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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Stochastic and nonstochastic concepts: is revision needed?

Stochastic effects of radiation, specifically cancers and hereditary defects, were defined in ICRP Publication 26 as having two constraints: No threshold in dose and no change in the severity of the induced effect with increasing dose. Nonstochastic effects were narrowly restricted to be the exact opposite, namely having a threshold and changing in severity with dose. Initially, these definitions seemed logical. It now appears, however, that no threshold may exist for the reduction of intelligence by irradiation of the fetal brain at critical ages. Otake et al. (in press) have shown, for Japanese A-bomb survivors irradiated at all fetal ages, that the average intelligence quotients decreased approximately linearly without threshold at 11 +/- 2 IQ points per Gy of fetal dose, based on either the T65D or the DS86 dosimetry systems. The decrease in intelligence quotient (IQ) was most severe in those irradiated at fetal ages of 8-25 wk. There is good reason to suspect that additional "nonstochastic" effects, such as cataracts, impaired fertility, and growth retardation might have a nonthreshold component to their dose-response at least in highly susceptible individuals. It was formerly believed that stochastic effects could be limited to acceptable levels, while nonstochastic effects could be completely prevented. However, to prevent entirely the special class of nonstochastic effects that have no true threshold, zero dose would be required. Zero dose is an unrealistic limit that would prevent most of the beneficial uses of radiation. Therefore, the realistic goal of radiation protection should be to limit all radiation effects to acceptable levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Knowing that you know: an essay on mechanistic metaknowledge.

Humans are adept at providing accurate statements of confidence in their perceptual identification and recall memory responses. In spite of this, mechanical pattern-recognition systems and other artificial intelligence devices seldom express response certainty. The purpose of this paper is to show how useful confidence ratings can be in integrating the results of a variety of pattern-recognition systems to produce a single, optimal decision concerning the target to be recognized. We outline several ways neural network pattern-recognition systems could be modified to issue confidence ratings with each classification response. In sketching a mechanical system of confidence ratings we find we have also provided a preliminary framework for understanding human confidence judgments and human metacognition.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2004

Obtaining multiple separate food sources: behavioural intelligence in the Physarum plasmodium.

To evaluate performance in a complex survival task, we studied the morphology of the Physarum plasmodium transportation network when presented with multiple separate food sources. The plasmodium comprises a network of tubular elements through which chemical nutrient, intracellular signals and the viscous body are transported and circulated. When three separate food sources were presented, located at the vertices of a triangle, the tubular network connected them via a short pathway, which was often analogous to the mathematically shortest route known as Steiner's minimum tree (SMT). The other common network shape had high fault tolerance against accidental disconnection of the tubes and was known as cycle (CYC). Pattern selection appeared to be a bistable system involving SMT and CYC. When more than three food sources were presented, the network pattern tended to be a patchwork of SMT and CYC. We therefore concluded that the plasmodium tube network is a well designed and intelligent system.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Biosphere 2: a prototype project for a permanent and evolving life system for Mars base.

As part of the ground-based preparation for creating long-term life systems needed for space habitation and settlement, Space Biospheres Ventures (SBV) is undertaking the Biosphere 2 project near Oracle, Arizona. Biosphere 2, currently under construction, is scheduled to commence its operations in 1991 with a two-year closure period with a crew of eight people. Biosphere 2 is a facility which will be essentialy materially-closed to exchange with the outside environment. It is open to information and energy flow. Biosphere 2 is designed to achieve a complex life-support system by the integration of seven areas or "biomes"--rainforest, savannah, desert, marsh, ocean, intensive agriculture and human habitat. Unique bioregenerative technologies, such as soil bed reactors for air purification, aquatic waste processing systems, real-time analytic systems and complex computer monitoring and control systems are being developed for the Biosphere 2 project. Its operation should afford valuable insight into the functioning of complex life systems necessary for long-term habitation in space. It will serve as an experimental ground-based prototype and testbed for the stable, permanent life systems needed for human exploration of Mars.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge engineering of expert systems for nursing.

Expert system technology and its derivatives will be core components of future health care information systems. Nursing presently lacks sufficient knowledge engineering resources to develop and implement expert system technology productively. In this article, knowledge engineering and its implications for nursing are described.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2005

Toward a systems- and control-oriented agent framework.

This paper develops a systems- and control-oriented intelligent agent framework called the hybrid intelligent control agent (HICA), as well as its composition into specific kinds of multiagent systems. HICA is essentially developed around a hybrid control system core so that knowledge-based planning and coordination can be integrated with verified hybrid control primitives to achieve the coordinated control of multiple multimode dynamical systems. The scheme is applied to the control of teams of unmanned air and ground vehicles engaged in a pursuit-evasion war game. Results are demonstrated in simulation.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Decision support system for medical triage.

