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PubMedDate not supplied

Strategies to achieve fit in implant prosthodontics: a review of the literature.

PURPOSE: This paper reviews the literature on advanced strategies that attempt to improve fit in implant prosthodontics with reference to the concept of the "distortion equation." MATERIALS AND METHODS: The majority of the articles reviewed were either clinical or technique articles that advocated strategies to improve fit in implant prosthodontics. A limited number of retrospective and prospective clinical trial studies were included as they related to the topic. Reviewed articles were limited to those that addressed advanced strategies to improve fit. All of the scientific studies included in this review used an in vitro experimental design. The advanced strategies were categorized into methods that address intraoral indexing and methods that use the implant master cast. RESULTS: Relatively few methods have been scientifically proven to improve fit in implant prosthodontics. Most of the tested strategies still resulted in a slight misfit of the frameworks to the implant abutments/analogues. CONCLUSION: Multiple factors preclude that the concept of "passive fit" can be achieved in implant prosthodontics, even with the use of advanced strategies. The use of meticulous, accurate implant prosthodontic procedures and the appropriate use of advanced strategies continue to be the recommended means of achieving precise fit of the implant prosthesis to the intraoral abutments.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Factors influencing success of monovision contact lens fitting: survey of contact lens diplomates.

BACKGROUND: Contact lenses are frequently fitted so that one eye is focused for distance and the other for near (monovision) in order to reduce the dependence of presbyopic patients on bifocal spectacle correction. METHODS: We surveyed Diplomates in the Cornea and Contact Lens section of the American Academy of Optometry (N = 179) regarding their estimates of success with monovision fitting and factors influencing their perception of success. Results were statistically analyzed to determine the fitting philosophies of responders estimating that they achieve high success rates (HSRs) and low success rates (LSRs), respectively. RESULTS: Completed surveys were returned by 98 Diplomates (54.8%), who estimated an overall success rate of approximately 71.7% with monovision; 50.5% "totally successful" (wear monovision correction full-time without problems or need for additional correction) and 21.2% "successful" (wear monovision full-time, but experience some symptoms of blur or other discomfort, may wear over-correction at times for driving or detailed near work). Sighting dominance was the most frequently used method to determine the distant eye, followed by the plus-lens test. The HSR group tended to be more likely to take occupational factors into account when deciding which eye to use for the distance lens, and they used more flexibility in determining the near-add power. The LSR group discontinued monovision sooner than the HSR group, who continued treatment for longer than 4 weeks during the adaptation period much more often for all add ranges. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners who regard monovision treatment as very successful have somewhat different fitting philosophies than those who regard monovision as unsuccessful. Implementation of highly successful practitioners' fitting techniques may increase success with monovision contact lens fitting.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed2001

Use of teleoptometry to evaluate acceptability of rigid gas-permeable contact lens fits.

BACKGROUND: Teleoptometry involves the transmission of digitized optometric information from a remote site for analysis by an expert. This project assessed computer compression of video data showing contact lens fitting relationships and the transmission of these data to a specialist for evaluation METHODS: Fifty-five sets of video clips showing dynamic fluorescein patterns of rigid gas-permeable lens fits, topographic corneal maps, and basic information on lens parameters were evaluated-live and again after digitization and electronic compression-by a contact lens specialist. The evaluator was asked to determine whether lens fit was acceptable and, if not, how the lens parameters should be changed. RESULTS: Comparison of lens evaluations made live versus compressed showed agreement on fit acceptability for approximately 80% of the subject/lens combinations. When the evaluator concluded for both presentations that the lens was unacceptable, the same change in lens parameters was recommended 67% of the time. DISCUSSION: Agreement for the majority of live and compressed video observations suggests that teleoptometric consultation on contact lens fitting is feasible. When technology advances to the point at which large files can be sent quickly via the Internet, it is likely the practice of transmitting video clips and other information to obtain fitting assistance will become commonplace.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Aerobic fitness, fatigue, and physical disability in systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To measure aerobic fitness, muscle strength, fatigue, and physical disability in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Ninety-three patients with SLE and 41 sedentary controls were recruited into the study. Aerobic fitness was assessed by monitoring peak and submaximal oxygen uptake, heart rate, duration of exercise, and perceived exertion during a treadmill-walking test. Strength was measured using voluntary isometric quadriceps contraction. Symptomatic measures included physical and mental fatigue, mood, sleep, and functional incapacity. RESULTS: Compared to sedentary controls patients with SLE had significantly reduced levels of aerobic fitness (mean VO2peak SLE patients, 23.2 ml/kg/min vs controls, 29.6 ml/kg/min; p < 0.001) and reduced exercise capacity (mean exercise duration SLE patients, 10.4 min vs controls, 13.1 min; p < 0.001). The SLE patients also had reduced muscle strength (mean maximum voluntary quadriceps contraction SLE patients, 298 N vs controls, 376 N; p = 0.003). Resting lung function was also significantly worse in the SLE patients (mean FEV, SLE patients, 2.6 l vs controls, 2.9 l; p = 0.002). Fatigue (p < 0.001), depressed mood (p < 0.001), poor sleep quality (p < 0.001), and functional incapacity (p < 0.001) were all significantly greater in the SLE patients. Linear regression models suggested that physical disability correlated with aerobic fitness (p < 0.001), fatigue (p = 0.005), body mass index (p = 0.01), and depression (p = 0.05) and that fatigue correlated with depression (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with SLE were less fit with reduced exercise capacity, reduced muscle strength, more fatigue, and greater disability compared to sedentary controls. Treatments developed to manage depression and improve aerobic fitness should be considered in the overall treatment of fatigue and disability in SLE.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Metabolic fitness: physical activity and health].

