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PubMed2002

Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs related to HIV/AIDS among adolescents in Malaysia.

Findings on knowledge, attitudes and beliefs related to HIV/AIDS among 520 Malaysian adolescents, aged 15 to 21 years, based on a survey conducted in Peninsular Malaysia showed that the average score for knowledge on HIV/AIDS was high, and majority showed a positive attitude towards the disease. However, misconceptions regarding transmission and gender bias related to sexual behaviour and contracting the disease prevailed. Although 72 percent of the sexually-experienced did not use protection at first sexual intercourse, 80 percent did not perceive themselves to be at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. A critical review of existing HIV/AIDS prevention programmes to focus on adolescent risk-taking behaviour and sexuality issues, including male-female negotiation skills, is warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Predictors of cervical coinfection with multiple human papillomavirus types.

Women infected with multiple human papillomavirus (HPV) types seem to be at higher risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, although there is controversy about whether coinfections are associated with lower or higher grades of dysplasia. There is no established risk factor profile for infection with multiple HPV types. We analyzed data from a prospective cohort of 2,075 Brazilian women to identify determinants of HPV coinfection. Cervical specimens were collected for cytology and HPV DNA detection. Data on baseline and time-dependent putative risk factors were obtained by interview. Baseline predictors of HPV coinfection included younger age, greater number of recent sexual partners, a history of condyloma but not of other sexually transmitted diseases, and younger age at first sexual intercourse. In repeated measures analyses, there was a weak positive association between the number of sexual partners in the time interval between two study visits and the risk of coinfection. Our results suggest that the risk factor profile for HPV coinfection among HPV-infected women shares several similarities with risk factors for any HPV infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Appendectomy, a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy].

As part of a case-control study of ectopic pregnancy, we evaluated the potential etiological role of appendectomy. Previous appendectomy was associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy (adjusted Odds-ratio: 2.2; 95 percent CI: 1.5-3.2). Ruptured appendix did not appear to be more strongly associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy than unruptured appendix. Such confounding factors as absence of pathological diagnosis of appendicitis and relationship between age of appendectomy and age of first sexual intercourse are discussed. This study provides an additional argument in favor of laparoscopy in childbearing age to diagnose appendicitis and salpingitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Contraceptive practices among adolescents and youths of the metropolitan area of Mexico City].

The purpose of this article is to provide a brief description of the information that the adolescent and youth population of Mexico City has concerning the knowledge and use of contraceptive methods, as well as the reasons why they do not adopt some contraceptive method during their sexual relations. The data obtained from the Survey on Adolescent and Youth Reproductive Behavior in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City serves as a basis for pointing out several behavior patterns of the male and female population from 10 to 25 years of age. Of those interviewed, 32.7 per cent had had at least one sexual contact; the average age at which sexual relations had begun was 16 years for males and 17 for females. A total of 33.8 per cent of those who had had sexual contact stated that they had used some form of contraception, the principal methods used during first sexual intercourse being rhythm (36.9%); withdrawal (23.6%), and condoms (12.3%). The reasons for not using any contraceptive method were as follows: lack of knowledge regarding the methods, how to use them or where to obtain them (39.4%), and unplanned sexual intercourse (28.9%). During the last sexual contact they had, 70.5 per cent had used a contraceptive. The methods most frequently used were hormonal contraceptives and IUD (40.9%); rhythm (23.8%), and withdrawal and condoms. The reasons why no contraceptive was used in the last sexual contact were: neither partner thought that pregnancy would occur (27.1%) and the sexual contact was unplanned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Sexually transmitted diseases and pelvic inflammatory disease.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence in the Turin area of the pathogens most implicated in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), with particular regard to which risk factors the population taken into consideration is exposed to. METHODS: From January 1st 1997 to December 31(st) 2001, 13809 women, aged between 14-54, all subjects being fertile and sexually active, were examined for the first time at St. Anna Hospital in Turin for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A total of 5559 unselected patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence (1721) or absence (3838) of subjective symptoms related to PID. Both groups underwent a cervico-vaginal bacteriological test for common pathogens, Candida spp., T. vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis, C. trachomatis, Mycoplasma spp., N. gonorrhoeae. The prevalence of each micro-organism was coupled with the anamnestic data collected from a pre-determined questionnaire submitted to all patients. The questionnaire collected personal data: age at the time of first sexual intercourse; the number of partners in the last 6 months; the type of contraceptives used. Statistical analysis was performed using a chi squared test. RESULTS: In our analysis 2 factors proved to be decisive for a correct PID diagnosis: a subjective symptomatology and an anamnesis mainly focused on risk factor evaluation. This result is in accordance with what has been emphasized many times in the literature, i.e. many of these infections have only a few or no symptoms at all. CONCLUSION: Greater attention to the anamnestic data collection would therefore be the key to focusing the clinical investigations on those who are at a major risk to contracting STDs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Investigation of human papillomavirus DNA in cervical specimens by hybrid capture assay].

