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PubMed2004

Prevalence of enteric parasites in pet macaques in Sulawesi, Indonesia.

On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, nonhuman primate pets come into frequent contact with humans, presenting the possibility of zoonotic and anthropozoonotic disease transmission. We collected fecal samples from 88 pet macaques representing six of the seven macaque species currently recognized as endemic to Sulawesi (Macaca nigra, M. nigrescens, M. hecki, M. tonkeana, M. maura, and M. ochreata) as well as two non-endemic species (M. fascicularis and M. nemestrina) in order to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in this population. Seven taxa of intestinal protozoa (Blastocystis hominis, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Chilomastrix mesnili, Endolimax nana, and Retortamonas intestinalis) and three taxa of nematodes (hookworm, Trichuris spp., and Ascaris spp.) were detected. The overall parasitization rate was 59.1%. Commensal organisms predominated in this population. Parasitization was not statistically correlated with macaque age group, sex, species, or location, or with the owner's level of education. These findings are discussed in the context of primate pet ownership practices in Sulawesi.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Risk assessment: A model for predicting cross-species transmission of simian foamy virus from macaques (M. fascicularis) to humans at a monkey temple in Bali, Indonesia.

Contact between humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) frequently occurs at monkey temples (religious sites that have become associated with free-ranging populations of NHPs) in Asia, creating the potential for NHP-human disease transmission. In March 2003 a multidisciplinary panel of experts participated in a workshop designed to model the risk of NHP-human pathogen transmission. The panel developed a risk assessment model to describe the likelihood of cross-species transmission of simian foamy virus (SFV) from temple macaques (Macaca fascicularis) to visitors at monkey temples. SFV is an enzootic simian retrovirus that has been shown to be transmitted from NHPs to humans. In operationalizing the model field data, laboratory data and expert opinions were used to estimate the likelihood of SFV transmission within this context. This model sets the stage for a discussion about modeling as a risk assessment tool and the kinds of data that are required to accurately predict transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Use of limestone karst forests by Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in the Sangkulirang peninsula, east Kalimantan, Indonesia.

The Indonesian province of East Kalimantan is home to some of the largest remaining contiguous tracts of lowland Dipterocarp forest on the island of Borneo. Nest surveys recently conducted in these forests indicated the presence of a substantial population of Eastern Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in the Berau and East Kutai regencies in the northern half of the province. The Sangkulirang Peninsula contains extensive limestone karst forests in close proximity to the lowland Dipterocarp forests inhabited by orangutans in these regencies. Orangutans have been sighted in these limestone karst forests, but the importance of this forest type for orangutans has been unclear. Therefore, we conducted 49 km of nest surveys in limestone karst forest to obtain the first quantitative estimates of orangutan densities in this habitat, and walked 28 km of surveys in nearby lowland Dipterocarp forests for comparison. We also gathered basic ecological data along our transects in an attempt to identify correlates of orangutan abundance across these habitat types. Undisturbed limestone karst forests showed the lowest orangutan densities (147 nests/km(2), 0.82 indiv/km(2)), disturbed limestone forests had intermediate densities (301 nests/km(2), 1.40 indiv/km(2)), and undisturbed lowland Dipterocarp forests contained the highest density (987 nests/km(2), 5.25 indiv/km(2)), significantly more than the undisturbed limestone karst forests. This difference was not correlated with variation in liana abundance, fig stem density, or stump density (an index of forest disturbance). Therefore, other factors, such as the relatively low tree species diversity of limestone karst forests, may explain why orangutans appear to avoid these areas. We conclude that limestone karst forests are of low relevance for safeguarding the future of orangutans in East Kalimantan.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Locomotor ecology of wild orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in the Gunung Leuser Ecosystem, Sumatra, Indonesia: a multivariate analysis using log-linear modelling.

The large body mass and exclusively arboreal lifestyle of Sumatran orangutans identify them as a key species in understanding the dynamic between primates and their environment. Increased knowledge of primate locomotor ecology, coupled with recent developments in the standardization of positional mode classifications (Hunt et al. [1996] Primates 37:363-387), opened the way for sophisticated multivariate statistical approaches, clarifying complex associations between multiple influences on locomotion. In this study we present a log-linear modelling approach used to identify key associations between orangutan locomotion, canopy level, support use, and contextual behavior. Log-linear modelling is particularly appropriate because it is designed for categorical data, provides a systematic method for testing alternative hypotheses regarding interactions between variables, and allows interactions to be ranked numerically in terms of relative importance. Support diameter and type were found to have the strongest associations with locomotor repertoire, suggesting that orangutans have evolved distinct locomotor modes to solve a variety of complex habitat problems. However, height in the canopy and contextual behavior do not directly influence locomotion: instead, their effect is modified by support type and support diameter, respectively. Contrary to classic predictions, age-sex category has only limited influence on orangutan support use and locomotion, perhaps reflecting the presence of arboreal pathways which individuals of all age-sex categories follow. Effects are primarily related to a tendency for adult, parous females to adopt a more cautious approach to locomotion than adult males and immature subjects.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive pricing and prevalence: family planning self-sufficiency in Indonesia.

