Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Goals”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

The World Health Organisation goals for oral health: a progress report.

Global oral health goals for the year 2000 were adopted in 1981 by the World Health Organisation. A literature review and collation of available data relating to progress towards these goals have been carried out. Their appropriateness and value as measures of oral health and disease trends are discussed. The general conclusions of the study were that the concept of global goals was valuable but that the lack of standardised data collection and publication made it difficult to evaluate progress towards attainment of the goals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Improving patient care through measurement: goal importance and achievement scaling.

Sophisticated treatment record keeping requires something more than a focus on problems. An emphasis on positive aspects of treatment, i.e., on goals may be more appropriate for certain patients or for certain types of treatment or at specific stages of an illness. Unfortunately, currently available methods of quantifying goal importance and achievement are not entirely satisfactory for general everday use. GIA is proposed as a simple procedure for quantifying judgments of the importance of a treatment goal, of the extent to which that goal is achieved and of determining the social value of what treatment has accomplished. GIA ratings have considerable potential for improving patient care through measurement.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Nutritional goals from COMA and NACNE: how can they be achieved?

A simple way of altering the average British diet to make it comply with the short-term NACNE nutritional goals was discovered by comparing the diet of a cross-section of Cambridge adults with that of a subgroup whose diet approached the desired objectives. Between 1977 and 1979, 105 men and 112 women aged 18-57 completed 7-day semi-weighed records of food consumption. Although no subject achieved all of the NACNE or COMA goals, seven men and three women had diets in which fat provided less than 35 per cent of energy, alcohol less than 10 percent, with fibre more than 20 g/day; total sugars provided 25 per cent of energy. When these diets were compared with those of the rest of the sample (excluding diets where alcohol provided more than 10 per cent of energy), it was seen that men and women in the low-fat, high-fibre group ate more white bread, high-fibre breakfast cereals, low-fat meat dishes, and vegetables, and less brown bread, biscuits, eggs, poultry and fried fish. Only small changes were needed to make the average Cambridge diet consistent with the short-term NACNE goals for fat and fibre. Achieving the COMA or long-term NACNE goals will require more radical change, based on strategies to provide the necessary foodstuffs and nutrition education to allow informed individual choice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of the Sydney "Quit. For Life" anti-smoking campaign. Part 1. Achievement of intermediate goals.

The "Quit. For Life" campaign was a media-based programme that was aimed at reducing the prevalence of smoking in Sydney. The programme committee set four intermediate goals which it felt had to be met for such a change in prevalence to occur. From households selected at random in Sydney and Melbourne, 5713 people were interviewed to assess whether the campaign attained these goals. The television commercials that were designed for the campaign, their frequency and the timing of their screening produced a higher recall of the commercial's message and the use of campaign back-up services than were specified originally in the goals. During the campaign there was a progressive increase in the number of smokers in Sydney who reported that they were likely to quit; this was significantly different from Melbourne data by the end of the campaign and thus fulfilled another campaign goal. However, shortly after the campaign ended, the proportion of smokers who intended to quit smoking was the same in the two cities. A cohort study of 949 people from the baseline study showed that, during the 12-month period of follow-up, 66% of Sydney smokers tried to stop or to reduce their smoking. In the control city, Melbourne, 60% of smokers reported making such attempts. Of the original smokers, 23% in Sydney and 9% in Melbourne quit during the follow-up period--a statistically significant difference. As well, 10% of the original ex-smokers in Sydney and 11% in Melbourne relapsed, while 4% of nonsmokers in both cities began smoking by the end of the second survey.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

The scope, goals, and objectives of graduate dental education--II.

