Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “First Birth Intervals”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

The effect of tocolytic use in the management of symptomatic placenta previa.

OBJECTIVE: The null hypothesis is that tocolysis has no effect on pregnancy prolongation in the aggressive expectant management of symptomatic preterm placenta previa. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred twelve preterm pregnancies with confirmed placenta previa and an initial episode of acute vaginal bleeding were selected for this retrospective analysis. Exclusion criteria included gestational age > or = 35 weeks, delivery within 24 hours of admission, prior treatment for bleeding or preterm labor, and contraindications to tocolytic use. Tocolysis was prescribed, at the discretion of the treating clinical staff, in selected pregnancies with significant uterine contractions after admission of the patient. The majority of treated patients (85%) received intravenous magnesium sulfate and/or oral or subcutaneous beta-sympathomimetics within 24 hours of admission. Most patients remained hospitalized until delivery under this aggressive expectant management protocol. Both treated and untreated control study groups were similar at inclusion with regard to parity, gestational age, contraction frequency, and degree of initial bleeding. Outcome variables for each treatment group were obtained from final chart review. Continuous and categoric variables were compared with Student t test or chi 2 analysis-Fisher's exact test, respectively. RESULTS: The clinical use of tocolysis in symptomatic placenta previa was associated with a clinically significant delay of preterm delivery. Significant improvement in clinical parameters such as interval from admission to delivery (39.2 vs 26.9 days, p < 0.02) and birth weight (2520 vs 2124 gm, p < 0.03) was observed in the tocolysis group. There was no observed statistical difference between the two treatment groups with regard to incidence of recurrent bleeding, interval from admission to first recurrent bleeding, and need for transfusion. There was a trend for patients with multiple bleeding episodes to have been receiving tocolytic therapy (p < 0.10). A trend for requiring a postpartum transfusion was also noted in the tocolysis group (p < 0.09). Treated pregnancies receiving long-term maintenance tocolysis with oral or subcutaneous terbutaline exhibited a greater degree of pregnancy prolongation than those treated with short-term intravenous magnesium alone (43.7 vs 15.3 days, p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective analysis suggests that tocolytic intervention in cases of symptomatic preterm previa may be associated with clinically significant prolongation of pregnancy and increased birth weight. Tocolytic therapy in these cases does not appear to have an impact on frequency or severity of recurrent vaginal bleeding. Further prospective analysis may delineate the role of tocolysis in the aggressive expectant management of symptomatic placenta previa.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Porcine growth hormone and prolactin secretion: the first month of postnatal life.

Plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in male pigs during the first 28 days after birth were quantitated. Growth hormone declined precipitously during the first 3 days and thereafter fluctuated about a mean of approximately 7 ng/ml. Prolactin declined from over 5 to 3-4 ng/ml during the first week. A significant increase in plasma concentrations of GH was observed in nonsuckled pigs during the 12 h after birth. This increase did not occur in pigs allowed to nurse. Blood samples were collected via jugular cannulae at 5-20 min intervals for 4-5 h at 3, 9 and 18 days of age. Overall mean concentration of GH significantly declined with age. Overall and baseline mean concentrations of prolactin also significantly declined with age. These data indicate that significant changes occur in the secretion of GH and PRL in pigs during the first month of postnatal life.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Smoking in pregnancy as a risk factor for long-term mortality in the offspring.

This study addresses the question of whether maternal smoking is related to postneonatal mortality and which are the contributing causes of death. Mortality of births in Sweden between 1 January 1983 and 31 December 1989 (n = 714,389) registered in the Medical Birth Registry was followed until 31 December 1990. The registry carries information on maternal smoking habits in early pregnancy. The Mantel-Haenszel procedure was used to control for confounding effects of maternal age, parity and year of birth: relative risks (95% confidence interval) associated with smoking were: 1.24 (1.17-1.31) for fetal death, 1.08 (1.01-1.16) for early neonatal death, 1.22 (1.08-1.39) for late neonatal death, 1.31 (1.23-1.41) for postneonatal mortality during the first year, and for the period between 1 and 8 years of age it was 1.19 (1.06-1.32). When birthweight was controlled for, the increased relative risk for postneonatal mortality during the first year disappeared. Mortality between 1 and 8 years still showed an elevated risk of 1.43 (1.00-2.06). In order to control for confounding by social factors, 1986 births were linked to data from the 1985 Swedish census. The measure used was the socio-economic index (SEI), which reflects the parental education level. When maternal, paternal or family SEI was controlled for, late neonatal death was not significantly related to maternal smoking, but postneonatal death still showed a significantly increased relative risk of about 1.35. Four causes of death based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 8 and 9 were significantly related to maternal smoking: sudden infant death syndrome, injuries and poisoning, perinatal causes and infections.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Oxygen saturation in healthy infants immediately after birth.

