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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Sacral fractures in dogs and cats: a classification scheme and review of 51 cases.

A classification scheme for sacral fractures was based on a review of sacral fractures in 34 dogs and 17 cats. They were classified into five categories based on their radiographic appearance on standard lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs of the pelvis. Concomitant pelvic injuries were commonly observed: 32 per cent of dogs had a fracture of an ilium and 65 per cent of cats had union bilateral sacroiliac subluxation. Neurological deficits were common where the fractures traversed the spinal canal or sacral foraminae. Comparison is made between sacral fractures in dogs and cats, and humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Osteosarcoma with cytokeratin expression: a clinicopathological study of six cases with an emphasis on differential diagnosis from metastatic cancer.

AIMS: To clarify the clinicopathological profile of osteosarcomas showing an intensely positive immunoreaction for cytokeratin. METHODS: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features were analysed in 131 patients with non-metastatic, conventional osteosarcoma, treated in Akita University and National Cancer Centre in Tokyo between 1972 and 1999. RESULTS: Six patients (4.5%; mean age, 32 years; four men, two women) had osteosarcomas showing intense cytokeratin expression. Tumours were located on the long bones of the extremities in five patients and the ilium in one. Osteoid formations were found in biopsied specimens in all cases. Three tumours were classified as osteoblastic osteosarcoma, two as fibroblastic, and one as chondroblastic. In three tumours classified as the osteoblastic subtype, epithelioid features were prominent, and four tumours showed pronounced cellular pleomorphism. In contrast to the expression of cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen was negative in all cases. Surgery with a wide excisional margin was performed in six patients. Preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy was given to five of the six patients, but the effects of these agents were negligible. Three of the six patients developed lung metastases, whereas the other three patients have remained well with no evidence of local recurrence or distant metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Osteosarcoma with intense immunoreaction for cytokeratin was rare. The clinicopathological features were similar to those of patients with conventional osteosarcoma, except for a higher age, chemotherapy resistance, histological epithelioid features, and pleomorphism. This study indicates that osteoid formation and negative expression of epithelial membrane antigen are key features in the differentiation from metastatic carcinoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Primary sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma of the sacrum: a case report and review of the literature.

Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma is a rare tumour characterised histologically by a predominant population of epithelioid cells arranged in strands and nests, embedded in a fibrotic and hyalinised stroma. It is a low grade tumour with an indolent course. A 48 year old woman presented with a painful swelling over her back for six months. Investigation and biopsy revealed features of sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma involving the left half of the sacrum, left sacro-iliac joint, and posterior part of the left ilium. Preoperative radiotherapy and wide location excision of the tumour were followed by metastatic recurrence of the tumour in the lung and scalp six years after initial presentation. The tumour showed typical histology of sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma. The radiological features confirmed its primary location in the sacrum. The patient declined chemotherapy and died of disseminated disease eight years after initial presentation. Review of the literature confirms the fact that sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma, despite its low grade, is a clinicopathologically distinct tumour with full malignant potential, the recurrence, metastasis, and mortality rate being 48%, 60%, and 35%, respectively. Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma can occur as a primary bone tumour, the clinical behaviour of which is probably similar to its soft tissue counterpart.

Fatal Outcome↗
PubMed1979

Multiple regions of absent bone mineral and marrow function in a patient with chronic renal failure.

99mTc-methylene diphosphonate bone mineral and 99mTc-sulfur colloid bone marrow studies were performed on a patient with chronic renal failure. Multiple regions of absent deposition of both radiotracers were noted, involving the right ilium, multiple ribs, and the manubrium. Radiographs of these bones were normal. The findings suggest absent regional perfusion of the involved bones.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Arterial occlusion in the management of pain from metastatic renal carcinoma.

