar to that observed in naturally occurring MCAM positive human melanoma cells and transfectants demonstrated MCAM-dependent increase in homotypic adhesion in vitro. The growth behavior of 7 MCAM transfectants and their respective vector controls was evaluated in SCID mice. Tumor size at 4-5 weeks after s.c. implantation was highly variable, but did not correlate with MCAM expression. Despite massive primary tumor formation at the injection site, no spontaneous metastasis was observed with any of the investigated MCAM transfectants. The influence of MCAM expression on lung metastases formation in an experimental metastasis assay was system dependent, converting only XP44RO(Mel) transfectants into metastatic cells, although increased homotypic adhesion, leading to formation of tumor cell clusters, was observed with transfectants of both cell lines in vitro. Our findings indicate that MCAM expression of human melanoma cells has an influence on later stages of the metastatic process only, namely, extravasation and establishment of new foci of growth, but is per se not sufficient for this process.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Altered expression of the glutamate transporter EAAT2b in neurological disease.

Functional studies suggest that up to 95% of all glutamate transport is handled by the glutamate transporter EAAT2. Amino and C-terminal antibodies demonstrate that under normal conditions EAAT2 is specific to astrocytes. A truncated splice variant of EAAT2, known as EAAT2b, also has been identified in astrocytes and some neurons. In vitro studies suggest EAAT2b transports glutamate similar to EAAT2, although the contribution of EAAT2b to normal clearance of extracellular glutamate is unknown. To investigate EAAT2b biology in pathological conditions, we examined the cellular and regional distribution of EAAT2b in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Using epitope-specific, affinity purified antibodies, we found that EAAT2b tissue levels were increased by more than twofold in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor cortex, whereas EAAT2 levels were decreased by up to 95%. EAAT2b distribution in normal human cortex was largely confined to the neuropil-like EAAT2, with occasional faint neuronal expression. In contrast, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor cortex had an obvious qualitative increase in neuropil EAAT2b staining and a drastic increase in neuronal soma and dendritic EAAT2b immunostaining. Despite these increases in EAAT2b immunostaining, functional transporter studies demonstrated a large loss of EAAT2 function. These studies clearly document altered regulation and splicing of the dominant glutamate transporter EAAT2 under conditions of neurological stress.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Murine prostate cancer inhibits both in vivo and in vitro generation of dendritic cells from bone marrow precursors.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence to suggest that dendritic cells (DC) are functionally impaired in tumor bearing hosts. However there is little or no data on the effects of murine prostate cancer (CaP) on DC generation from bone marrow precursors. METHODS: Flow cytometry, mixed leukocyte reactions (MLR), and immunohistochemical analyses were used to characterize DC in CaP. RESULTS: DC generated in the presence of CaP cell lines RM1 and the cell line C2 from the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mouse in a Transwell system expressed significantly lower levels of DC differentiation markers. This effect was confirmed when TK-neo-transfected RM1 cells were directly added to DC cultures and eliminated 5 days later using gancyclovir (GCV). Furthermore, co-incubation of DC with CaP cells resulted in a decrease in the stimulatory capacity of DC to induce T cell proliferation in the MLR assay. These results were further confirmed in vivo in two different murine models of CaP: i) DC generated from mice intrafemorally injected with TK-neo-transfected RM1 cells; and ii) in DC generated from TRAMP mice. CONCLUSIONS: The generation and function of DC are significantly suppressed in the CaP microenvironment in both in vivo and in vitro murine models.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Fine structure of the gill epithelium of the terrestrial mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri.

In this paper, we describe the fine structure of the branchial epithelium of the amphibious, air-breathing mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri, and relate the observed structure to functions in gas exchange, and to the elimination of sodium chloride and ammonia. Also, we describe the fine structure of the opercular epithelimicrom. The gill lamellar epithelium is thickened by the presence of large mitochondria-rich (MR) cells. These MR cells are further characterized by an extensive tubular system that is continuous with the basolateral plasma membrane and by a deep apical crypt often lined with microvilli. There are very few specialized MR accessory cells, which are associated with NaCl excretion in marine teleosts. Instead, MR cells are commonly isolated from each other laterally by flattened cells rich in intermediate filaments. These filament-rich (FR) cells are interconnected by desmosomes and have unusual canaliculi. These branchial FR cells are unique to P. schlosseri and may have a structural role. Electron-dense pavement cells rich in vesicles and large vacuous mitochondria compose the superficial layer of the epithelium. The unusual morphology of P. schlosseri's gill lamellae may be related to the animal's ability to effectively eliminate ammonia during air exposure. The inner opercular lining and parts of the leading edge of the filament have intraepithelial capillaries, which provide a more suitable gas exchange surface than the thickened lamellae with its restricted interlamellar water spaces. The arrangement of respiratory and ion exchange epithelia is opposite to that found in all other fish in which the lamellae typically function in gas exchange and the gill filament in ion regulation.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2004

Allodynia in rats infected with varicella zoster virus--a small animal model for post-herpetic neuralgia.

The most common complication of herpes zoster is post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), which has been defined as severe pain occurring 1 month after rash onset or persisting for greater than 3 months. PHN is classed as a neuropathic pain that is associated with mechanical allodynia where normally innocuous tactile stimuli are perceived as painful. The development of therapies to treat PHN has been hampered by the lack of animal models, which mimic the clinical situation. We have previously reported that varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection in the rat results in mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Here, we report that following VZV infection of the left footpad rats develop a chronic mechanical allodynia, which is present for longer than 60 days post-infection and which resolves by 100 days PI. The model is robust and reproducible with animals consistently developing allodynia by 3 days PI and continuing to present with symptoms for at least 30 days. The reproducible nature of the induction and course of the allodynia allows the use of this model to determine the effect of various compounds on, and to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of VZV-induced allodynia. Comparative studies using HSV-1 show that the induction of the chronic allodynia is VZV-specific and is not a result is of virus replication-induced tissue damage or accompanying inflammation. Therefore, we propose that the rat VZV infection model could prove useful in studying the mechanisms underlying post-herpetic neuralgia.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Management of infected thoracic aortic prosthetic grafts.