OBJECTIVE: Because the optimal concentration of oxygen (FiO2) required for stabilization of the newly born infant has not been established, the FiO2 is commonly adjusted according to the infant's oxygen saturation (SpO2). We aimed to determine the range of pre-ductal SpO2 in the first minutes of life in healthy newborn infants. STUDY DESIGN: We applied an oximetry sensor to the infant's right palm or wrist of term and preterm deliveries immediately after birth. Infants who received any resuscitation or supplemental oxygen were excluded. SpO2 was recorded at 60 second intervals for at least 5 minutes and until the SpO2 was >90%. RESULTS: A total of 205 deliveries were monitored; 30 infants were excluded from the study. SpO2 readings were obtained within 60 seconds of age from 92 of 175 infants (53%). The median (interquartile range) SpO2 at 1 minute was 63% (53%-68%). There was a gradual rise in SpO2 with time, with a median SpO2 at 5 minutes of 90% (79%-91%). CONCLUSION: Many newborns have an SpO2 <90% during the first 5 minutes of life. This should be considered when choosing SpO2 targets for infants treated with supplemental oxygen in the delivery room.

Apgar Score↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk factors for febrile seizures in the People's Republic of China: a case control study.

A case control study was conducted to investigate the association of family history of febrile seizures (FS) and history of maternal, pregnancy and delivery, and postnatal factors with FS. Information was gathered by door-to-door survey in six major cities in the People's Republic of China. Factors present before the date of onset of FS were assessed in 182 subjects and in an equal number of controls matched for age, sex, and geographic area. The odds ratio for risk of FS in children with a family history of FS in a first-degree relative was 10.0 (confidence interval 2.7-58.6), confirming other observations that familial factors are an important predisposing characteristic for FS. Maternal acute respiratory infection during the first trimester of pregnancy was slightly more frequent in children with FS (odds ratio, 1.9 confidence interval 1.0-3.9). None of the other examined pregnancy or delivery factors was associated with an increased risk, suggesting that birth history is not an important factor predisposing to FS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Pregnancy history and incidence of melanoma in women: a pooled analysis.

There is evidence that pregnancy history including age at first birth and parity may play a role in risk of cutaneous melanoma in women, although, epidemiological findings are inconsistent. We conducted a collaborative analysis of these factors using the original data from ten completed case-control studies (2391 cases and 3199 controls), and assessed the potential confounding effects of socioeconomic, pigmentary, and sun exposure-related factors. We found no overall association with ever having a live birth (pooled odds ratio (pOR) 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-1.35). However, we detected a reduced risk of melanoma among women with higher parity (> or = 5 versus no live births pOR 0.76, 95% CI 0.49-1.18, each live birth pOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91-0.99, p trend = 0.05). Women with both earlier age at first birth (e.g., <20 years) and higher parity (e.g., > or = 5 live births) had a particularly lower risk than women with later age at first birth (e.g., > or = 25 years) and lower parity (e.g., <5 live births) (pOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.75). The results are compatible with an effect of reproductive history-related factors on melanoma risk, but also could reflect differences in other factors, such as sun exposure history.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Jaundice noted in the first 24 hours after birth in a managed care organization.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the significance of jaundice noted in the first 24 hours after birth in a community setting. DESIGN: Supplementary analyses of a nested case-control study. SETTING: Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. PATIENTS: Six hundred thirty-one randomly selected newborns (controls) and 140 cases with total serum bilirubin levels of 25 mg/dL (428 micro mol/L) or higher from a cohort of 105 384 newborns of at least 2000 g birth weight and at least 36 weeks' gestational age, born between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Notations of jaundice in the medical record, timing and results of bilirubin testing, use of phototherapy, and development of bilirubin levels of 25 mg/dL or higher. RESULTS: Among the controls, the cumulative probability of a notation of jaundice (corrected for early hospital discharge using survival analysis) was 2.8% within 18 hours and 6.7% within 24 hours. In these newborns, cumulative proportions that had bilirubin levels measured were 38% within 12 hours and 43% within 24 hours of when jaundice was first noted. About 40% of bilirubin levels measured within 24 hours were above the estimated 95th percentile for age. Compared with newborns not noted to be jaundiced on the first day, newborns noted to be jaundiced within 24 hours were more likely to receive phototherapy (18.9% vs 1.7%; relative risk, 10.1; 95% confidence interval, 4.2-24.4) and to develop a bilirubin level of 25 mg/dL or higher (odds ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-5.2), but the absolute risk increase for total serum bilirubin levels of 25 mg/dL or higher was 0.2%. CONCLUSION: Jaundice noted in the medical record in the first 24 hours after birth was uncommon and often clinically significant in this setting, but other factors also need to be considered in determining its importance.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed2001

