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PubMed1996

Aerococcus-like organisms: use of antibiograms for diagnostic and taxonomic purposes.

Recently, some Aerococcus-like organisms (ALOs), isolated from urine and blood of elderly patients with urinary tract infection, have been described. In this study ALOs and related taxons were tested for susceptibility by agar diffusion and agar dilution methods to 15 selected antimicrobial agents for diagnostic and taxonomic considerations. ALOs were susceptible to a wide range of antimicrobials including beta-lactams, but resistant to aminoglycosides, sulphonamides, trimethoprim and nalidixic acid. By using tablets containing vancomycin, furazolidone and bacitracin, it was possible to separate ALOs from related taxons. Clustering based on antibiotic susceptibilities showed that there is little similarity between Aerococcus viridans and ALOs.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of metronidazole, clarithromycin and tetracycline resistance of Helicobacter pylori isolates from Korea.

Antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori varies according to geographical region. We studied the primary resistance rates among 652 H. pylori isolated from Korea in relation to collection date, disease presentation, age and gender. Resistance rates were 40.6% (metronidazole), 5.9% (clarithromycin), 5.3% (tetracycline), 0% (amoxycillin), 1.5% (furazolidone) and 1.5% (nitrofurantoin). Resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin increased from 1994 to 1999 (from 33.3 to 47.7% and 4.8 to 7.7%, respectively), but the differences only reached significance when rates of metronidazole resistance in women were compared with those in men (48.6 versus 36.9%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Vibrio cholerae O1 outbreak isolates in Mozambique and South Africa in 1998 are multiple-drug resistant, contain the SXT element and the aadA2 gene located on class 1 integrons.

The characteristics of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa isolates from outbreaks of cholera in 1998 amongst migrant workers in the South African provinces of Gauteng and Mpumalanga, on the border of Mozambique, are reported. The isolates seem to have originated from the same clone since they are of two closely related BglI ribotypes. These ribotypes had a high similarity to ribotypes of V. cholerae O1 recently found in three South-east Asian countries. Isolates were resistant to furazolidone, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and tetracycline. Only two isolates contained plasmids of 54 and 63 kb in size. PCR and DNA sequencing revealed that the chromosomally located resistance determinants present included an aadA2 gene cassette contained in a class 1 integron; the SXT element, which is a transposon-like element containing resistance genes; and the tetA gene. A co-transfer of chromosomal closely located genes encoding the SXT element and tetA was shown by mating experiments, PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analyses. Our study shows for the first time that multiple-resistant V. cholerae O1 isolates containing class 1 integrons and the SXT element were responsible for cholera outbreaks in Southern Africa. Studies are needed to determine the spread of this multiple-resistant O1 strain and further genetic details of the association of the SXT element, tetA and class 1 integrons, including their means of transfer.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

New aminoglycoside acetyltransferase gene, aac(3)-Id, in a class 1 integron from a multiresistant strain of Vibrio fluvialis isolated from an infant aged 6 months.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance in a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate of Vibrio fluvialis H-08942. PATIENT AND METHODS: V. fluvialis H-08942 was isolated from a hospitalized infant aged 6 months suffering from cholera-like diarrhoea in India in 2002. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the MICs of a range of antibiotics for this strain. PCR, DNA sequencing, Southern hybridization, cloning and expression were used to characterize the molecular basis of antibiotic resistances. RESULTS: V. fluvialis H-08942 showed resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, spectinomycin, co-trimoxazole, ampicillin, furazolidone, nalidixic acid and gentamicin. A class 1 integron that contains a novel aminoglycoside acetyltransferase gene, aac(3)-Id, and aminoglycoside adenyltransferase gene, aadA7, was characterized. The aac(3)-Id gene product was found to share 50%, 45% and 44% identity to AAC(3)-Ic, AAC(3)-Ia, and AAC(3)-Ib, respectively. Both aac(3)-Id and aadA7 genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the aac(3)-Id represents a fourth evolutionary lineage in the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase genes. Southern hybridization showed that this integron is located in the chromosome. CONCLUSIONS: In this study we identified a new type of aminoglycoside acetyltransferase gene, aac(3)-Id. In addition, this is the first report of identification of antibiotic resistance genes and a class 1 integron in V. fluvialis.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed2005

Comparative genotoxic evaluation of 2-furylethylenes and 5-nitrofurans by using the comet assay in TK6 cells.

