Intestinal T cells, mucosal cell-mediated immunity and their relevance to food allergic disease.
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Animals↗
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The effect of interleukin-4 on the induction of intestinal mast cells and chronological cytokine profiles during intestinal nematode Strongyloides ratti infection.
The effect of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on the induction of intestinal mast cells and cytokine profiles during Strongyloides ratti infection was studied using IL-4 knockout (IL-4 KO) mice. The antigen-specific proliferative response of mesenteric lymph node cells was not impaired in IL-4 KO mice. The number of intestinal mast cells induced in IL-4 KO mice during S. ratti infection was 2- to 3-fold lower than that observed in WT mice. Intestinal mastocytosis had disappeared in IL-4 KO mice by day 21 postinfection, when significant mastocytosis continued to be observed in WT mice. In mesenteric lymphnode of IL-4 KO, IL-3 production decreased and mice IFN-gamma production significantly increased as compared with those of WT mice. The numbers of eggs excreted per gram of feces (EPG) by IL-4 KO mice were greater than those excreted by WT mice on day 6 postinfection, but no difference was observed in the subsequent period. In conclusion, intestinal mast cells are induced during S. ratti infection in the absence of IL-4, and IL-4 is not essential for protection against intestinal adult worms of S. ratti.
Animals↗
[Intestinal schistosomiasis, a facultative precancerous condition? Review of the literature with reference to Schistosoma japonicum associated rectum carcinoma].
After a latency period of 20 years, in a 39-year-old Austrian citizen of Chinese origin, a surgically removed rectal carcinoma, as well as the neighboring chronic inflammatory rectal mucosa with various degrees of dysplasia and one positive neighboring lymph node, showed helminthiasis in the histopathological examination, convincing us of a link between carcinoma and chronic helminthiasis. Whereas the etiological context between chronic infection by Schistosoma haematobium and endemic frequent urinary bladder carcinoma is considered a matter of fact, whether of not the incidence of intestinal carcinoma is increased in connection with chronic intestinal schistosomiasis is controversial. The etiological and pathogenetic link between helminthiasis and carcinoma should be considered in the same way as for other related inflammatory large-bowel diseases. In the sequence chronic inflammation-severe dysplasia, the formation of carcinoma could possibly occur. Besides a survey of trematodes parasitology and pathology, the link between rectal carcinoma and Schistosomiasis japonicum is pointed out by means of appropriate literature investigations.
Adult↗
Nitrite mediated T lymphocyte responses in the intestinal immune system of mice infected with Trichinella spiralis nematode.
The effects of orally administered sodium nitrite (20 mg NaNO2/kg b. w) on the responses of T and B lymphocytes collected from the mesenteric lymph nodes were studied in resistant AKR/J, H-2(k) haplotype mice infected with Trichinella spiralis nematode. On days 6, 9, and 12 postinfection, the mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) were collected from the mice and assayed for lymphocyte subsets (CD4(+), CD8(+), B220(+)), cytokines (IL-2, IL-5), and INF-gamma. At the same time, the number of adult worms in the small intestine were counted. Infection of the nitrite-treated mice with T. spiralis L1 larvae caused a marked increase in the number of adult worms in the small intestine. However, preincubation of T. spiralis L1 larvae with nitrite before infecting the mice resulted in a significant reduction in the number of adult worms (p < 0.05). Preincubation of T. spiralis L1 larvae with nitrite also caused an increase in the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells as well as IL-2, IL-5, and INF-gamma levels. An increased level of CD8(+) subsets and a depression of IL-2 and IL-5 production by MLNC were observed in mice infected with larvae without nitrite pretreatment. Since supplementary rIL-1alpha was found to alter INF-gamma secretion by MLNC in vitro, the pattern of MLNC proliferation was examined further with the nitrite-treated mice. Sodium nitrite increased thymidine incorporation into the MLNC. However, INF-gamma production was not enhanced when rIL-1alpha was added to the MLNC culture obtained from nitrite-treated mice.
Administration, Oral↗
Intestinal mucosal responses to microbial infection.