Physical inactivity is strongly associated with an increased risk of premature disease and death, and the falling level of physical activity in Denmark (as in many other countries) makes physical inactivity a major life-style risk factor in many western countries today. Both aerobic fitness (maximum oxygen uptake) and metabolic capacity of the muscles are important in this matter. The present paper focuses on the role of the metabolic capacity/fitness of muscle, because this appears to be especially critical for the development of metabolic-related diseases and thus for the health of the individual. A definition of metabolic fitness is proposed as the ratio between mitochondrial capacity for substrate utilisation and maximum oxygen uptake of the muscle. Indirect means of determining this parameter are discussed. Skeletal muscle is an extraordinarily plastic tissue and metabolic capacity/fitness changes quickly when the level of physical activity is altered. High metabolic fitness includes an elevated use of fat at rest and during exercise. The capacity for glucose metabolism is also enhanced in trained muscle. Some of these adaptations to physical activity are explained. Exercise-induced activation of genes coding for proteins involved in metabolism is described as an underlying mechanism for some of these adaptations. The increased gene expression is of relatively short duration, which implies that a certain regularity of physical activity is required to maintain high metabolic fitness. Thus, metabolic fitness is directly related to how much the muscle is used, but even low levels of physical activity have a beneficial effect on metabolic fitness and the overall health of the individual.

Exercise↗
PubMed2003

Lack of association between activity or fitness and loss of control of hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Many treated hypertensive patients have inadequate control of their blood pressure. Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are important in the development and treatment of hypertension. Less is known about their relationships with hypertension control in the context of long-term management. OBJECTIVES: To identify whether patients with lower levels of activity or fitness are at risk for loss of control of hypertension. METHODS: Follow-up blood pressure measurements were recorded over the period of a year in a cohort of initially controlled hypertensive patients, under the care of 50 family physicians in a variety of practice settings. A questionnaire for a one-year recall of leisure time physical activity and the Step Test, an indirect measure of maximal oxygen consumption, were administered to the patients at the end of the period of blood pressure observations. The study group for the activity questionnaire consisted of 385 patients; 310 of whom undertook the fitness test. Sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle factors were analyzed as potential confounders in the relationships of main interest in this study: between activity and fitness, respectively, with loss of control of hypertension. RESULTS: Sixteen per cent of patients (95% CI 12, 20) had an increase of 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic from baseline to the average of three follow-up blood pressures, and 14% (95% CI 11, 18) had blood pressures above the entry thresholds on at least two of three follow-up visits. No associations were found between loss of control of hypertension and physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness. CONCLUSIONS: Lower levels of physical activity and fitness are not associated with loss of hypertension control. The identification of patients at risk for loss of hypertension control, which could be useful in targeting selected groups for increased follow-up and in understanding the high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension, requires further study.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Growth and physical fitness of Polish youths in two successive decades.

