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PubMed2001

Changes in attitudes toward homosexuals.

Cross-sectional data on the attitudes of Canadian university students, and their parents, indicate attitudes toward homosexuals have become increasingly tolerant and accepting over the past 14 years. Various experimental findings and self-attributions indicate the major cause of this change is increased contact with persons known to be homosexuals. Other factors, such as the evidence for biological origins of sexual orientation, and boomerang effects from hostility toward homosexuals also appear to have played a role.

Attitude↗

PubMed2002

Correlates of internalized homophobia and homosexual identity formation in a sample of gay men.

Eighty-six behaviourally homosexual men, at various stages of homosexual identity formation (HIF), were participants in a study that examined correlates of internalized homophobia (IH) and HIF. Results indicated higher levels of internalized homophobia were correlated with lower stages of HIF. In addition, internalized homophobia was significantly related to lower levels of self-esteem, to lower levels of self-concepts of physical appearance and emotional stability, and to higher levels of sex guilt. Post hoc regression analysis revealed that perceived level of repression against homosexuals predicted internalized homophobia and sex-guilt, which were mediator variables to the resolution of HIF. This research supports theory, that suggests internalized homophobia is a major developmental difficulty in gay men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The mediating effects of attitudes toward homosexuality between secure attachment and disclosure outcomes among gay men.

Past research has found that a stronger secure attachment style, developed in childhood, enhances one's ability to acknowledge negative feelings, cope with negative life events, and develop satisfying social relationships. Because an integral part of the "coming out" process for gay men is the ability to seek support from the gay community in order to reevaluate negative beliefs toward homosexuality, a gay man's attachment style may strongly impact this critical stage of his life. Results demonstrated that men who more strongly endorsed a secure attachment style reported more positive attitudes toward their own homosexuality, and that these more positive attitudes could mediate the relation between more secure attachment style, greater levels of self-disclosure regarding their homosexuality, and greater self-esteem. Implications of these data for internalized homophobia, the coming-out process, and effective social functioning are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Use of heavier drinking contexts among heterosexuals, homosexuals and bisexuals: results from a National Household Probability Survey.

OBJECTIVE: Extensive use of specific social contexts (bars and parties, for instance) by homosexuals and bisexuals is thought to be a factor in the higher rates of drinking among these groups. However, much of the empirical evidence behind these assumptions has been based on studies with methodological or sampling shortcomings. This article examines the epidemiological patterns of alcohol contexts in relation to sexual identity, using a large, national, probability population survey. METHOD: We used the 2000 National Alcohol Survey for these analyses. The prevalence of spending leisure time in each of two social contexts (bars and parties) that are associated with heavier drinking is examined by sexual orientation (heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual and self-identified heterosexuals with same sex partners). In addition, we compare levels of drinking within these contexts by sexual orientation within these groups. RESULTS: Exclusively heterosexual women spent less time in these two contexts relative to all other groups of women. Gay men spent considerably more time in bars compared with the other groups of men. Heterosexual women who reported same sex partners drink more at bars, and bisexual women drink more alcohol at both bars and parties than exclusively heterosexual women. For men, there were no significant differences for average consumption in any of these contexts. Entry of background and demographic variables into logistic regression analyses did little to modify these associations. CONCLUSIONS: There is empirical evidence that some groups of homosexual and bisexual women and men spend more time than heterosexual individuals in heavier drinking contexts. The frequency of being in these two social contexts does not appear to be associated with heavier drinking within these contexts for men, but it may be related to heavier drinking in those places among some groups of women.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Conceptualization and measurement of homosexuality in sex surveys: a critical review.

This article reviews major national population sex surveys that have asked questions about homosexuality focusing on conceptual and methodological issues, including the definitions of sex, the measured aspects of homosexuality, sampling and interviewing technique, and questionnaire design. Reported rates of major measures of same-sex attraction, behavior, partners, and sexual identity from surveys are also presented and compared. The study of homosexuality in surveys has been shaped by the research traditions and questions ranging from sexology to the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. Sexual behavior has been a central topic at least since Kinsey. Issues of sexual attraction and/or orientation and sexual identity have emerged more recently. Differences in the treatment of men and women in the design and analysis of surveys as well as in the reported rates in different surveys, in different countries and time periods are also presented and discussed. We point out the importance of the consideration of both methodological and social change issues in assessing such differences.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1984

AIDS surveillance and health education: use of previously described risk factors to identify high-risk homosexuals.