Between 1975 and 1981, late infection of the prosthesis developed in 4 out of 207 patients (1.9%) who had prosthetic grafts placed in the chest or mediastinum. Organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis (2 patients), Enterococcus, and Aspergillus. Infection occurred 4 to 57 months after initially clean operations for thoracoabdominal aneurysm, aortic angioplasty with valve replacement, ruptured postcoarctation aneurysm, and type A dissecting aortic aneurysm. All 4 patients were managed successfully and remain free from infection 11 to 42 months later. Based on this experience, several guidelines useful in the management of these infections have evolved: (1) prompt reoperation with complete debridement of infected and necrotic tissue, (2) removal of infected prosthetic material if suture lines are involved, (3) local antiseptic irrigation and appropriate, specific systemic antibiotics, (4) rerouting of blood flow through clean operative fields, and (5) use of pedicle flaps.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Attentional modulation of parieto-occipital cortical responses: implications for hemispatial neglect.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine whether preattentive and attentive visual processing, the cognitive psychological dichotomy on normal vision, indeed activate the parieto-occipital systems differentially as suggested by recent neuropsychological research. The activation paradigms consisted of feature detection and discrimination of line orientation, and visual fixation, which corresponded to preattentive, attention-requiring, and baseline conditions, respectively. The detection versus fixation contrast revealed activation sites in the right lateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral occipital lobes, whereas the discrimination versus fixation contrast showed broader bilateral activations extending from the occipital lobes through the parietal lobes, prefrontal cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia and upper brainstem. In the discrimination versus detection contrast, significant activations were observed in the right superior and inferior parietal lobules as well as in the subcortical structures. These findings were consistently demonstrated both at intra- and inter-subject levels. The present study provides further evidence to delineate neural substrate for the two distinct modes of visual processing and helps us to understand the neuropsychological mechanism underlying visual attention disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Perceived comfort and pressure distribution in casual footwear.

INTRODUCTION:: Footwear manufacturers view comfort as a basic customer need that is growing in importance and is increasingly competing with fashion as a reason for buying shoes. A number of researchers have suggested that pressures and forces between the foot and the insole may influence perceptions of comfort (Chen et al., 1994). To date, no study has attempted to measure the relationship between pressure variables and perceived comfort in a range of commercially available footwear and, furthermore, little attention had been given to the dorsum of the foot with respect to comfort and pressure distribution. METHODS:: Twenty male subjects without foot pathology walked the length of a 10 m walkway at a self-selected pace. A 'perception of comfort' questionnaire was designed to measure perceived plantar comfort in six regions (rearfoot medial, rearfoot lateral, midfoot medial, midfoot lateral, forefoot medial and forefoot lateral) and perceived dorsal comfort in two regions (flex-line and lacing). Ten commercially available shoes were selected to represent two distinct groups in terms of perceived comfort: comfortable and uncomfortable. Plantar and dorsal pressure data were collected using a Pedar in-shoe system and Mikro-EMED system (Novel GmbH) respectively. Analysis of variance tests were used to determine differences (p<0.01) between the two shoe groups. RESULTS:: Peak Pressure was found to be significantly greater for the uncomfortable group both for the total plantar surface and for the all regions of the foot measured. Maximum force was significantly greater for the uncomfortable group for the rearfoot and forefoot regions but significantly lower for the midfoot regions of the plantar surface. For the dorsal surface maximum force was found to be significantly greater for the uncomfortable group. Contact area was significantly greater for the comfortable group in the midfoot regions of the plantar surface but was significantly lower for the comfortable group at the dorsal surface. DISCUSSION:: This study showed that perceived comfort at the plantar and dorsal surfaces could be related to peak pressure and maximum force in all regions and contact area in the midfoot region of the plantar surface and the total dorsal surface. The relationship between perceived comfort and peak pressure was consistently negative across the entire surface of the foot, whereas the relationship between maximum force and perceived comfort varied depending on foot region. This emphasises the need for researchers to address specific regions of the shoe when measuring comfort. The findings of this study suggest that pressure measurement systems could be used by footwear manufacturers' attempting to improve the comfort of their footwear.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Retinal projections in the ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus).

The retinal projections of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel were determined by tracing anterograde transport of intravitreally injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat-germ conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Label was seen in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and adjacent anterior hypothalamic area, the accessory optic system (the medial, dorsal, and lateral terminal nuclei), the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, the intergeniculate leaflet, the pretectal nuclei (the anterior, posterior, and olivary pretectal nuclei and the nucleus of optic tract), and the superior colliculus. Most of these structures were labeled bilaterally, with dense contralateral label and sparse ipsilateral label, a pattern typical for animals with laterally placed eyes. However, the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the nucleus of the optic tract received input only from the contralateral eye. In contrast to previous degeneration studies, the sensitive HRP tracers (in conjunction with cytochrome-oxidase reactivity) revealed an elaborate organization within the lateral geniculate nucleus (dorsal LGN, ventral LGN, and intergeniculate leaflet) that is consistent with existing organizational schemes for other mammalian species.

Animals↗