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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Microfabricated surface-electrode ion trap for scalable quantum information processing.

Individual laser-cooled 24Mg+ ions are confined in a linear Paul trap with a novel geometry where gold electrodes are located in a single plane and the ions are trapped 40 microm above this plane. The relatively simple trap design and fabrication procedure are important for large-scale quantum information processing (QIP) using ions. Measured ion motional frequencies are compared to simulations. Measurements of ion recooling after cooling is temporarily suspended yield a heating rate of approximately 5 motional quanta per millisecond for a trap frequency of 2.83 MHz, sufficiently low to be useful for QIP.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Central auditory information processing in patients with bilateral auditory cortex lesions.

Severe auditory cognitive disorders in 10 patients who had bilateral lesions either to the auditory cortex and/or auditory radiations were studied audiologically with special attention to residual hearing. This auditory cognitive problem is called "auditory agnosia or cortical deafness". Our study revealed that auditory information processing for pure tones, monosyllable discrimination, environmental sound perception, and auditory comprehension is commonly but differently affected by bilateral lesions of auditory cortex or auditory radiation. In summary, these patients can discriminate loudness of pure tones and some environmental sounds but cannot clearly perceive any sounds of monosyllables and sentences. Generally their residual hearing is useful for auditory awareness and is often enhanced by lip reading.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Selective effects of partial striatal 6-OHDA lesions on information processing in the rat.

The present study was aimed at characterizing the cognitive deficits caused by the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) pathways by using the additive factor logic [Sternberg, S. (1969) Acta Psychol., 30, 276-315], a powerful reaction time (RT) method developed in humans and recently introduced in the rat [Courtiere, A., Hardouin, J., Hasbroucq, T., Possamai, C.-A. & Vidal, F. (2000) Behav. Process., 50, 113-121]. Long-Evans rats were trained to respond to left or right (lateral) visual cues in a choice RT task. Two task factors, signal intensity and force requirement, were manipulated. Partial bilateral 6-OHDA lesions of DA nerve terminals in the striatum were then performed and their effects tested for up to 7 weeks following surgery. Reaction time was lengthened from the 2nd to the 4th week postlesion. This alteration was independent of force requirement, thereby suggesting that the related motor processes were not influenced by the DA depletion. During the 2nd week postlesion, the RT increase was accompanied by a disappearance of the effect of signal intensity, showing that the lesion altered stimulus-related processes. From the 3rd week the signal intensity effect was re-established although RT was still increased, indicating that the stimulus-related processes had recovered while other central processes were still impaired. From the 5th week after surgery, the lesioned animals had completely recovered from the RT deficits induced by the lesion. These results point at the involvement of striatal DA in sensory and central information processes.

Adrenergic Agents↗
PubMed1984

The role of right hemispheric information processing strategies in language recovery in aphasia: an electroencephalographic investigation of hemispheric alpha asymmetries in normal and aphasic subjects.

The hemispheric alpha asymmetries of a group of normal males, a group of normal females and a group of aphasic patients (fluent and dysfluent) were examined with electroencephalographic (EEG) techniques during the presentation of sentencial information (which the subjects were to repeat following presentation of each sentence) and connected verbal discourse (which the subjects were required to answer questions about following presentation). Results demonstrated both fluent and nonfluent aphasic patients to show less alpha in the right hemisphere contrasted with both normal groups who demonstrated less alpha in the left hemisphere. Results are discussed in relation to the contribution of right hemispheric information processing strategies in language recovery in aphasic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Processing information by punctuated spin superradiance.

The possibility of realizing the regime of punctuated spin superradiance is advanced. In this regime, the number of superradiant pulses and the temporal intervals between them can be regulated. This makes it feasible to compose a kind of a Morse code alphabet and, hence, to develop a technique of processing information.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[P300 and auditory information processing during natural sleep].

INTRODUCTION: The P300 is elicited, in the waking state and during an 'attention condition', in response to deviant stimuli of an oddball paradigm. This component of event related potentials (ERP) may be a useful research tool in the assessing of cortical sensory processing during normal sleep since a subject does not need to be awake or totally conscious in order to generate a measurable response. OBJECTIVE: This study used an classical oddball paradigm as a means to assess the auditory information processing during sleep. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The auditory ERP were registered in twelve healthy volunteers during the waking state and sleep stages II, III-IV and REM. The amplitude, latency and scalp distribution parameters of the positivity observed were contrasted with the results obtained in the waking state. RESULTS: A 'P300-like' with a significantly smaller peak amplitude and an increment of latency was elicited during stage II and the REM stage of sleep. As in the waking state, the positivity during this sleep stages was maximal at central-parietal regions. CONCLUSIONS: The response obtained seems to correspond both for the morphology of the potential as for the centro-parietal predominance with a waking P3b component. These results suggest that certain processes of attention and memory-related operations involved in the auditory processing of simple signals remain operative during these sleep stages.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

A proposed basis for delusion formation within an information-processing model of paranoid development.