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of human papillomavirus DNA (HPV-DNA) in cervical specimens of those randomly selected women, age between 18-62 years and applied to Gynecology and Obstetric Clinics in a six months period. Two hundred and six women were enrolled during the study. HPV-DNA in the cervical specimens were investigated with Hybrid Capture System (Digene Hybrid Capture System, UK) and also the cytologic specimens were examined simultaneously. HPV-DNA positivity was 4.9% overall. HPV-DNA positivity was found to be higher among younger population (30-39 age group: 7.3%), women with lower education level (6.9 %) and with lower income level (11.8%). Additionally, HPV-DNA positivity rate was found higher among women who experienced their first sexual intercourse at lower ages (15-19 age group: 6.3%) and who use oral contraceptives (7.7%). HPV-DNA positivity was found to be 2.1% in women with normal cervical cytology and 42.9% in women with epithelial cell abnormalities, and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.000). The presence of HPV together with high rates of epithelial cell abnormalities leading to cervical cancer, supported the association between HPV and malignancy. Thus, HPV-DNA testing should be included in the cervical cancer screening programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Characteristics of volunteers and non-volunteers for voluntary counseling and HIV testing among unmarried male undergraduates.

The 2001 HIV sero-prevalence survey in Nigeria revealed a rate of 5.8 percent with those under the age of 25 years having the highest prevalence rate. Most University students fall within this age group. This study is part of a larger study on the sexual behavior of youths and young adults and was designed to compare the characteristics of volunteers and non-volunteers for voluntary confidential counseling and HIV testing (VCT) among males. Six hundred and nine male undergraduate students were randomly selected and enrolled for the study. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Of the 609, 51 (8.3%) volunteered to have their blood screened for HIV. All volunteers who received pre-test counseling went for the HIV test. Volunteers were significantly older than the non-volunteers (P<0.0001), and were more likely to be sexually experienced (P=0.002). Among the sexually experienced, the volunteers were older at first sexual intercourse (FSI) (P<0.0001), and were more likely to have used a condom at FSI (P=0.001). Volunteers had significantly higher knowledge scores for HIV/AIDS (P=0.006), and the attitude to HIV/AIDS in both groups was positive. The marriage pattern of their parents with regard to polygyny was similar, and fewer volunteers had fathers in the higher socio-economic class and mothers who had completed secondary education (P<0.00001, (P=0.02). Among the 51 volunteers, 8 (15.7%) tested positive. Those who tested positive were less likely to have lived with parents, and were all sexually experienced. Those who screened positive were also more likely to be currently sexually active and to have fathers with low level of education. Three (5.9%) of volunteers did not return for results and posttest counseling. One of the three was positive for HIV. Of those who tested positive, 3 (37.5%) reported not using the condom at all, while the rest were using it only occasionally. VCT among the youths is possible however, small numbers encountered in the study is a limitation and there is a need to replicate this study using larger numbers. Tertiary institutions should provide VCT services for the students where they can be counseled appropriately and continuously throughout their stay in the institution. This hopefully will reduce the number of new HIV cases seen.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Seroprevalence of six infectious diseases among adults in the United States by race/ethnicity: data from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988--94.