Infections of the human intestinal tract with foodborne and waterborne pathogens are among the leading causes of morbidity and death in the world. Upon ingestion, such pathogens commonly pass through the stomach in sufficient numbers to establish infection in the small intestine or colon. The subsequent interactions with the host depend critically on the particular pathogen, ranging from mere presence in the intestinal lumen and minimal interaction with the epithelium to highly mucosal invasive with rapid systemic spread. This article addresses the morphological and molecular changes that occur in the intestinal mucosa after infection with a selected yet representative spectrum of enteric pathogens, ranging from luminally restricted but epithelial adherent, epithelial invasive, to mucosally invasive, with a focus on intestinal epithelial responses.
Animals↗
Unusual intestinal sequelae after operations for Ascaris lumbricoides infestation.
Two children with severe bowel sequelae distal to the site of an Ascaris lumbricoides bowel obstruction are reported. It is postulated that these resulted from inflammatory reaction to toxic decomposition products of disintegrating worms. Surgery should be modified in the presence of bowel-wall injury distal to the site of ascarid worm - bolus obstruction.
Animals↗
Clinical appraisal of Ascaris lumbricoides, with special reference to surgical complications.
Over a period of 4 years (January 1993-December 1997), 509 patients were treated for abdominal colic with or without intestinal obstruction and a history of passage of adult roundworms either in the stool or in vomitus. All patients were below the age of 10 years, the youngest 6 months old, and were treated successfully with antispasmodics and normal saline enemas. When the pain subsided, an anthelminthic drug was given. Of 209 patients admitted to the hospital, 105 responded to conservative management and 104 (50%) required surgical intervention. The procedures included squeezing out of worms, resection and anastomosis, and treatment of other pathologies like acute appendicitis, tubercular stricture of the small intenstine, etc. Five patients died in the postoperative period due to various complications. There were no deaths among those treated by conservative management. Early recognition of the condition can prevent serious surgical complications and morbidity.
Animals↗
Enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 in inflammatory cells and secretory granules in Paneth cells in the small intestine of mice infected with Toxocara canis.
The small intestine is the initial organ which Toxocara canis larvae invade. Information on intestinal pathological changes associated with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and secretory granules (SG) in Paneth cells (PCs) caused by T. canis is unclear. Mice orally inoculated with 250 T. canis infective eggs were evaluated by pathological and immunohistochemical assessments with a 294-day investigation. Pathologically, the inflammatory reactions with or without trapped larvae in the submucosa were observed only within the first 28 days post-infection (DPI), with inflammatory injury ranging from severe during 2 DPI to mild between 7 and 28 DPI. The crypts of Leiberkuhn were major larval penetration sites. Enhanced expression of SG in PCs appeared earlier than those of TGF-beta1 in infiltrating cells. The significance of both effectors might be related to the host's defense against larval invasion in the intestinal phase of toxocaral infection.
Animals↗
Selection of a precocious line of the rabbit coccidium Eimeria flavescens Marotel and Guilhon (1941) and characterisation of its endogenous cycle.
The SPF rabbits were inoculated with oocysts of Eimeria flavescens and the first newly developed oocysts were recovered. They were used for inoculation of other rabbits which consequently excreted oocysts sooner than in the previous passage. By repeated use of this method, the prepatent period was shortened after 18 passages by more than 60 h. The endogenous development of this precocious line (PL) differed from that of the original strain (OS). Compared to OS, two asexual generations, second (or third) and fourth, were absent in PL. The first merogony took place in the jejunum and ileum in OS and, in contrast, in the large intestine in PL. Like in other rabbit coccidia, two types of meronts (A and B) were seen in each generation. However, the ratio of B: A meronts in the last (fifth) asexual generation as well as ratio of microgamonts:macrogamonts differs in OS and PL.
Animals↗
The immunosuppressive compound FK506 does not affect expulsion of Echinostoma trivolvis in C3H mice.
C3H/HeN mice were infected with Echinostoma trivolvis metacercariae on day 0, given intramuscular injections of the immunosuppressive agent FK506 daily for 5 or 7 days, and necropsied on days 5, 8, 12, 15, 20, and 30 postinfection (p.i.). Control mice were infected with the echinostomes but were not treated with FK506. A significant reduction in mastocytosis was seen from day 12 to day 15 p.i. in the treated group. No reduction was observed in numbers of goblet cells and eosinophils in the treated group. The number of white blood cells was lower in the treated mice than in the controls. No significant difference in the optical density values of immunoglobulins appeared in control versus treated mice. Treatment with FK506 did not delay worm expulsion markedly, probably because the drug did not suppress goblet-cell hyperplasia. Increased mucus production associated with goblet-cell hyperplasia is primarily involved in the expulsion of E. trivolvis in murine hosts.