Previously defined "risk factors" in homosexuals with Kaposi's sarcoma may not be causative of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) but are an important tool in identifying segments of the homosexual population who are at increased risk for the development of AIDS and who may benefit from health education and surveillance efforts. The epidemiologic characteristics of such a group of homosexuals from a low incidence area (Pittsburgh, PA) are examined and several factors which may account for differences in incidence are briefly discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1997

Outbreak of hepatitis A among homosexual men in Sydney.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined an outbreak of hepatitis A in eastern Sydney during 1991-1992. METHODS: Data were based on cases of hepatitis A in eastern Sydney residents reported from January 1991 to October 1992. RESULTS: Five hundred seventy cases of hepatitis A were reported. Of these, 515 (90%) occurred in male patients, of whom 330 were reported to be homosexual or bisexual. The highest attack rate (71/10,000) occurred in men aged 20 to 29 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: This outbreak affected large numbers of young homosexual men living in the inner eastern suburbs of Sydney. Hepatitis A vaccination should be considered for all susceptible homosexual men. Further research into the use of hepatitis A vaccine as an outbreak control measure is also recommended.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Sex differences in evaluating heterosexual and homosexual promiscuity.

Our research focused on men's and women's interpretations of homosexually and heterosexually promiscuous behavior. Study 1 involved 21 men and 21 women who rated perceived differences between homosexually and heterosexually promiscuous behavior following a discussion of impersonal sex in public restrooms. Men perceived the two types of promiscuous behavior as more different than did women. In Study 2, 41 men and 23 women rated their perceptions of the difference between homosexually and heterosexually promiscuous behavior without any prior discussion. No sex differences were found, though a significant correlation between age and rating was observed. Men and women may focus on different dimensions when evaluating sexual behavior.

Attitude↗

PubMed1996

Recollections of their fathers by homosexual and heterosexual men.

A nonrandom, nonclinical t-test comparison study of 30 homosexual and 30 heterosexual men was conducted to describe their memories of their fathers' behaviors toward them. Previous studies had identified the "classical pattern," that is, the fathers of homosexual men were considered cold, hostile, and distant. Those studies were sparked by Freudian theory which postulated the same. Therefore, a brief revisitation has been conducted. Again, the findings supported the earlier, that is, the homosexual men recalled their fathers as more rejecting and less loving than the heterosexual men.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Do homosexual teachers account for about half of news stories of molestations of pupils? A Boston Globe replication.

Homosexual interaction was involved in 11 (48%) of 23 and 10 (45%) of 22, that is, about half of two nationwide databases of newspaper stories about teachers sexual involvement with pupils reported by Cameron and Cameron in 1998. Whether this relationship holds at a local level was examined by searching all indexed 'sex crimes' in the Boston Globe from 1991 through 1998 for local stories about sex between pupil and teacher. Of the 21 teachers in 20 stories, 11 (52%) interacted homosexually with pupils. Thus it appears that nationally and locally, as reported in newspapers, about half of the molestations by teachers are homosexual.

Boston↗

PubMed2002

Validity of projective drawing indices of male homosexuality.

We investigated the hypothesis that certain signs in the Draw-A-Person projective technique reflect male homosexuality. Human figure drawings from gay and 88 heterosexual men, with no clinical psychological symptoms, were submitted to trained raters who were blind to the purpose of this research. The raters independently judged whether 21 signs, previously referenced in the literature as suggestive of male homosexuality, were present in the figure drawings. Only two signs, hair and hips, differentiated between groups. Results were interpreted in the light of changing social attitudes towards homosexuals and methodological problems of prior studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Child molestations by homosexual foster parents: Illinois, 1997--2002.

Do those who engage in homosexuality disproportionately sexually abuse foster or adoptive children as reported by child protective services? Illinois child services reported sexual abuse for 1997 through 2002. 270 parents committed "substantiated" sexual offenses against foster or subsidized adoptive children: 67 (69%) of 97 of these mother and 148 (86%) of 173 of these father perpetrators sexually abused girls; 30 (31%) of the mothers and 25 (14%) of the father perpetrators sexually abused boys, i.e., 92 (34%) of the perpetrators homosexually abused their charges. Of these parents 15 both physically and sexually abused charges: daughters by 8 of the mothers and 4 of the fathers, sons by 3 of the mothers, i.e., same-sex perpetrators were involved in 53%. Thus, homosexual practitioners were proportionately more apt to abuse foster or adoptive children sexually.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Homosexual sex as harmful as drug abuse, prostitution, or smoking.