Transvaginal sonography for fetal crown-rump length measurement in a Thai population.

A prospective descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University to establish a reference interval for fetal crown-rump length (CRL) in a Thai population using transvaginal ultrasound. This study was performed on normal pregnant women registered at the antenatal clinic in their first trimester. All had a good menstrual history. CRL measurement was obtained by a 5 MHz vaginal probe. All of the newborns were proved to be normal at birth. We constructed and compared CRL (mm) relating to gestational age (GA) (days). Five hundred and forty seven cases were enrolled into the study. CRL was correlated with gestational age. The best fit regression equation was the quadratic model: CRL (mm) = -13.872 - 0.014 GA (day) + 0.0097 GA (day)2, R = 0.92, p < 0.0001). Centiles and a chart for CRL derived from the regression equation are presented. In conclusion, a reference interval for fetal crown-rump length in a Thai population has been established. This data may be useful in the early detection of genetic or environmental disorders affecting fetal growth in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Assessment of thermoregulatory and postprandial thermogenesis over the first 24 hours after birth in pigs.

Heat production was continuously measured from birth to 24 h after birth in pigs tube-fed 14 g kg-1 of colostrum or water (sham-fed animals) at hourly intervals, and maintained at thermoneutrality (34 degrees C) or in moderate cold (24 degrees C). Results indicate that colostrum was necessary to initiate and sustain the postnatal rise in metabolic rate observed at 34 degrees C. It provided about 75% of the energy required for heat production at 24 degrees C. Heat production was increased by 74% in the cold and decreased by 30% during starvation. In both cases, maintenance of the energy balance was achieved with a compensatory drop in body temperature. At 34 degrees C, variations in postmeal heat production represented 12% of the total 24 h energy expenditure and were almost equally due to the thermogenic effect of colostrum and to confounding factors, including physical activity. In the cold, calculated postmeal thermogenesis accounted only for 3% of 24 h energy expenditure and for 9% of the extra heat produced in the cold. Our results highlight the main role of colostral energy in the energy metabolism of the newborn pig in a typical birth environment (24 degrees C) and in thermoneutral conditions (34 degrees C). Thermoneutral postmeal thermogenesis is low and its contribution to the extra heat produced in the cold very limited.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Association of risk factors for cervical cancer and human papilloma viruses in invasive cervical cancer.

Our study was carried out on 70 patients with invasive squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix (CC) or invasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix at all stages, admitted to the University Department of Gynecology and/or to the Institute of Oncology in Ljubljana. The patients were not selected by age. A questionnaire on known risk factors in CC was filled in for each of the 70 patients, and two tumor smears were taken for the determination of human papilloma viruses (HPV) 16 and 18 by means of in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Each patient also had the serum level of vitamin A determined. The results of our study revealed a correlation between HPV 16 or 18 infection (60:40) and CC. When analysing some already known risk factors, no statistically significant difference could be established for any of the factors studied, except for the age at first birth.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1980

Oestrogen receptors in breast tumours: associations with age, menopausal status and epidemiological and clinical features in 735 patients.