Animals↗
Life cycle of Eimeria vejdovskyi Pakandl, 1988: electron microscopy study.
The endogenous development of the rabbit coccidium Eimeria vejdovskyi was studied in SPF rabbits using light and electron microscopy. All endogenous stages were seen in the ileal epithelium. There were two types of meronts in each of five asexual generations. Type A produced fat, polynucleate merozoites while type B meronts had slender uninucleate merozoites. First- second- and third-generation meronts were in the crypts. The first meronts were at the bottom of the crypts, very often in the Paneth cells. The meronts of the fourth generation were in the middle of the villi; the fifth-generation meronts were recorded in the middle and at the top of the villi. The prepatent period was 10 days.
Animals↗
Preliminary ultrasonographical observations of intestinal lesions in a community with heavy Schistosoma mansoni infection in Richard Toll, Senegal.
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Animals↗
An overview of intestinal immunity and malabsorption.
Intestinal immune responses are adapted to function at external mucosal surfaces. Specialized forms of antibody, secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), provid humoral immunity but little is known of local cell mediated immune reactions. Antigens in the intestinal lumen gain preferential access via Peyer's patches in which sensitised lymphocytes proliferate before entering the lymphatic system. These lymphoblasts return to the intestinal mucosa via the bloodstream to provide predominantly IgA antibody responses. Secretory IgA antibody can neutralize viruses, bacteria and toxins, and appears to block the entry of some food antigens into the lamina propria. Disturbances of intestinal immunity may result in malabsorption. Immunodeficiency states are often associated with malabsorption due to Giardia lamblia infestation. In alpha chain disease there is a malignant expansion of plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa which secrete an abnormal heavy chain fragment of IgA. Arthus type hypersensitivity reactions to milk proteins and gluten may contribute to the mucosal injury in patients suffering from milk allergy and coeliac disease.
Giardiasis↗
Mechanical bowel obstruction. Review of 316 cases in Benin City.
A retrospective study of 316 patients with a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction admitted to the University of Benin Teaching Hospital over a 5 year period is presented. The overall mortality was 10.6 percent. Attention is called to the unacceptably high morbidity and mortality associated with volvulus in this and other series. Because the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in Africa is strangulation, a preventable complication of inguinal hernia, the clinician has a unique opportunity to significantly decrease the incidence of intestinal obstruction in Africa. Finally, our study confirms that the single most important antecedent of a grave prognosis in intestinal obstruction is late presentation of the patient.
Adolescent↗
The nature of the thymus dependency of mucosal mast cells. I. An adaptive secondary response to challenge with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
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Animals↗
The nature of the thymus dependency of mucosal mast cells. II. The effect of thymectomy and of depleting recirculating lymphocytes on the response to Nippostrongylus brasilliensis.
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Animals↗
Biochemical and histopathological alterations in golden hamster during infection with Ancylostoma ceylanicum.
Ancylostoma ceylanicum infection in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) caused marked biochemical and histopathological derangements. Jejunum, the primary site of infection, showed pronounced alterations compared with liver. Though the biochemical composition of jejunum was not significantly altered, activities of a few lysosomal enzymes were enhanced during hookworm infection. Marked damage to mitochondrial and microsomal membranes was reflected in changes in the activities of the marker enzymes from jejunal tissue. Lipid content, especially phospholipids and neutral lipids of hepatic tissue, exhibited marked elevation. Levels of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase were enhanced in jejunal as well as hepatic tissues, indicating activation of the glycolytic machinery during hookworm infection. A decrease in the levels of mucosal disaccharidases indicated damage to intestinal brush border membranes. However, alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in intestinal mucosa during the infection. Light microscopic examination of jejunal tissue revealed peeling off of the upper epithelial layer, activation of the goblet cells, and thickening of muscularis mucosa. However, hepatic tissue did not show gross alterations, except for slight necrosis in the centrilobular region.
Ancylostomiasis↗
Hymenolepis diminuta: pH changes in rat intestinal contents and worm migration.
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Animals↗