Arterial embolization was performed in nine patients with metastases from renal carcinoma who had severe pain resistant to conventional therapy. Patients with metastases in the ilium (four), the lumbosacral spine (one), and the base of the skull (one) experienced pain relief lasting from one to six months. The other three patients, who had metastases in the proximal femur, underwent preoperative embolization to facilitate tumor curettage and internal hip fixation. No significant complications were seen with this therapeutic approach.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Pediatric pelvis: radiographic appearance in various congenital disorders.

This article presents the spectrum of pelvic abnormalities in developmental diseases of bone. The pelvis comprises the ilium, ischium and pubis, and the sacrum. Knowledge of pelvic embryology and normal development is essential in recognizing pelvic abnormalities and disorders, which involve the number of bone elements, rate of ossification, density, and size or shape. Anarchic development of bone and dysplasias identifiable at birth must also be considered. The pelvis is important in the evaluation of such disorders because of the frequent, varied, and often specific radiologic abnormalities. The pelvis may also be the first evidence for a congenital malformation syndrome because it is often included in routine radiographic examinations.

Bone Diseases, Developmental↗
PubMed1979

Neurohumoral regulation of blood flow to bones and marrow.

We used labeled microspheres to measure bone and marrow blood flow under control conditions and during several interventions. In dogs, blood flow to compact cortical bone (femoral diaphysis) was 2 +/- 0.1 ml.min-1. 100 g-1, and in hematopoietic marrow (femur), flow was 24 +/- 5 ml.min-1. 100 g-1. Hematopoietic cancellous bones (sternum, ilium) received substantial blood flow. We estimate that as much as 11% of cardiac output is directed to the skeleton. Bone and marrow vessels were responsive to several stimuli. During exercise, vascular resistance in bone increased two- to fourfold, in contrast to profound vasodilation in adjacent skeletal muscle. Hemmorrhage also increased bone vascular resistance. Bone and marrow vessels responded to humoral stimuli: norepinephrine increased vascular resistance and adenosine decreased resistance. Bone vessels also responded to neural stimuli: stimulation of carotid baroreceptors decreased vascular resistance, and activation of sympathetic pathways by baroreceptor deafferentation in cats increased vascular resistance. These studies indicate that bone and marrow vessels respond actively to physiological stresses and to several humoral and neurogenic stimuli

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Functional and hormonal control of pelvic width in the rat.

Absolute sacral dimensions of the rat are influenced by muscular, ovarian and testicular action, and all affect absolute sacral length more than absolute width. However, relative to trunk-length dimensions are rather stable and drop with a higher level of significance only in castration combined with estrogen or progesterone treatment. Relative pelvic width, as expressed by the transverse interiliac distance, is greatly widened in extreme muscular hypofunction but the sacrum does not participate in this widening. The widening results from a broadening of the proximal part of the ilium, following a genral response of long bones to extreme muscular hypofunction. Pelvic width is reduced in castration and ovariectomy with and without testosterone or estrogen treatment, but not in the combination of castration with progesterone treatment. Changes of sacral width are, however, more often independent from than concomitant with the width changes of the pelvis. The transverse interventral spine distance is dependent on rectus femoris muscle activity and drops drastically in hind-leg removal. It also drops in castration and particularly when castration is combined with estrogen treatment; but progesterone adds little to the effect of castration alone. The effect of ovariectomy alone or combined with testosterone treatment is negligible.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1985

Canine diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.

The radiographic and necropsy findings in a case of canine diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis are reported. Radiographically, the disease was characterized by progressive development of para-articular mineral densities along joint surfaces of the appendicular skeleton; progressive osseous fusion of the ilium, pubis, femur, and ischium; and progressive flowing ossification of the dorsal spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae. The para-articular lesions were considered to develop as a consequence of fibrocartilaginous proliferation followed by endochondral ossification. Progression of the ossification process led to para-articular joint fusion and almost complete ossification of the metaplastic cartilage. A distinguishing feature was the sparing of intra-articular structures.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A morphometric study of bone marrow megakaryocytes in foals infected with equine infectious anemia virus.

