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PubMedDate not supplied

[Infant crying--a safety risk?].

A Dutch study is described, in which the occurrence of potentially detrimental parental actions induced by infant crying were assessed and thereafter related to various factors, including the parents' judgment that the crying was "excessive". commentary in the same Lancet issue questions whether this might be interpreted as a "blaming of the victim" process. Official Swedish and international statistics on child abuse, especially a recent UNICEF report, are summarized. The co-occurrence of spouse and child abuse is briefly discussed. Southall and co-workers' report on covert video recordings of life threatening child abuse is related, as well as some of the public reactions following it, and a proposed new categorization of child abuse.

Child Abuse↗
PubMed2006

The benefits of using the Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale in health visiting practice.

Health visitors have a key role to play in the government's public health strategy with its emphasis on early identification of vulnerable children. This paper raises the profile of infant mental health as a public health priority and outlines the vital importance of a loving early relationship between an infant and primary caregiver for a child's healthy development. It describes the Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS) and the appropriateness of its use by health visitors. This tool has been underused in the UK, but is being used in clinical practice and research in many other countries, such as the USA. It can add value to the assessments already being carried out by health visitors and can contribute to partnership working with parents as together they observe how the infant interacts with and organises his/her world. The NBAS enables health visitors to demonstrate to parents an infant's strengths and abilities, together with any needs for extra care giving. This assessment has been shown to improve developmental outcomes by enhancing the infant-caregiver relationship, and provides health visitors with the opportunity to consolidate their relationship of trust with families.

Child Development↗
PubMed2006

[The problems and management of excessive crying and fussing in infants].

Excessive crying and fussing in young infants, often called "infantile colic", is a common and often serious problem for parents. It is also associated with infant sleep disturbance and possible disruptions in family life. As such, parents may undertake a variety of actions to stop excessive infant crying, some of which may be detrimental to infant health (e.g., physical shaking). Despite its potentially substantial negative health consequences, there remains no consensus regarding a definitive definition of excessive crying. Available definitions mostly focus on infant crying duration and its effect on parents. A number of different definitions, measurements, causes of crying, and settling management are presented in this article to help foster an understanding of this issue among nurses and to assist parents to cope effectively.

Colic↗
PubMed2006

The crying baby.

BACKGROUND: Up to 20% of parents report a problem with their infant crying in the first 3 months of life. The majority of babies have no organic cause of crying and most crying subsides by 3-4 months. OBJECTIVE: This article describes the management of persistent crying in the first 3 months of life. DISCUSSION: Management includes exclusion of medical causes and ensuring the baby is adequately rested and fed. Unexplained episodes of crying can be managed by: carrying the baby, going for a walk with baby in the pram, giving baby a deep, warm bath, or playing white noise or environmental sounds to distract the baby from crying. Postnatal depression is common in mothers of crying babies and should be actively screened for and appropriate clinical help offered if required. All families benefit from support including a review appointment and practical help around the home where possible.

Crying↗
PubMed1985

Trends and directions in developmental research.

Perhaps one of the most dramatic fundamental changes in our views of child development has been the relatively recent shift from Freud's view of the infant as an individual struggling to avoid displeasure to Piaget's view of an individual who from the first day of life is essentially an active initiator of all kinds of interactions with his or her environment. Subsequent interactional research shifted the focus again to the interaction among biologic, psychological, and environmental factors. Within this context, infant behavior has probably been the largest single expanding area of child development research in recent years. Some discernible trends and directions of special interest to the clinician will be noted here.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The content and sources of maternal knowledge about the infant.

The author's purpose was to explore the knowledge that a primiparous mother acquires during the first 14 days postpartum about caretaking and personal characteristics of the infant. The study also examined the sources of this knowledge. The convenience sample consisted of 33 healthy, married, middle-class women. For caretaking knowledge, on postpartum days 1-6, mothers learned most about feeding, and on days 7-13 about administering daily care. For personal knowledge, on day 1 mothers learned most about infant physical characteristics and on days 2-13 about infant activity. Mothers acquired significantly more personal knowledge about their infant than caretaking knowledge, both daily and across the 2 weeks. Knowledge acquisition was highest during hospitalization. Maternal use of self was the dominant source for learning; however, nurses were the primary source for caretaking knowledge during hospitalization.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Long-chain fatty acids and early visual and cognitive development of preterm infants.