Imposing or increasing user fees can move family planning programs toward self-sufficiency. But, economic theory predicts that quantities demanded decrease following price increases; and, that the size of the response depends, all else constant, upon the share of income accounted for by spending on the good or service. This article uses survey data collected in conjunction with an Indonesian self-sufficiency program to assess the differential magnitudes of contraceptive usage responses to price differentials between sample-wide and relatively poor households, and for both subsidized and full private-sector prices. We find a much more substantial response among poor households. As prices move up toward full cost-recovery, the effect is magnified.

Contraceptive Agents↗
PubMed2006

Cytotoxic lignans from the stems of Helicteres hirsuta collected in Indonesia.

Cytotoxicity-guided fractionation of the stems of Helicteres hirsuta, of Indonesian origin, led to the isolation and identification of six lignans, namely, (+/-)-pinoresinol, (+/-)-medioresinol, (+/-)-syringaresinol, (-)-boehmenan, (-)-boehmenan H and (+/-)-trans-dihydrodiconiferyl alcohol. Of these isolates, (+/-)-pinoresinol exhibited potent cytotoxic effects when evaluated against a small panel of cancer cell lines.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiology of gestational trophoblastic neoplasm at the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.

This retrospective research was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, covering the period between 1977 and 1981. The incidence of hydatidiform mole was 1 in 77 pregnancies. The incidence of malignant trophoblastic disease was 1 in 185 pregnancies. Of the 406 cases of hydatidiform mole, 22.9% became malignant. Patients of 24 years of age or younger had a higher risk of getting hydatidiform mole (P less than 0.05) compared to older patients. The risk of becoming malignant increased with age and became evident after 40 years of age. Parity 1 or less was associated with a higher risk of getting hydatidiform mole (P less than 0.05), but had no influence on hydatidiform mole becoming malignant. The influence of blood group was not so clear, although there was a tendency for moles to occur more frequently in patients with blood groups A or B. By contrast, there was a tendency for the change into malignancy to occur more frequently in women with blood groups B or O. Gestational age had no influence towards the change into malignancy or metastasis. Uterine size (greater than 20 weeks gestation) correlated with the progression of hydatidiform mole into malignancy. However, subsequent metastasis was not influenced by the size of the uterus. It was found that 76.4% of malignant trophoblastic diseases originated from hydatidiform moles, 12.4% from abortions, 9.5% from normal deliveries, and 1.2% from ectopic pregnancies. Non-hydatidiform moles had a slightly greater risk for metastasis, although this was not significant. Hydatidiform mole in histologic stages II or III (Hertig-Mansell classification) had a significantly greater tendency (P less than 0.05) to become malignant than in stage I.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Arthritis community education by leather puppet (wayang kulit) shadow play in rural Indonesia (Java).

As part of the WHO/International League Against Rheumatism (ILAR) sponsored community organized programme for the control of rheumatic disease (COPCORD), an arthritis community education programme (ACE) was undertaken utilizing the traditional form of entertainment in a rural area in Central Java-the wayang. The point prevalence rate of musculoskeletal complaints was estimated in 4683 men & women aged 15 years and over by house-to-house interviews. From 1105 respondents recording recent musculoskeletal pain, 844 were randomly selected and half the latter attended a puppet shadow play (wayang) incorporating the ACE. The other half, matched for age, sex and educational level who did not see the play, served as controls. A questionnaire containing biphasic choices of correct or incorrect ways of performing activities of daily living (ADL) to minimize musculoskeletal problems was administered to the whole group before, 1 month and 6 months after the wayang. Increased knowledge of correct ways of performing ADL (correct ADL) in the intervention group compared with the control group at 1 and 6 months after wayang was significant (P less than 0.05). Comprehension of correct ADL following the wayang could be demonstrated even in subjects who were illiterate and those who had attended primary school only. Retention of knowledge at the 6 month assessment declined more markedly in the illiterate group. ACE by wayang was shown to be feasible and effective in transferring knowledge on ADL to people with musculoskeletal problems in the sample population in Java. This effect could be shown even in the poorly educated section of the community.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Maximal working capacity of two professional groups in North Sumatra (Indonesia).

Two groups of male students from the medical school and sports academy and two groups of tricycle drivers performed maximally on two occasions on a brake type ergometer against a load sustainable between 2-6 min according to Tornvall. In the students the difference in work performance between the medical and sports academy students, maybe due to difference in their training condition, shown by the increment and decrement of pulse rate respectively on starting and stopping the test, since all their anthropometric measurements are the same. A comparison of the maximum working capacity between the tricycle drivers to study the effect of a potion called "jamu" showed no difference (N1 = 11, X1 = 1523 m . kp . min-1, N2 = 10, X2 = 1,664 m . kp . min-1, p greater than 0.05). The maximum working capacity of the tricycle drivers was found to be the same as the students from the sports academy (N1 = 21, X1 = 1,587 m. kp. min-1, N2 = 9, X2 = 1,524 m . kp . min-1, p greater than 0.05). Maximal heart rate between the medical students and the sports academy students differ significantly (N1 = 22, X1 = 186 min-1, N2 = 9, X2 = 175 min-1, p less than 0.01), but not significantly different between the sports academy students and the beca drivers (N1 = 9, X1 = 175 min-1, N2 = 21, X2 = 180 min-1, p greater than 0.05).

Adult↗