Morphometric evaluation of bone marrow core biopsies was used to determine megakaryocyte (MK) numbers and MK size in nine foals with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)-induced thrombocytopenia. Both immunocompetent normal foals and foals with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were used. Platelet counts were made three times weekly following viral infection. Bone marrow core biopsies were taken from the ilium of each foal prior to experimental infection, immediately after the onset of thrombocytopenia, and at necropsy. All foals developed thrombocytopenia by 23 days postinfection. The bone marrow MK density did not change in response to the thrombocytopenia. MK area did not change significantly; however, the MK nuclear area at necropsy was significantly higher than that preinfection. The presence of thrombocytopenia in the SCID foals showed that immune-specific responses were not required for the production of EIAV-induced thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, the lack of a compensatory megakaryocytopoiesis in both SCID and normal foals was consistent with the theory that altered platelet production plays a role in the development of this thrombocytopenia.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Research: Is resection of tumours involving the pelvic ring justified? : A review of 49 consecutive cases.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic surgery is challenging and impacts significantly on limb and visceral function, thus, raising the question "is heroic surgery justifiable". This study assessed the functional, oncologic and surgical outcomes following pelvis tumour resections. METHODS: Between 1996-2003, 49 patients (mean age 43 years) underwent pelvic tumour resections- 38 primary malignant tumours, 5 secondary tumours and 6 benign tumours. Bone tumours comprised 5 osteosarcomas, 5 Ewings sarcomas, and 12 chondrosarcomas. Of the soft tumours, 9 were of neural origin. Tumours involved the ilium, acetabulum, pubic bones, sacrum or a combination of these. Functional assessment was performed and no patient had metastases at presentation. RESULTS: There were 41 limb sparing resections and 8 hindquarter amputations. Surgical margins were intralesional (1), marginal (13), wide (26), and radical (3). Of limb sparing surgery, prosthetic reconstructions were performed in 10 patients, biologic reconstructions in 6, a combination of these in 3 and no reconstruction in others. There was 1 intraoperative death, 7 local recurrences and 19 metastases. Death from disease occurred at a mean of 14.2 months with a mean followup of 27 (1-96) months. Amputation and periacetabular resections had worse functional outcomes. Emotional acceptance was surprisingly high. CONCLUSION: Pelvic resections are complex. Functional outcome is significantly affected by surgery. Disease control is similar to limb tumours. Emotional acceptance of surgery in survivors was surprisingly high. Major pelvic resection for malignancy appears justified.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Reconstruction of the pelvic ring using an autologous free non-vascularized fibula graft in a patient with benign fibrous histiocytoma.

BACKGROUND: Benign fibrous histiocytomas (BFH) usually presents as a small benign lesion that predominantly occurs in the skin. Only few cases of BFH arising from bone have been reported, its occurrence in pelvic bones is even rarer. CASE PRESENTATION: A 34-year-old female presented with BFH at a rare anatomical location on both sides of the os ilium which was larger than earlier reported BFH of the bone. Surgical resection was performed successfully including resection of the inner pelvic ring and reconstruction of the linea terminalis using a non-vascularized fibular autograft. At 18 months after tumor resection and reconstruction of the pelvic ring, with interposition of a free vascularized fibula graft patient has an excellent clinical oncological and functional outcome. CONCLUSION: Non vascularized fibular autograft is a useful reconstructive procedure in select patients.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

The aged rat model of ovarian hormone deficiency bone loss.