OBJECTIVE: To provide seroprevalence estimates for six selected infectious agents by various sociodemographic and risk behavior variables stratified by race/ethnicity for adults age 20 years or more. METHODS: Seroprevalence estimates for hepatitis A, B, and C, Toxoplasma gondii, Helicobacter pylori, and Herpes simplex-2 were calculated from data in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94 utilizing weights to account for differential oversampling by race/ethnicity and nonresponse to the interview and examination. Standard errors and 95% confidence intervals were calculated taking into account the complex sample design. RESULTS: Age-adjusted prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals are presented for three enteric infectious diseases hepatitis A, Toxoplasma gondii, Helicobacter pylori, as well as three blood-borne/sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and Herpes simplex-2 stratified by race/ethnicity and by various demographic factors including gender, poverty index, population size of area of residence, country of birth, household crowding, and years of education. In addition, estimates are presented for the three blood-borne/sexually transmitted diseases by various risk behaviors that include marital status, age at first sexual intercourse, number of lifetime sexual partners, cocaine use, and marijuana use.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Chlamydia trachomatis and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in teenage sexually active girls].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine the frequency of C.trachomatis and HPV infections in teenage, sexually active girls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 48 non-pregnant, sexually active young women (between 16-19 years of age), who submitted for periodical check-up during oral contraceptive use. Patients had periodical mild pain in the lower abdominal area and increased amount of mucigenous secretion. They had their first sexual intercourse before 16 years of age, multiple partners (>3), unprotected intercourse. The direct immunofluorescence (DIF) was used for C. trachomatis antigen detection (Chlamydia Direct IF (bioMérieux, France). DNA HPV presence and oncogenic potential was assessed using hybridization method (Hybrid Capture I HPV Assay, Digene Corp. Beltsville, MD U.S.A.). RESULTS: C. trachomatis antigen was detected in 13 aut of 48 swabs (27%), presence of HPV DNA was detected in 2 teenage girls with normal cytology (4.2%). In cytological evaluation LSIL (low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions) was described in 5 cases. In 4 of them along with LSIL coexisted C. trachomatis infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selected risk factors, human papillomavirus infection and the p53 codon 72 polymorphism in patients with squamous intraepithelial lesions in northeastern Thailand.

Risk factors for cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) including human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the p53 codon 72 polymorphism were investigated in a case-control study with 103 cases and 105 controls in Northeastern Thailand. Increased risk for SIL was observed for age at menarche (odds ratio (OR) = 2.2; p< 0.005), age at the first sexual intercourse (OR=2.4; p< 0.05), number of sexual partners (OR=2.7; p< 0.005) and partners' smoking history (OR=2.3-3.2; p< 0.01). Prevalence of malignant type of HPV infection in the control and SIL groups was 18.1% and 60.2%, respectively. HPV infection significantly increased risk for SIL 6.8-fold (p< 0.001). HPV-16 infection was the commonest (31 out of 62 carriers) in SIL patients and highly associated with risk. The p53 codon 72 polymorphism was not identified as a genetic risk for SIL in this study, as demonstrated in Thai cervical cancer. Therefore, to prevent cervical neoplasia or HPV infection, inclusion of knowledge on sexual behavior and effects of smoking into public health programs is important and, at the same time, a nation-wide screening scheme for cervical abnormalities including HPV-typing is a high priority in Thailand.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Male sexual behavior as risk factor in cervical cancer.

Risk factors of male sexual behavior for squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were studied in Thai women at Chulalongkorn Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, using an unmatched case-control design. A total of 93 case husbands and 169 control husbands were recruited in the study. Case husbands are prone to have more sexual partners than the control and have an age of first sexual intercourse earlier than the controls. More husbands of cases than of controls had history of prostitute visits in their life with the odds ratio of 9.42. Prostitute visit is a main risk factor, irrespective of whether the husband had a history of sexually transmitted diseases or not. Condom use in sexual intercourse with prostitutes seemed to have a protective effect for their wives in decreasing risk of cervical cancer. This study supports the infectious and venerally transmitted character of cervical cancer and indicates that the other measure of preventing and controlling cervical cancer in women is to educate and prevent men from having high risk sexual behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Adolescent sexuality in Kenya.