Preterm infants fed formula supplemented with DHA were shown in two randomized, clinical trials to have improved visual acuity in the first half of infancy. In the second clinical trial, infants simultaneously supplemented with DHA and provided with a nutrient-enriched preterm formula had a higher Bayley MDI score at 12 months than controls fed preterm formula. These data are the first evidence that DHA alone can also improve performance on early tests of mental development. Because visual and behavioural development are improved by providing this single dietary compound, DHA appears to be conditionally essential for preterm infants. Nevertheless, we would like to insert a few words of caution. More information about long chain n-3 and n-6 fatty acid requirements and balance for developing human infants is needed. As formulas are designed to meet n-3 and n-6 fatty acid needs, controlled studies of biochemistry and function should continue.

Cognition↗
PubMed1995

Promoting secure attachment patterns in infancy and beyond.

The attachment an infant makes to its mother* has a powerful influence over subsequent development. Attachment patterns may be secure, insecure avoidant or insecure ambivalent. They are already established by the age of one year, and are likely to affect future adult relationships, including the marital relationship and relationships with the person's own children. Children with insecure attachments may be more prone to psychological or psychiatric ill health. Family therapy can recognise the relevance of attachment theory and incorporate it when helping families to find new patterns of relating to one another and resolving their difficulties. Early intervention by midwives, health visitors and other primary health care professionals can help prevent faulty attachment patterns from becoming established and so being transmitted from one generation to the next.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Relationship between lead content in umbilical blood and neurobehavioral development in infants].

One hundred and thirty-two babies were selected and their umbilical blood lead level were determined as a marker to reflect their exposure, to study the diagnostic criteria for lead poisoning in young children. And, mental development index (MDI) and psychomotor development index (PDI) of three-month babies in Bayley scales of infant development were used as effective indicators to study levels of lead on their development. Results indicated that both MDI and PDI in infants with blood lead levels of greater than or equal to 0.48 mumol/L were obviously lower than those with less than 0.48 mumol/L. All children were divided into two groups (high-blood-lead and low-blood-lead) according to the cut-off values for blood lead of 0.72, 0.48, and 0.24 mumol/L, respectively, and the difference in MDI and PDI between the two groups decreased gradually with the cut-off value shifted down, and there was no difference in them between the two groups when the cut-off point lowering down to 0.24 mumol/L. Therefore, the authors recommended that a level of 0.48 mumol/L of blood lead be used as diagnostic criteria for lead poisoning in young children.

Child Development↗
PubMed1995

[Why babies cry?].

Babies usually cry almost two hours a day, and about 15 per cent of them cry for more than three hours a day. Excessive crying is most common during the first three to four months of life, after which the frequency of crying decreases. For some parents their baby's crying is a problem, while other consider it a normal phenomenon and do not become irritated. Parental tolerance of infant crying is dependent not only on its frequency or intensity, but also on the psychological characteristics of the parents, and the amount of information, household help and social support that is available to them. Crying during the first few months of life is usually attributed to "colic", even if it is not known whether the infant suffers from gastrointestinal disturbance. The recommended treatments for excessive crying include medication, vocal, vestibular or tactile stimulation, hospital admission, and changes in parent-infant interaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Do neonates and small infants feel pain?].

Infants and even premature neonates, although immature, possess the basic pathways and nociceptors necessary for pain perception. Their responses to painful stimuli are complex, and indicate the presence of central modulating mechanisms. By definition, pain is a subjective experience, but children under the age of three years are unable to communicate their experience. Observer rating systems for pain assessment must take into account the variation in pain expression among infants. In many settings, measurement of different physiological variables are used as indices of pain experience and the effect of intervention. Although the beneficial effect of intervention is well established, it may also have an impact on the possible long-term effects in early childhood. Thorough pain assessment is a prerequisite for successful intervention, and may be improved by introduction of "pain services".

Analgesics↗