A developmental model for paranoid behaviour is proposed within a broader theory of schizophrenic development. The model stipulates that given exposure to sustained aversive maternal control and a maternal communication style which is subtle and devious, the child comes to adapt with approach, stratagem-based behaviours and heightened vigilance for evaluative information (i.e. open adaptive style). The model, already supported empirically at several points, postulates that the delusion serves to organize an overextended and disorganized information-processing system for the person and generates its reinforcement from reduction of the anxiety associated with thought disorganization. The present study tested an aspect of this postulate. It was predicted that late-adolescent males who had an open style of adapting to experienced aversive maternal control would find the organization of disorganized evaluative cues uniquely reinforcing. Subjects were presented with an anagrams task made up of scrambled words which they were told came from a poll of mothers asked to evaluate their college-age sons. This task was followed by the individual tachistoscopic and slightly unfocused presentation of a longer series of words, again described as maternal evaluative terms. The longer series comprised the words used in the anagrams task and an equal number which were not. Reinforcement value of proper ordering of disorganized cues was inferred from the subject's heightened ability to detect previously solved anagram terms, indicating stronger learning of these terms upon prior solution. Males identified as open-style adapters were far more cognizant of words which they had previously ordered than other child-rearing groups, as predicted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Influence of similarity between target and irrelevant items on visual information processing.

6 undergraduate subjects searched circular stimulus displays of upper case letters of the alphabet for a pre-specified single target letter. The displays were given a masked exposure of 100 msec, and contained 1, 5, 11, or 17 irrelevant items which were either similar or dissimilar in shape to the target. It was anticipated that these conditions would provide a test of Neisser's (1967) notion of attention. The results, which showed that similarity, numbers and their interaction were significant, could not be explained by wholly serial or parallel models of information processing as they failed to account for the interaction. To explain the interaction it was necessary to consider processing by preattention and focal attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effects of noradrenergic activity on temporal information processing in humans.

Temporal processing of durations in the range of seconds or more is mediated by working-memory mechanisms whereas processing of brief durations in the range of milliseconds appears to be beyond cognitive control and modulated by dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia. In the present study, the effects of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor reboxetine on temporal information processing were evaluated. In a double-blind crossover design, either placebo or 2 or 4 mg of reboxetine were administered to 24 healthy male volunteers. Performance on temporal discrimination of longer durations, as indicated by 75%-difference thresholds in relation to a 1,000-ms standard interval, was significantly improved by 2 mg of reboxetine as compared to placebo, whereas the improvement observed with the 4-mg dose just failed to reach statistical significance. There was, however, no effect of reboxetine on temporal discrimination of extremely brief durations, as indicated by threshold values in relation to a 50-ms standard interval. Findings provided additional evidence for the notion that temporal processing of durations in the range of seconds is based on working-memory processes including aspects of directed attention. In timing of brief durations in the range of milliseconds, however, noradrenergic activity did not seem to play a critical role.

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors↗
PubMed2001

[Significance of spontaneous motor activity and visual information processing for developmental diagnosis in infancy].

The neurodevelopmental examination during the first years of life is very often confronted with the problem of differentiating between normal variability and pathology of development. Recent research provides evidence about the clinical relevance of the systematic observation and examination of spontaneous movements, of postural control as well as of visual information processing in toddlers.

Developmental Disabilities↗
PubMed2004

Application of knowledge information processing methods to biochemical engineering, biomedical and bioinformatics fields.

In biochemical and biomedical engineering fields there are a variety of phenomena with many complex chemical reactions, in which many genes and proteins affect transcription or enzyme activity of others. It is difficult to analyze and estimate many of these phenomena using conventional mathematical models. Recently some knowledge information processing methods, such as the artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy reasoning, fuzzy neural network (FNN), fuzzy adaptive resonance theory (fuzzy ART) and the genetics algorithm (GA), were developed in the computer science field and have been applied to analysis in a variety of research fields. In this chapter, these methods will be briefly reviewed. Next, the application of these methods in the biochemical field will be introduced, instancing two examples in actual industrial processes. In addition, the application in the biomedical and bioinformatics field as another attractive field will be reviewed. Two examples are our research such as the prediction of prognosis for cancer patients from DNA microarray data using FNN and gene clustering for DNA microarray data using fuzzy ART.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2004

Lorazepam strongly prolongs visual information processing.

Lorazepam is a drug that has been widely used for over 30 years. Whereas its therapeutic and amnestic effects are fairly well known, the visuo-perceptual impairments induced by this drug have been studied to a much lesser degree and only little is known about the influence of lorazepam on the time course of visual information processing. To gain a better insight specifically on these temporal characteristics, we used the recently discovered backward masking technique, 'shine-through', in which a vernier target precedes a grating. We tested subjects, treated with lorazepam, diazepam, or a placebo, with masking gratings of various spatial layouts. Our experiments reveal surprising results. First, for the unmasked vernier target, lorazepam induced a strong deterioration of performance compared to both diazepam and placebo. Performance deteriorated even more significantly if a masking grating was presented following the vernier. We observed that vernier discrimination could be completely abolished even if the grating appeared 400 ms after the vernier presentation. Such long time intervals are beyond usual visual masking effects. When performing the task under placebo, the participants perceived the vernier target and the masking grating as two independent time events rather than as a single event. It appears that lorazepam prolongs dramatically the processing of visual targets. The masking effects revealed here are specific to the type of grating and are much stronger under lorazepam than under diazepam.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression.