This position paper on the "Scope, Goals, and Objectives of Graduate Dental Education" provides a discussion of basic working definitions and an attenuated historical review of graduate dental education, with special emphasis on the evolution of goals and objectives of graduate dental education. The goals and objectives are presented in a general context, and the following factors affecting them are discussed: (1) type of program (postgraduate or graduate) and desired end-product; (2) the specific discipline or specialty (including commentary on goals and objectives of each existing dental specialty and general practice residency program), and the suggestion for the creation of one additional specialty (dental anesthesiology); and (3) the institutional setting, with special emphasis on the role of the hospital in dental education. Suggestions or recommendations for further consideration or possible action are shown in italics throughout the paper.

American Dental Association↗
PubMed1982

Analytical goals and the College of American Pathologists.

Classifications of measurement procedures rank routine control and laboratory simulation as the most difficult measurements. Their use in laboratory medicine has led to the development of a science whose purpose is to quantitate various characteristics of laboratory performance. The College of American Pathologists application of the science takes the form of its quality assurance programs, notably the Survey Programs. Until recently, however, the concern for reduction of analytical error and the engrafted aspects of regulation have diverted attention from the major purpose of the programs: the establishment and achievement of analytical goals based on clinical utility. The College is working toward these ends, and its work is based on the following principles: (1) formulation of analytical goals is the responsibility of the profession; (2) the analytical goals are a scientific composite of total analytical error, biologic variation, and medical judgement; (3) analytical goals must be adjustable to accommodate laboratory and clinical advances.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1980

Nutritional knowledge and health goals of young spouses.

Decision-making processes relevant to food practices of young spouses were studied by means of the adoption model. Data on demographic information, nutritional knowledge, mastery orientation, and health goals of husbands and wives were analyzed for the first of a two-phase adoption process. In general, low importance was placed on goals reflecting concern with quality of diets. Nutritional knowledge of husbands was negatively related to the importance they placed on health goals, while both parameters were positively related for wives. Although nutritional knowledge of husbands was not related to that of their wives, the importance spouses placed on health goals was.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Medically relevant laboratory-performance goals: a listing of the complexities and a call for action.

This 1992 Clinical Chemistry Forum asks if accuracy and precision goals for the laboratory can be specified by reference to medical requirements, which are a function of the total laboratory testing process as well as the needs of patients, clinicians, and societal institutions. Furthermore, medical decisions and decisions about medical requirements must be made in situations of uncertainty and thus are subject to predictable cognitive errors. The interaction of all these factors must be considered by patients, laboratorians, and clinicians to identify practical and effective performance goals. Pathologists and clinical chemists are uniquely trained to identify thoughtful clinicians who are knowledgeable in quantitative judgment to participate in this goal-setting endeavor. It is time for these parties to accumulate the available data and engage in the synthesis of effective performance goals.

Bias↗
PubMed1993

Role of the U.S. Congress in setting goals and priorities for research on nutrition and aging.

The U.S. Congress plays an important role in setting the broad research agenda for research agencies. It often does so by articulating major goals for federally-supported activities. Goals, longer-term objectives that agencies should work towards, should not be confused with priorities, near-term resource allocations designed to support efforts to achieve goals. Typically, federal research priorities are established by individual departments, agencies, and other organizations within the executive branch; however, when the funding levels are particularly large or public concern about an issue is particularly intense, Congress may become involved in the process of setting specific priorities. Congress influences the directions of research on aging primarily through the activities of authorization, appropriations, and special or select committees. The Special Committee on Aging in the Senate, and the Select Committee on Aging in the House of Representatives focus their attention exclusively on elderly Americans. Periodically, the activities of these committees are directed to research issues. Congress indirectly influences the directions of research on aging and nutrition through laws that establish science-based regulatory programs such as the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and the Toxic Substances Control Act. In setting priorities Congress relies on information, analysis, and advice from the four congressional support agencies, particularly the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). OTA has undertaken a number of studies in recent years which address aging and nutrition issues. It is useful to try to devise mechanisms to encourage the establishment of national and international long-range goals and near-term priorities for research on aging and nutrition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Achievement of life goals by adult survivors of modern treatment for childhood cancer.