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine changes in somatic growth and physical fitness of Polish schoolchildren aged 7 to 19 years over the last 2 decades of the 20(th) century, during which Poland underwent a political and socio-economic transformation. Another objective has been to relate such changes to fathers' education, which is a comprehensive indicator of socio-economic status. METHODS: The study was conducted on representative random cohorts on 3 occasions: in 1979, 1989 and 1999, the numbers of subjects ranging from 73000 to 230000, i.e. about 1-3% of the total population of that age. Apart from determining basic somatic variables, all children were subjected to 8 tests of the International Committee on the Standardisation of Physical Fitness Tests (ICSPFT), 9 EUROFIT tests and Cooper's test. RESULTS: A clear-cut secular trend was observed for body height and mass, the former incrementing by about 2 cm per decade. Ponderal index increased which indicated a slightly excessive slimming tendency, especially in older girls. Physical fitness indices did not parallel the somatic trend, and in the last decade the results were even worse than at the beginning of the study. This was attributed to altered life styles induced by system transformation. When somatic and fitness variables were related to fathers' education, a markedly pronounced diversification was found the lower the education, the worse were all indices studied. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that special programmes should be designed to improve health-oriented attitudes and physical fitness, especially of children from the lowest social classes, in order to arrest and, possibly, to reverse the progressing decline in physical fitness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Low-grade systemic inflammation in overweight children: impact of physical fitness.

Obesity as well as low physical fitness and inactivity are associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery disease (CAD). Increased inflammation has recently been addressed to play an important role for the relationship between obesity and CAD, as adipose tissue expresses and releases pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). As this relationship is less clear in childhood, we investigated 197 children aged 10-15 years assessing obesity, physical fitness, and a metabolic cardiovascular risk profile including markers of inflammation. Obese children had significantly higher concentrations of inflammatory parameters such as fibrinogen, ferritin, IL-6, and TNF-alpha than non-obese subjects (P<0.01). When dividing the children into groups regarding obesity (BMI < 22.5 kg/mz, BMI > or = 22.5 kglm2) and fitness (< 5 MET, > or = 5 MET), we found that obese, unfit children showed the highest systemic inflammation, whereas fit but obese individuals had as low levels as lean and fit children. These data reveal that even in childhood inflammatory parameters are elevated in obesity and that physical fitness counteracts this association.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The significance of marginal gap and overextension measurement in the evaluation of the fit of complete crowns.

INTRODUCTION: An important criterion for the success of a crown is marginal fit. However, in the patient's mouth fit can only be evaluated by subjective methods. This study describes the correlation between objective marginal fit and its subjective evaluation by dentists and dental technicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty human premolars and molars were randomly divided into six groups and prepared with a shoulder. For each of the six groups, complete crowns were made of different alloys and technologies (casting: AuAgCu, AuPdPt, PdAgAu, CoCrMo, and Ti; milling: Ti). The crowns were cemented with provisional cement. Ten dentists and 10 technicians were asked to evaluate the fit of the crowns with a new dental explorer. The crowns were then cleaned and cemented with a zinc-oxide-phosphate-cement. The marginal gap and a possible overextended margin of the crowns were examined under a special 4x light microscope with a magnification level of 560 X. The means of the gaps and the overextended margins were calculated for each group. Significances were detected by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post-hoc-test (Bonferroni, p<0.05). Correlations between objective measuring and subjective evaluation were evaluated using the Pearson test. The influence of the measured values on the subjective evaluation was determined by regression analyses. RESULTS: Crowns made from different alloys and technologies showed partly significantly (p<0.05) different marginal gaps (mean ranging from 35 microm to 92 microm) and significantly (p<0.05) different overextended margins (mean ranging from 40 microm to 149 microm). There were significant correlations (p<0.05) between subjective findings and objective data. Significant correlations (p<0.01) were also found between the subjective findings of dentists and technicians. Compared to the marginal gap, only the overextended margin had a significant influence (p=0.00) on the subjective evaluations of the clinicians. CONCLUSION: Crowns from different alloys and technologies showed differences in marginal fit. Marginal gap and the overextension of the crowns significantly correlated with the subjective evaluation of their fit by dentists and dental technicians. For the decision of the clinicians, whether a crown is acceptable, overextension was more important than marginal gap.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

[Physical fitness of short-statured boys as related to percentile norms for calendar or growth age].