The paper explains the application of an artificial intelligence tool for the purpose of medical decision-making. The first product of this application is a triage engine, available on the Internet, to help laypersons make a decision about the urgency of their situation by providing tailored and accurate information. The expansion of this tool can lead to diagnostic tools for professionals or for educational purposes.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

[Assessment of giant panda habitat based on integration of expert system and neural network].

To conserve giant panda effectively, it is important to understand the spatial pattern and temporal change of its habitat. Mapping is an effective approach for wildlife habitat evaluation and monitoring. The application of recently developed artificial intelligence tools, including expert systems and neural networks, could integrate qualitative and quantitative information for modeling complex systems, and built the information into a GIS, which could be helpful for giant panda habitat mapping. This study built a mapping approach for giant panda habitat mapping, which integrated expert system and neural network classifiers (ESNNC), and used multi-type data within GIS. The giant panda habitat types and their suitability were mapped by ESNNC. The results showed that the habitat types and their suitability in Foping Nature Reserve were assessed with a higher accuracy (> 80 %) by ESNNC, compared with non-integrated classifiers, i. e., expert system, neural network, and maximum likelihood. Z-statistic test showed that ESNNC was significantly better than the other three non-integrated classifiers. It was recommended that the integrated approach could be widely applied into wildlife habitat assessment.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Intelligent agents technology applied to tasks scheduling and communications management in a critical care telemonitoring system.

This work presents an important part of our telemedicine system for critical care units: a distributed module based on intelligent agents technology that is dedicated to the process management of a network for medical monitoring, including distribution and control of processing tasks and bandwidth management. The system provides the real-time acquisition and analysis of physiological data, the graphical visualisation of these data, and their transmission to a central system charged with the collection and control of all the information concerning the patient, including knowledge-based systems (KBS) for medical reasoning.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1999

A method for an automated decomposition of a complex term into its conceptual components.

The paper deals with the improvement of the MAOUSSC model (Modèle d'Aide et d'Orientation d'un Utilisateur au Sein des Systèmes de Codage) and system. Its specific purpose is the automation of the description of medical and surgical procedures. We have developed an automatic decomposition method using a linguistic and conceptual approach based on the UMLS knowledge base. This work concerns the processing of 100 procedure wordings from the digestive surgery domain. We introduce a prototype of such a system automating the decomposition through a web interface.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experience in the use of equipment for ECG system analysis in municipal polyclinics].

Two electrocardiographs, an analog-digital electrocardiograph with preliminary analog filtering of signal and a smart cardiograph implemented as a PC-compatible device without preliminary analog filtering, are considered. Advantages and disadvantages of ECG systems based on artificial intelligence are discussed. ECG interpretation modes provided by the two electrocardiographs are considered. The reliability of automatic ECG interpretation is assessed. Problems of rational use of automated ECG processing systems are discussed.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1988

Methodology of forensic neurotoxicity evaluation: PCB case.

Many scientists and doctors are not aware that the level of certainty for litigation purposes differs from that usually associated with scientific studies. Although the 0.05 probability level is commonly used in scientific studies ("beyond a reasonable doubt"), in U.S. civil litigation the diagnostic criteria is "more probable than not" (greater than 0.50 or chance probability level). The following case of PCB neurotoxicity will be discussed within the context of a forensic evaluation. A number of workers were employed by a metal salvage company to strip copper coils from used electrical transformers. Symptoms of neurotoxicity developed in the men, which were evaluated by questionnaire, interview and psychological examination. Neuropsychological and nerve conduction tests were administered. Results showed deficits in nervous system function related to PCB exposure. An individual case is described in detail.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed1990

[Computer and acid-base disorders].

The diagnosis of acid-base disorders has been subject to computerised analysis for many years. Expert systems, an application of artificial intelligence, have been validated. They are of help to clinical decision making, enabling the different diagnostic possibilities of given acid-base and hydro-electrolytic situations to be evaluated and appropriate therapy to be instituted. Computer networks improve the transmission of laboratory results to the intensive care units and the integration of data facilitates the monitoring of biochemical tendencies. Computers can also be used for teaching acid-base physiology and pathology.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1995

Concepts of GTDs: an oncology workstation.

In Germany, computer systems have been used in hospital cancer registries for more than 10 years. Primarily, they have been used for retrospective documentation of malignant tumors, and these resources have rarely been tapped for the support of follow up care and statistical evaluation. In response to the increasing availability of PC-systems and growing interest in computer networks, we have decided to design and develop a new oncology information system which covers two important aspects of oncology care: (1) the documentation of all relevant data items for the cancer registries, and (2) the routine support of the physician in the clinical treatment process. In this paper we discuss the design and concept of this oncology information system as well as experiences gained during the development process are discussed. Future plans to further extend the system to a comprehensive oncology workstation are presented.

Artificial Intelligence↗