To assess the impact of the diagnosis and modern treatment of childhood cancer on achievement of adult goals, the authors evaluated employment, health and life insurance coverage, marriage, divorce, and reproduction in 227 former pediatric cancer patients. Each area was evaluated in relation to a common set of disease and demographic factors that included age at follow-up, age at diagnosis, gender, marital status, history of disease recurrence, and diagnosis. Patients were younger than 20 years of age at diagnosis, and their diagnoses were made between January 1, 1960, and December 31, 1984. The median age at diagnosis was 11.4 years, and the median age at follow-up was 26.6 years. The percentage of unemployed male respondents did not differ from population norms. The percentage of unemployed female respondents, however, was slightly higher than that of the United States population. Approximately 11% of the survivors reported some form of employment-related discrimination, a level significantly lower than that of prior reports. Company-offered health insurance was provided to 92.4% of full-time and 90.0% of part-time employed respondents. Life insurance was purchased by 60% of full-time employed men and 55% of women. These percentages were lower than those reported for the United States population. Twenty-four percent of those with life insurance had difficulty obtaining it. Fifty-eight percent of the subjects were married or lived as married. The percentages of married men and women were significantly lower than United States norms. Twenty percent of those who were married or lived as married have divorced or separated or no longer live as married. Women aged 20 to 24 years were less likely to marry, and women aged 35 to 44 years had a significantly higher frequency of divorce than similarly aged United States women. In general, the history of childhood cancer did not influence the decision to marry or live as married but was occasionally (20%) important in the decision to dissolve a marital relationship. Many former patients indicated that their diagnosis and treatment for childhood cancer influenced their decision to have children. The current study suggests that most former pediatric cancer patients achieve adult life goals. Additional research is necessary to define those populations at greatest risk of failure to achieve these goals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Dogmatism, locus of control, and life goals in stable and unstable marriages.

This study hypothesized that individuals in unstable marriages were more dogmatic, more externally controlled, and evidenced more dissimilarity in life-motivating goals than those in stable marriage. Two groups of 22 married couples (designated married-stable and married-unstable) were administered the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, the Rotter I-E Scale, and the Hahn California Life Goals Evaluation Schedules. Although results did not support any of the three hypotheses stated, the findings led to three significant conclusions. First, dogmatic traits that were expected to be predominant in unstable marriages actually were seen as a stabilizing factor when demonstrated by the female spouse. Second, wives in unstable marriages demonstrated greater external locus of control than their husbands. Third, dissimilarities in life goals do not necessarily contribute to marital discordance, but actually are associated with marital stability unless they include the motivational areas of leadership and independence.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The communication goals and needs of cancer patients: a review.

The aim of this review paper is to critique the empirical literature pertaining to the communication needs and goals of cancer patients, and to provide direction for research in this area. According to the conceptual framework of Feldman-Stewart et al., patient-physician communication occurs for the fundamental purpose of addressing each participant's goal(s). This review is divided into two categories of goals: (a) optimal medical management of the cancer, and (b) optimal attention to the patient's psychosocial response to cancer. Optimal medical management includes discussions about disease status and the treatment plan, and the effectiveness of these discussions is frequently determined by assessing patient understanding, satisfaction, and well-being. The literature suggests that cancer patients continue to have unmet communication needs, and communication outcomes are enhanced when physicians attend to the emotional needs of patients. Research gaps in communication research are highlighted, including the need for additional study of several external factors affecting the patient and provider.

Communication↗
PubMed1996

Intelligence and the frontal lobe: the organization of goal-directed behavior.