Comparisons between oestrogen-receptor (RE)-positive or negative patients were made on a continuous series of 735 patients with primary breast tumours seen at the major treatment centre in British Columbia between 1975 and 1978. RE positivity was commoner in older patients, and was not associated with menopausal status independently of age. The concentration of receptor protein also increased with increasing age, but was not affected by menopausal status. Neither RE status nor quantity was associated with any of the epidemiological risk factors studied, which included parity, age at first birth, weight, family history and exposure to oestrogenic drugs and oral contraceptives. Patients with RE- tumours were more likely to present with symptoms other than a breast lump, pain or nipple inversion, and had less-differentiated tumours; they did not differ from RE+ patients in terms of stage, size of tumour, or interval from first symptom. These findings are discussed in terms of the biological origin and determinants of oestrogen receptors.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Fluconazole prophylaxis against fungal colonization and infection in preterm infants.

BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal infection is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. We evaluated the efficacy of prophylactic fluconazole in preventing fungal colonization and invasive infection in extremely-low-birth-weight infants. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial over a 30-month period in 100 preterm infants with birth weights of less than 1000 g. The infants were randomly assigned during the first five days of life to receive either intravenous fluconazole or placebo for six weeks. We obtained weekly surveillance cultures from all patients. RESULTS: The 50 infants randomly assigned to fluconazole and the 50 control infants were similar in terms of birth weight, gestational age at birth, and base-line risk factors for fungal infection. During the six-week treatment period, fungal colonization was documented in 30 infants in the placebo group (60 percent) and 11 infants in the fluconazole group (22 percent; difference in risk, 0.38; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.56; P=0.002). Invasive fungal infection with positive growth of fungal isolates from the blood, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid developed in 10 infants in the placebo group (20 percent) and none of the infants in the fluconazole group (difference in risk, 0.20; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.04 to 0.36; P=0.008). The sensitivities of the fungal isolates to fluconazole did not change during the study, and no adverse effects of the fluconazole therapy were documented. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic administration of fluconazole during the first six weeks of life is effective in preventing fungal colonization and invasive fungal infection in infants with birth weights of less than 1000 g.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2005

Maternal coffee drinking in pregnancy and risk of small for gestational age birth.

OBJECTIVE: We have analysed the association between coffee drinking before and during the three trimesters of pregnancy and risk of small for gestational age (SGA) birth. METHODS: Cases were 555 women who delivered SGA births (ie <10th percentile according Italian standard). The controls included 1966 women who gave birth at term (>/=37 weeks of gestation) to healthy infants of normal weight. RESULTS: In comparison with nondrinkers, the ORs for SGA birth were 1.3 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.9-1.9) for consumption of four or more cups of coffee/day before pregnancy, and 1.2 (95% CI 0.8-1.8), 1.2 (95% CI 0.8-1.8) and 0.9 (95% CI 0.6-1.4) for consumption of three or more cups of coffee/day during the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy, respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings were consistent in women who delivered preterm and at term births and were not affected by potential confounding such as smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of soft tissue sarcomas.

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms whose etiology remains largely undefined. A role for female hormones in the development of STS has been suggested. To investigate this possibility, the authors analyzed data from a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Northern Italy between 1983 and 1998. METHODS: Cases were 104 women aged < 79 years with incident STS who were admitted to the cancer institutes and major teaching and general hospitals. Controls were 505 women admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, nonneoplastic, nongynecologic, and nonimmune-related conditions. RESULTS: The multivariate odds ratio (OR) for women aged >/= 15 years compared with those aged < 12 years at menarche was 1.94 (95% confidence intervals [95% CI], 0.80-4.74). No association with STS risk was observed for menstrual cycle pattern, age at menopause, parity, and abortions. Late age at first pregnancy and birth were found to be related to an increased risk of STS, with an OR of 3.16 (95% CI, 0. 96-10.44) and 2.79 (95%% CI, 0.79-9.90) for women aged >/= 30 years at first pregnancy and birth compared with those aged < 20 years. The trend in risk was significant for age at first pregnancy. No relation with the risk of STS emerged for age at last birth and time since first or last birth. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of STS was found to be weakly related to late age at first pregnancy or birth, but not to other menstrual and reproductive factors.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1985

Reproductive performance, pre-weaning growth rate and pre-weaning lamb mortality of Djallonké sheep in Ghana.