In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court said same-sex sexual activity could not be prohibited by law. Analyzing data from the 1996 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse (N= 12,381) and comparing those who engaged in four recreational activities-homosexual sex, illegal drug use, participation in prostitution, and smoking --against those who abstained, participants (1) were more frequently disruptive (e.g., more frequently criminal, drove under the influence of drugs or alcohol, used illegal drugs, took sexual risks), (2) were less frequently productive (e.g., less frequently had children in marriage, more frequently missed work), and (3) generated excessive costs (e.g., more promiscuous, higher consumers of medical services). Major sexuality surveys have reported similar findings for homosexuals. Societal discrimination inadequately accounts for these differences since parallel comparisons of black and white subsamples produced a pattern unlike the differences found between homosexuals and nonhomosexuals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Increased prevalence of cytomegalovirus antibodies in homosexual men with syphilis: relation to sexual behaviour.

Serum samples from 146 homosexual males, 40 heterosexual males and 51 females with at least one episode of syphilis were tested for the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV IgG and CMV IgM). 100 blood donors served as a control group. CMV IgG was present in 95% of homosexual men compared with 68% of heterosexual men (p less than 0.001) and 73% of females (p less than 0.001) with past or present syphilis. CMV IgM was found in 43-68% of the venereal patients and with the highest percentage in homosexual men. Only 7% of blood donors had CMV IgM. It is concluded that CMV infection may be regarded as a venereal disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Intestinal parasitic infection and other sexually transmitted diseases in asymptomatic homosexual men.

76/133 (57%) asymptomatic homosexual men harboured intestinal parasites. Of these, 40 had Entamoeba histolytica or Giardia lamblia, or both. In a control group of heterosexual men, no pathogenic protozoa were found. Stool specimen cultures for Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter were negative. 7% of the homosexual men were infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the pharynx or rectum, or both, and 5% with Chlamydia trachomatis in the urethra or rectum. Serological evidence of syphilis was detected in 18 men (13.5%) of whom 2 were untreated. Serological markers of hepatitis A were found in 20% and of hepatitis B in 48%. The prevalence of antibodies to cytomegalovirus was higher in homosexual than in heterosexual men (88% versus 59%).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Neural control of homosexual courtship in Drosophila melanogaster.

Immature D. melanogaster males, like virgin females, often elicit vigorous courtship from mature males. Since males perform the same behaviors in response to attractive males and females, the question arises as to whether the foci--cells in the courting male's nervous system that must be haplo-X for the fly to perform a behavior--are the same for homosexual and heterosexual courtship. To answer this question, we analyzed the behaviors that normal males perform in response to sexually attractive flies. From these data, we calculated the probabilities that a fly with haplo-X tissue in a focus for homosexual and heterosexual courtship would perform the behavior in response to one or both of the two sex objects with which it was tested. Next, we observed the courtship behaviors that gynandromorphs (sex mosaics) performed in response to attractive males and females. Since the numbers of mosaics that performed a behavior in response to one or both of the sex objects with which they were tested were not significantly different from the predicted values, we conclude that the foci for performance of homosexual and heterosexual courtship are almost certainly identical.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

MMPI-derived prevalence estimates of homosexuality among drug-dependent patients.

Prevalence estimates of homosexuality among 225 drug-abusing clients in treatment were placed at 11%. The rate among Black cocaine free-basers was 17%, and among Black opiate users the rate was 10%. These rates are two to three times the rate of homosexuality among the general population. They may be an underestimation because of our inability to detect hidden homosexuality among those persons wishing to remain undetected in gender orientation.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1980

An epidemic of acute viral hepatitis in male homosexuals. Etiology and clinical characteristics.

Among 130 male patients admitted during a 30-month period with acute hepatitis in the Copenhagen Clinic for Infectious Diseases, 31 were homosexuals. Hepatitis B virus occurred in an endemic fashion in the homosexual subpopulation while hepatitis A infection caused a small epidemic among homosexuals during the winter 1977-78. The course of these infections showed no serological or clinical differences from the findings in 38 heterosexual male patients seen during the same period.

Hepatitis, Viral, Human↗