Adolescent sexuality has become a major problem all over the world. This review paper describes the main problems encountered in Kenya with regards to adolescent sexuality. The role of the Government and some non-governmental organisations is outlined. Factors which contribute to the problem of adolescent sexuality in Kenya are described. The paper stresses the role of research in solving these problems and finally suggests some strategies which may be adopted in order to minimise the undesirable effects of adolescent sexuality in Kenya.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Cancer of the uterine cervix: epidemiology and virology].

Numerous epidemiological studies have made it possible to isolate groups of women at risk or developing an epidermoid carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Among the factors studied, age at the time of the first sexual intercourse and number of male partners were found to be statistically significant factors. No study has yet proved that smegma facilitates cancer and that circumcision may prevent its occurrence. However, the importance of the "male factor" has been enhanced by many studies suggesting the possibility of an oncogenic factor transmissible by sexual intercourse. Several data suggest that some types of human papillomavirus are the necessary, if not sufficient, factors of cervical oncogenesis. Some types of herpes virus, notably HPV 16, can be identified in the majority of invasive cancers and their direct precursors: intraepithelial neoplasias. The carcinogenic role of papillomaviruses in animals ans in laboratory experiments supports the theory that these sexually transmissible viruses are involved in the origin of epidermoid cervical carcinoma.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Time factors and trends in the onset of the menarche, sex maturation and experience of orgasm in a questionnaire administered to 971 women in Vojvodina].

A questionnaire and interview of 971 women aged 15-80 years or more from three Voivodina communes (Becej, Veternik, Mali Idos) have supplied the following information: the arithmetic mean of the age of women during menarche is 13.459 +/- 1.523 years, the median being 13.872 years. Menarche appears earlier in the town (13.334 +/- 1.373) than in villages (13.668 +/- 1.61). The arithmetic mean of menarche recedes towards younger age groups (y = 12.90 +/- 0.106; r = 0.890, p less than 0.01), so that below 20 years is 1.4 years, and this is more pronounced in the town than on villages. The arithmetic mean of the age of women at sexarche (the first sexual intercourse) is 19.088 +/- 2.495 years, and the median is 18.964. The interval between the arithmetic mean of menarche and sexarche is 5.6 years, smaller in the urban (5.0) than in the rural environment (6.4). Sexarche recedes towards younger age groups (y = 18.136 +/- 0.130; r = 0.540), more intensively than the acceleration of menarche. In the course of their sexual life, 16.4% of women rarely experienced orgasm, 11.2% never did. The experience of orgasm "rarely" or "never" is statistically significantly more frequent in women over 40 years of life in relation to younger women (X2 = 6.893, p less than 0.01).

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Adolescent sexual activity in the family context: the impact of older siblings.

Using approximately 2,000 sibling pairs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth, we examine the influence of an older sibling's age at first sexual intercourse on the sexual initiation of a younger sibling. Hypotheses about differences by gender composition of the pair are tested, using a framework derived from social comparison theory and a two-stage failure-time model. Results provide evidence of a direct but modest-sized older sibling effect for white but not black youth. This effect is approximately equal in magnitude for same- and opposite-sex siblings. Little support is offered for the greater salience and association of sexual activity for brother-brother as compared with sister-sister pairs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Sexual development and life of Czechoslovak women born between 1951 and 1970].

By means of interviews in Frantiskovy Láznĕ data on the sexual development and life of 586 married gynaecological patients born between 1951 and 1960 and 276 women born between 1961 and 1970 were obtained. As compared with data from 1563 patients born in individual decades between 1911 and 1950, it was revealed that the acceleration of sexual development proceeded. The mean age of the first sexual intercourse declined further and in the sub-group born between 1961 and 1970 is was 17.8 years. In this sub-group, however, the percentage of women who experienced during intercourse orgasm only rarely increased markedly. The value of 26% is the highest of all decades investigated since 1911. The authors express the hypothesis that this negative change in the sexual life of contemporary young women is due to a number of stressing factors ensuing from the present social environment.

Adult↗