Basic to the study of individual differences is the concept of 'general intelligence' or Spearman's g. In this article we suggest that g is largely a reflection of the control functions of the frontal lobe. A series of experiments investigates a phenomenon we call goal neglect: disregard of a task requirement event though it has been understood and remembered. Subjectively it is as though the neglected requirement "slips the subject's mind." Previously described in frontal patients, we show that goal neglect can also be seen in some members of the normal population. In line with conventional distinctions between controlled and automatic processing, eliciting conditions for goal neglect include novelty, weak error feedback, and multiple concurrent task requirements. Under these conditions neglect is linked closely to g and extremely common after frontal lesions. Following many other models, we suggest that behavior in any task is structured by a set of action constraints or requirements, derived in part from verbal instructions and specified at multiple levels of abstraction. A frontal process of constraint or requirement activation is fundamental to Spearman's g.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Goals as reference points.

We argue that goals serve as reference points and alter outcomes in a manner consistent with the value function of Prospect Theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979; Tversky & Kahneman, 1992). We present new evidence that goals inherit the properties of the value function-not only a reference point, but also loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity. We also use the value function to explain previous empirical results in the goal literature on affect, effort, persistence, and performance.

Cognition↗
PubMed1981

Training in the use of Goal Attainment Scaling.

Goal Attainment Scaling is emerging as one of the most frequently utilized methods of evaluating mental health programs. However, little material is available on the practical problems encountered in training mental health clinicians to use Goal Attainment Scaling. This report details some of the difficulties encountered and the training program that evolved when a large scale research program used Goal Attainment Scaling as the criterion of outcome.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1978

Goal Attainment Scaling: an effective treatment technique in short-term therapy.

The present study compares the outcome of short-term therapy for clients who established thearpy goals with their therapists and clients with whom no formalized goal setting occurred. When compared to control clients, clients receiving Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) had significantly (a) more positive outcomes as measured by posttests of anxiety, self-esteem, and depression; (b) higher ratings of their own motivation to change; and (c) higher ratings of their own change as a result of therapy. Therapists perceived their GAS clients to have changed more as a result of therpy but not to have been more motivated to change than their control clients.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1988

Attempted suicide in youth: its relationship to school achievement, educational goals, and socioeconomic status.

Twenty-six suicide attempters, 9 to 18 years of age, were compared with 725 nonattempters on measures of school achievement, educational goals, socioeconomic status, and depression. As has been found in studies using clinical samples, suicide attempters in our community-based sample had significantly lower school achievement than nonattempters. The relationship between attempted suicide and low school achievement seemed to be explained by the effects of depression. Lower-SES youth tended to be more likely to attempt suicide than higher-SES youths. However, SES appeared to have little effect on the relationship between attempted suicide and school achievement. Results also suggest that children of mothers with low educational goals for them may be more at risk for attempted suicide than youths whose mothers have higher educational goals for their children.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

Individual differences in the propensity to approach signals vs goals promote different adaptations in the dopamine system of rats.

RATIONALE: The way an individual responds to cues associated with rewards may be a key determinant of vulnerability to compulsive behavioral disorders. OBJECTIVES: We studied individual differences in Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior and examined the expression of neurobiological markers associated with the dopaminergic system, the same neural system implicated in incentive motivational processes. METHODS: Pavlovian autoshaping procedures consisted of the brief presentation of an illuminated retractable lever (conditioned stimulus) followed by the response-independent delivery of a food pellet (unconditioned stimulus), which lead to a Pavlovian conditioned response. In situ hybridization was performed on brains obtained either following the first or last (fifth) day of training. RESULTS: Two phenotypes emerged. Sign-trackers (ST) exhibited behavior that seemed to be largely controlled by the cue that signaled impending reward delivery; whereas goal-trackers (GT) preferentially approached the location where the reward was delivered. Following a single training session, ST showed greater expression of dopamine D1 receptor mRNA relative to GT. After 5 days of training, GT exhibited greater expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporter, and dopamine D2 receptor mRNA relative to ST. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the development of approach behavior towards signals vs goal leads to distinct adaptations in the dopamine system. The sign-tracker vs goal-tracker phenotype may prove to be a valuable animal model to investigate individual differences in the way incentive salience is attributed to environmental stimuli, which may contribute to the development of addiction and other compulsive behavioral disorders.

Adaptation, Physiological↗