Production records for a flock of Djallonké sheep kept in the forest belt of Ghana were analysed to determine the effects of some environmental factors on the performance of the breed. The period under study covered April 1969 to November 1979. The mean ages at first conception and first lambing and the mean lambing interval were 498, 638 and 264 days respectively. The overall twinning rate and prolificacy were 30.7 and 130.6% respectively. The season of birth and age of dam had significant (P less than 0.05) effects on prolificacy and twinning rate. The birth weights of the lambs were affected significantly (P less than 0.05) by age of dam, type of birth, sex and season of birth with the mean birth weight being 1.77 kg. Weaning weight (mean of 8.36 kg) and pre-weaning growth rate (mean of 0.076 kg/day) were affected significantly (P less than 0.05) by types of birth. Type of birth significantly (P less than 0.05) affected pre-weaning mortality of lambs (overall mean of 20.95%).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth in a Saudi population.

Preterm birth (< 37 weeks completed gestation), the primary predictor of infant morbidity and mortality, can result from diverse biologic and sociodemographic variables. A case-control study was undertaken to determine risk factors that were significantly associated with preterm birth in our population. Pertinent data were collected by structured interviews with eligible subjects and by medical record abstraction. The study population consisted of 118 mothers of singleton, preterm, appropriate for gestational age infants (cases) and 118 mothers of singleton, term, appropriate for gestational age infants (controls). A multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that significant risk factors for preterm birth were first or second trimester vaginal bleeding during current pregnancy, a previous preterm birth, inadequate prenatal care, consanguinity, maternal body mass index of < 23, and short inter-pregnancy interval. Awareness of such risk factors is essential in planning public education programs and in considering appropriate perinatal care options for women at potentially higher risk for preterm delivery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Colorectal cancer in northeast Italy: reproductive, menstrual and female hormone-related factors.

The role of reproductive and menstrual factors and a few medical conditions linked to female hormones in the aetiology of colorectal cancer was investigated in a case-control study conducted in Pordenone province in northeastern Italy, on 89 women with colorectal cancer and 148 controls admitted to hospital for a wide spectrum of acute, non-digestive nor neoplastic disorders. After adjustment for age and social class, parous women, as compared to nulliparous ones, were significantly protected against colorectal cancer (odds ratio, OR = 0.4, [95% confidence interval, CI:0.2-0.8]) and the risk appeared to decrease with successive pregnancies up to five or more (0.2, [0.04-0.6]). Compared to women who had their first birth at age 24 or less, the OR for those who had it at 30 or older was 2.0, but the inverse trend in risk was not significant. However, among parous women only, age at first birth, but not parity, seemed to retain a certain influence. Late age at menopause seemed to decrease colorectal cancer risk (OR for menopause at age greater than or equal to 50 vs. less than 45 = 0.4, [0.2-1.0] chi 2(1) (trend) = 3.66). Conversely, age at last birth, number of abortions, years between marriage and first birth, age at menarche, pattern of menstrual cycle and occurrence of a few medical conditions potentially linked to female hormones were similarly reported by cases and controls. Due to the very limited number of oral contraceptive (OC) users (9 controls but only 1 case), and the lack of oestrogen replacement therapy users, the influence of exogenous female hormones on colorectal cancer could not be analysed meaningfully.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Breast cancer risk in mothers of twins.

The risk of breast cancer associated with delivering a twin birth was examined in a population-based nested case-control study of nearly 4800 Swedish women with breast cancer and 47000 age-matched control subjects. All were aged less than 50 years and parous. After adjustment for age at first birth and parity, a 29% reduction in breast cancer risk was observed in mothers of twins relative to those who were not (odds ratio = 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.55-0.91). These results provide evidence that women who bear twins are at reduced risk of breast cancer, one explanation for which may be their unusual levels of hormonal exposure.

Breast Neoplasms↗