Theories of aggressive behavior and ethological observations in animals and children suggest the existence of distinct forms of reactive (hostile) and proactive (instrumental) aggression. Toward the validation of this distinction, groups of reactive aggressive, proactive aggressive, and nonaggressive children were identified (n = 624 9-12-year-olds). Social information-processing patterns were assessed in these groups by presenting hypothetical vignettes to subjects. 3 hypotheses were tested: (1) only the reactive-aggressive children would demonstrate hostile biases in their attributions of peers' intentions in provocation situations (because such biases are known to lead to reactive anger); (2) only proactive-aggressive children would evaluate aggression and its consequences in relatively positive ways (because proactive aggression is motivated by its expected external outcomes); and (3) proactive-aggressive children would select instrumental social goals rather than relational goals more often than nonaggressive children. All 3 hypotheses were at least partially supported.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Information processing for motor performance in aging adults.

Movement control systems are altered by the aging process. A growing body of research exists that explains the known changes that occur with aging, and many of those changes are related to central nervous system (CNS) effects. This article reviews motor control and learning issues related to CNS information-processing effects of aging and the effects of practice and physical conditioning on reactive capacity. The extensive variability in motor-performance abilities of older people is addressed, and the significance of individual differences is emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The relationship of information-processing deficits and clinical symptoms in schizotypal personality disorder.

Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) are thought to be phenotypically related to individuals with schizophrenia. This assumption is partially supported by the fact that SPD patients have deficits on biological markers similar to those found in schizophrenia. Visual backward masking (VBM) performance and critical stimulus duration (CSD), measures of information processing found to be abnormal in schizophrenia patients, were assessed in 14 SPD and 21 comparison subjects. There was no significant difference between groups in VBM performance; however; there were significant correlations between VBM deficits and the number of SPD symptoms, as well as elevated scores on the Ego. Impairment Index (EII). Additionally, there was a trend (p = 056) toward elevations in CSD in the SPD versus the comparison group and CSD inflation appears to be most prominent in individuals with a greater number of social deficit symptoms and elevated physical anhedonia scores. These findings suggest an important relationship between symptoms of SPD and neurophysiologic deficits.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Methodological and interpretive constraints resulting from the use of the Per-Mag classification in high-risk information-processing research.

It has previously been argued that the current Per-Mag classification criteria may erroneously select some individuals who are not vulnerable to psychosis. We suggest that a second false-positive problem exists with these criteria. Specifically, actively psychotic individuals may be included in presumably prepsychotic samples. Implications of this problem for at-risk information-processing research are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

The influence of polypharmacological antidepressive treatment on central nervous information processing of depressed patients: implications for fitness to drive.

Antidepressive medication may cause impairment of psychomotor functioning relevant to psychosocial adaptation and fitness to drive. This impairment seems to be less severe by activating antidepressants (SSRI, MAOI). In clinical settings, however, polypharmacological treatment of depressive disorders is frequent. This study evaluates the influence of antidepressants and common comedications on central nervous information processing concerning the ability to drive. Inpatients (n = 44) with major depression (ICD-10) were investigated under steady state plasma level condition. The data were recorded by the Act & React Testsystem ART-90 and analyzed according to medication, severity of illness and age. 88.6% of the patients failed to pass all the tests. With respect to different groups of antidepressants, no differences in psychomotor reaction performance were observed in polydrug treatment. The impact of these results on the patients' fitness to drive is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A low dose of subcutaneous nicotine improves information processing in non-smokers.

Many studies have found that cigarette smoking or nicotine improves mental functioning in abstinent smokers. An unresolved issue is whether this improvement is due primarily to a direct facilitation of performance or to relief of the impairment caused by nicotine withdrawal. We evaluated the performance of 12 non-smokers before and twice (15 and 45 min) after a subcutaneous injection of 0.8 mg nicotine, 0.8 ml saline, and a control no treatment, on a choice reaction time (RT) task. Each treatment was given on a separate day; the control day was given on the first session. The order of nicotine and saline was balanced between subjects, and injections were given double-blind. The RT task manipulated stimulus and response processing. These manipulations consisted of two levels of stimulus complexity and two levels of response complexity, resulting in four task conditions. These manipulations along with latency measures of the event-related potential were used to identify the components of processing that mediated nicotine's effects on performance. During each active drug session blood nicotine levels, cardiovascular, and subjective responses were measured before and after each of the three tests (pre-drug, 15 min and 45 min post-drug). For the information processing measures only the comparisons of the pre- and 15-min post-test showed significant drug effects. Nicotine compared to saline significantly increased the number of responses at the fast end of the RT distribution. However, there were no changes in accuracy. Nicotine also speeded mean RT compared with saline or the control day, but the effects were only significant for the control-nicotine comparison.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