OBJECTIVES: To assess the physical fitness of short-statured boys aged 7 - 20 years by applying fitness norms established for the Polish population in relation to calendar or growth age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of EUROFIT fitness tests recorded in 3517 short-statured (below percentile 10 for body height) boys, aged 7-20 years, selected from a large (n=37 000) representative male cohort, were analysed. RESULTS: Individual results were confronted with the respective percentile norms related to calendar age (CA) or growth age (GA), since body height deficiency at given CA could have affected the results of fitness tests expected for that CA. The percentages of subjects below, the percentile 3 or above percentile 97 for given fitness test and CA or GA for the Polish population, were determined. No differences between the percentages computed for CA and GA were noted in case of the following tests: sit-and-reach (SAR) and bent-arm hang (BAH). Significant differences in percentages for both percentiles were found for the following tests: standing broad jump (SBJ), endurance shuttle run (ESR), handgrip (HGR) and plate tapping (PLT). In case of sit-ups (SUP) significant differences in percentages between CA and GA norms were found below the percentile 3, and in case of shuttle run (SHR) and flamingo balance (FLB) -- above percentile 97. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: Fitness tests were classified into two categories according to the differences between the results related to norms for calendar or growth age: those independent of whether CA or GA norms were applied (SAR and BAH), and those susceptible to the kind of norm (SBJ, HGR, PLT, SHR, FLB and SUP). The results of tests from the latter category should thus be evaluated by confronting them with the norms established for the growth age, and not calendar age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

1988 active Army physical fitness survey.

The U.S. Army Physical Fitness School (USAPFS) at Ft. Benjamin Harrison, IN was tasked with measuring the physical fitness of the active Army. Performance on the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) was used to determine fitness levels. Data were collected at 14 U.S. Army installations CONUS-wide between October 1 and November 30, 1988. Five thousand three hundred forty-six male and 676 female active Army soldiers (N = 6.022) between the ages of 17-52 and in 60 military occupational specialties (MOSs) participated in the study. Generally, the results were favorable. Senior age groups performed well overall, especially females. Improvement in muscular strength and endurance conditioning since 1984 was also observed. However, concern was raised about poor performance in the youngest age group (17-21), where 16.6% of the males failed the 2-mile run event and 29.0% failed overall. Likewise, for females in the 17-21 year age group, 28.8% failed the 2-mile run and 36.0% failed overall. Several reasons are suggested for the poor performance of the younger age groups, including inadequate leadership in fitness training and low levels of self-motivation. This study suggest that many soldiers, especially young soldiers, may not possess sufficient levels of physical fitness to meet the physical demands of war.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[A simple method for estimating the level of physical fitness].

Physical activity is becoming an integral part of everyday life. In order to modify and control this activity we need simple and readily available criteria for the control of physical fitness. One of the possible approaches how to resolve this problem is to use motor tests. The most frequently used method for evaluation of physical fitness proposed by Cooper, based on measurement in the American population may involve, when used under our conditions, inaccuracy of estimates of physical fitness and be associated with some difficulties regarding the 12-minute period of the test. The author submits therefore tables for the estimation of physical fitness elaborated with regard to our population standards and general relations between the velocity of movement and energy required for this activity expressed indirectly by oxygen consumption. The basic element of evaluation is the velocity of movement of a 2000 to 3000 m track. The tables were prepared for men and women aged 14-65 years and make it possible to estimate below-average, average and above-average levels of physical fitness. The error of assessment of VO2 max and thus also of the estimate of physical fitness level varies round 15%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Physical fitness in relation to amount of physical exercise, body image, and locus of control among college men and women.

The relations of amount of exercise, body image, and locus of control to physical fitness were investigated. The Hall Physical Fitness Test Profile, the Winstead and Cash Body Self-relations Questionnaire, and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale were administered to 243 freshmen. Students estimated the amount of time spent exercising on a 9-point scale ranging from no regular exercise to 10 or more hours per week for the preceding three months. Exercise included brisk walking, jogging, aerobics, and sports activities like soccer, tennis, and swimming. Increased fitness was associated with increased amounts of exercise, internal locus of control, and good body image. There was a statistically significant interaction between sex and amount of exercise. For students who exercised 2-4.9 hours per week, men were more fit than women. Fitness was comparable for men and women exercising less than two hours or at least five hours per week. Women had to exercise 5 or more hours weekly to achieve the fitness level of men who exercised 2 to 4.9 hours per week.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Guidelines for an effective personal fitness prescription.