Three studies were carried out. First, the effects of aging on the maturation of the female skeleton were assessed. Second, the hypothesis that has linked ovarian hormone deficiency bone loss to hypercalcemic suppression of the parathyroids leading to a decrease in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis and gut absorption of calcium was examined. Third, the effects of ovariectomy and a combination of ovarian hormone deficiency and low dietary calcium on bone and the calcium-regulating hormones were evaluated. After 6 months, ovariectomy and a low calcium diet independently decreased the density of the ilium, the femur, and the fourth lumbar vertebra as well as the calcium content of the latter two. The effects of the two treatment regimens were additive and more marked in the vertebral bone. Ovariectomy lowered serum calcitonin only in animals fed a normal diet and had no effect on serum PTH and vitamin D metabolites, while a low calcium diet caused a significant increase in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. In both dietary regimens ovariectomy resulted in about a 30% decrease in intestinal calcium absorption. A low calcium diet increased morphometric indices of bone formation and bone resorption as did ovariectomy, with resorption exceeding formation. The discussion of our findings led to the conclusion that the aged rat model of ovarian hormone deficiency bone loss qualifies for serious consideration as a practical convenient cost-effective animal model for exploring aspects of the pathogenesis and treatment of postmenopausal bone loss.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Sacral fracture: case presentation and review.

Sacral fractures are either transverse or longitudinal (vertical). Transverse fractures may be isolated and can be subdivided into two types. Upper transverse fractures occur in younger people and result from severe traumatic flexion of the upper body on the fixed pelvis. Lower transverse fractures result from a hard blow to the coccyx, as in a fall. Vertical fractures are essentially never isolated, always being associated with an anterior break in the pelvic ring. These result from extreme forces transmitted through the ilium. Any of these fractures can cause injury to neural elements, and surgical decompression may be indicated in certain of the transverse types.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Hindlimb patterning and mandible development require the Ptx1 gene.

The restricted expression of the Ptx1 (Pitx1) gene in the posterior half of the lateral plate mesoderm has suggested that it may play a role in specification of posterior structures, in particular, specification of hindlimb identity. Ptx1 is also expressed in the most anterior ectoderm, the stomodeum, and in the first branchial arch. Ptx1 expression overlaps with that of Ptx2 in stomodeum and in posterior left lateral plate mesoderm. We now show that targeted inactivation of the mouse Ptx1 gene severely impairs hindlimb development: the ilium and knee cartilage are absent and the long bones are underdeveloped. Greater reduction of the right femur size in Ptx1 null mice suggests partial compensation by Ptx2 on the left side. The similarly sized tibia and fibula of mutant hindlimbs may be taken to resemble forelimb bones: however, the mutant limb buds appear to have retained their molecular identity as assessed by forelimb expression of Tbx5 and by hindlimb expression of Tbx4, even though Tbx4 expression is decreased in Ptx1 null mice. The hindlimb defects appear to be, at least partly, due to abnormal chondrogenesis. Since the most affected structures derive from the dorsal side of hindlimb buds, the data suggest that Ptx1 is responsible for patterning of these dorsal structures and that as such it may control development of hindlimb-specific features. Ptx1 inactivation also leads to loss of bones derived from the proximal part of the mandibular mesenchyme. The dual role of Ptx1 revealed by the gene knockout may reflect features of the mammalian jaw and hindlimbs that were acquired at a similar time during tetrapod evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The role of acetabular component screw holes and/or screws in the development of pelvic osteolysis.

Anecdotal reporting of osteolysis around cementless modular acetabular components with holes through the metal shell and/or iliac fixation screws has raised concern that such designs may generate excessive particulate debris and/or permit direct access of particulate debris to iliac bone. To address this issue, incidence data are reported on 513 total hip replacements from six different single-surgeon series of total hip arthroplasties performed with six different porous ingrowth acetabular components. With follow-up ranging from 40 to 108 months, a total of 45 pelvic osteolytic lesions were observed (8.8 per cent). Pelvic osteolysis was seen nearly as frequently in the ischium and pubis (21 lesions) as it was in the ilium (24 lesions). It was not possible to explain ischial and pubic osteolysis by holes and/or screws through the acetabular component shell. There was no direct correlation between the presence of screw holes or screws and the incidence of pelvic osteolysis. The incidence of pelvic osteolysis around modular components with holes through the shell was 4.5 per cent (14 of 313 hips). The incidence of pelvic osteolysis with solid-shell components was 15.5 per cent (31 of 200). The incidence of pelvic osteolysis around acetabular reconstructions with screws was 2.3 per cent (3 of 133). The incidence of pelvic osteolysis in reconstructions without screws was 11.1 per cent (32 of 380). The incidence of pelvic osteolysis in one-piece acetabular components (polyethylene pre-fixed in the metal shell) was 12.7 per cent (21 of 165) and the incidence of pelvic osteolysis with the modular components was 6.9 per cent (24 of 348). In each comparison, the incidence of pelvic osteolysis was actually lower in the group assumed to be at increased risk. Based on this review there does not appear to be a direct relationship between holes and/or screws through an acetabular component and the development of pelvic osteolysis. The incidence of pelvic osteolysis was associated with larger head diameters and longer follow-up. While screw holes may provide an access channel in specific cases, the present data indicate that the simple elimination of holes through the acetabular shell will not eliminate pelvic osteolysis. Regardless of other acetabular component design features, joint fluid and polyethylene wear particles from the femoral-acetabular articulation can gain access to bone behind an acetabular component via the peripheral implant-bone interface through regions without sufficient contact or tissue ingrowth. The development of pelvic osteolysis is multifactorial and includes the total volumetric wear of polyethylene as well as specific features of the acetabular component design and reconstruction technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Biological properties of opioid peptides replacing Tyr at position 1 by 2,6-dimethyl-Tyr.

To understand the effect of the replacement of Tyr residue at position 1 in opioid peptides by 2,6-dimethyl-Tyr (Dmt) on the biological property, chiral (D or L) Dmt1 analogs of Leu-enkephalin (Enk) and Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-beta Ala-NH2 (YRFB) were synthesized and their enzymatic stabilities, in vitro bioactivities and receptor binding affinities compared with those of parent peptides. [L-Dmt1]Enk (1) exhibited 4-fold higher stability against aminopeptidase-M and possessed dramatically increased activities in guinea pig ilium (GPI) (187-fold) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) (131-fold) assays, and in rat brain receptor binding assays (356-fold at mu receptor and 46-fold at delta receptor) as compared to Enk. [L-Dmt1]YRFB (3) also exhibited increased activities in GPI (46-fold) and MVD (177-fold) assays, and in the binding assays (69-fold at mu receptro and 341-fold at delta receptor) as compared to the parent peptide. [D-Dmt1]Enk (2) and [D-Dmt1]YRFB (4) exhibited activities with diminished or lesser potency than the parent peptide in all assays. These results indicate that there is a tendency for mu affinity to be enhanced more than delta affinity with introduction of L-Dmt into delta ligand peptide (Enk), and for delta affinity to be enhanced more than mu affinity in case of mu ligand peptide (YRFB), resulting in reduced receptor selectivities at the receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Clinical application of bone marrow implantation in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans, and the association between efficacy and the number of implanted bone marrow cells.

BACKGROUND: There have been a number of recent reports on the use of autologous bone marrow implantation (BMI) in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease, with a clinical response rate of approximately 70%. However, the factors that influence efficacy have not yet been clarified. We have analyzed the relationship between the number of implanted bone marrow cells and the clinical efficacy of BMI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eight patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans were treated with BMI. Bone marrow was aspirated from the ilium (500-1,000 ml), the mononuclear cells were separated and then were implanted. The clinical effectiveness of BMI was evaluated by assessing changes in the ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) and the transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcO2) between the pre-treatment baseline, with follow-up testing at 4 weeks. These changes were defined as DeltaABI and DeltaTcO2. The mean number of CD34-positive cells was 1.04+/-0.60 x10(6) /kg body weight. There was a strong correlation between the number of CD34-positive cells and DeltaABI (r=0.754, p=0.028). CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that the number of implanted CD34-positive cells is one of the primary factors that influence the clinical efficacy of BMI.

Aged↗