The growing popularity of personal fitness can be observed in the increasing number of exercise centers and spas, and the burgeoning amount of lay literature. It is estimated that 50 percent of adult Americans engage in some form of regular exercise, but many have little or no concept of what constitutes a safe, effective fitness program. Many advertisements make attaining fitness look almost effortless. This leads the novice to unrealistic expectations. Few health care providers receive formal training in fitness management. As a result, their instructions are often vague. This article discusses the components and importance of personal fitness. Possible risks of exercise are also discussed. The normal physiologic responses to exercise and training are reviewed and the necessary ingredients of an effective fitness prescription presented. Motivational aspects are explored, using the health-belief model as a framework.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The relationship of television viewing to physical fitness and obesity.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which light, moderate, and heavy television viewing relates to multiple measures of obesity and physical fitness among 379 high school males. The Body Mass Index and Tucker's Perceived Somatotype Scale were employed to assess obesity; physical fitness was measured by six tests: pushups, pullups, sidestep, long jump, situps, and jog-walk. Results showed that light television viewers scored significantly better than heavy viewers on a composite fitness index and on pushups, pullups, sidestep, situps, and jog-walk considered individually. Similarly, light viewers performed better than moderate viewers on the composite fitness measure and on pushups, pullups, and jog-walk. Light viewers displayed a strong tendency toward better fitness than moderate viewers on the long jump, situps, and sidestep tests, although statistical significance was not attained. Light viewers were not significantly less obese than moderate or heavy viewers. Statistical control of the demographic variables, applied simultaneously, had little influence on the associations found in this study. The findings indicate that for purposes of good physical fitness, television viewing should be limited to one hour or less per day.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Orthostatic tolerance at different times of the day in physically average and very fit dayworkers.

We studied the relationship between the physical exercise capacity and the orthostatic tolerance of physically average fit and very fit dayworkers at different times of the day. Six male railroad workers were physically very fit and six were averagely fit (mean of the maximal oxygen consumption 57.4 and 34.6 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively. The mean age was 32 years. The orthostatic tests were performed with a tilt-table at 2.00, 6.00, 10.00, 14.00, 18.00, and 22.00 hours on six different days. Orthostatic lability at night was seen in both groups. At 14.00 and 18.00 hours the orthostatic tolerance in average fit men was slightly lower than in very fit men. This difference in the orthostatic tolerance between the groups may be a sign of the interdependence of good exercise tolerance and orthostatic tolerance.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

A survey of aerobic fitness levels in a Canadian military population.

Aerobic fitness was assessed for 3171 men aged 17-55 years and for 610 women aged 17-29 years serving in almost every segment of the Canadian Forces (CF). Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) was predicted from heart rate measured during submaximal exercise. The survey showed that recruit training markedly improved Vo2 max for both men and women but that, after graduates were assigned to their trades and classifications and fitness training was no longer compulsory, fitness returned to pre-training levels. The relationship between daily activity and aerobic fitness was further demonstrated by comparing land, air, and sea elements in the CF. The active life of the young infantry soldiers is reflected in their relatively high Vo2 max. The available evidence indicates that, unless their duties involve compulsory fitness training (recruits) or hard physical work (infantry soldiers), the military in Canada have aerobic fitness levels which are not markedly higher than their civilian counterparts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The relationship between aerobic fitness and certain cardiovascular risk factors.

Aerobic fitness and the incidence of risk factors related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) were compared for 2501 Canadian servicemen 18-50 years of age. Aerobic power (VO2max) was predicted from heart rate measured during submaximal bicycle exercise. The risk factors--serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, blood pressure and body fat (sum of three skinfolds)--were measured; the incidence of cigarette smoking was obtained from a questionnaire. The total population tested was divided into three age groups which were subdivided into four fitness categories. An inverse relationship was demonstrated between fitness category and the mean values for all measured risk factors. Although this relationship was most evident in the older subjects, it is significant that it was also present in men under 30 years of age. A similar inverse relationship was demonstrated for all age groups between fitness category and the percent of subjects considered to have an elevated cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure, or skinfold thickness. The incidence of cigarette smoking was inversely related to fitness category only in those 30 years of age and over. Although this type of cross-sectional study does not establish cause and effect, there is evidence to suggest that participation in a program to improve physical fitness may lead the individual to modify other components of his lifestyle.

Adolescent↗