The genotoxicity of three 2-furylethylene derivatives and four 5-nitrofurans was evaluated by using the comet assay in human lymphoblastoid cultured TK6 cells. The 2-furylethylene derivatives were 2-furyl-1-nitroethene, 1-(5-bromofur-2-yl)-2-nitroethene and 1-(5-bromofur-2-yl)-2-bromo-2-nitroethene, while the 5-nitrofurans were nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone, furazolidone and 5-nitro-2-furanacrolein. The treatments lasted for 3 h in the absence of metabolic activation. No genotoxic effects were observed for two of the 2-furylethylene compounds, while the derivative 1-(5-bromofur-2-yl)-2-nitroethene showed a statistically significant response mainly at the highest concentration tested; this effect was considered biologically relevant and the compound was classified as slightly genotoxic. On the other hand, for the classical 5-nitrofurans tested there is a tendency towards a dose-related increase of the DNA damage in the comet assay and the observed increases for the parameters analysed (Olive tail moment, tail % DNA and tail length) were significant for all compounds. Then, the four 5-nitrofurans tested were considered genotoxic. These results show that the position of the nitro group influences the genotoxicity of the assayed compounds. Thus, in this comet assay, the 2-furylethylene derivatives having the nitro group attached outside the furan ring appear to be much less genotoxic than the 5-nitrofurans.

Cell Line, Tumor↗
PubMed1992

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole remains active against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella species in Guadalajara, Mexico.

Bacterial isolates obtained from fecal cultures of U.S. adults in Guadalajara, Mexico, with diarrhea developing during the summers of 1987, 1988, and 1989 were tested for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. No resistance was seen among 220 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates nor among 89 Shigella strains to aztreonam, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, or furazolidone. High level (greater than 1000 micrograms/ml) resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) was found in 7% of E. coli and 3% of Shigella strains. Susceptibility patterns of 27 E. coli strains derived from fecal cultures of Mexican infants in Guadalajara with diarrhea during the same time period showed similar results, possibly reflecting the presence of a common microbial reservoir. The study serves as a baseline for newer antimicrobials (fluoroquinolones and aztreonam) where no resistance is currently seen and provides evidence of the continuing value of TMP/SMX for therapy of diarrhea among travelers to Gudalajara and perhaps other areas of Mexico.

Diarrhea↗
PubMed2001

Tropical diarrhoea: new developments in traveller's diarrhoea.

Traveller's diarrhoea is the most common illness acquired by visitors to developing countries, affecting 20-50% of the 35 million people who travel from industrialized countries each year. Important risk factors include point of origin and destination of the traveller, host factors, and exposure to contaminated food and water. The most common causes of traveller's diarrhoea in adults in developing countries include infection with Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus (in Asia), rotavirus (in Latin America), and protozoa (Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora spp., and Entamoeba histolytica). No pathogen is identified in over half of patients with traveller's diarrhoea, however. The primary objectives of treatment of traveller's diarrhoea are to reduce the symptoms and duration of diarrhoeal illness, to reduce inconvenience caused by such illness and to prevent cancellation of planned activities. These important objectives are best accomplished by empirical self-therapy with a combination of antimicrobial agents and loperamide. Since the first use of ciprofloxacin, fluoroquinolones have become the drugs of choice in empirical therapy for moderate-to-severe traveller's diarrhoea in adults. The options for children include nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (along with erythromycin if Campylobacter infection is a possibility) and furazolidone. Education on hygiene and safe food preparation help to prevent many diarrhoeal diseases, including traveller's diarrhoea.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

Blastocystis hominis gastroenteritis in a hemophiliac with acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Blastocystis hominis is an enteric protozoan that has occasionally been associated with gastrointestinal illness in man but is not considered an opportunistic pathogen. We describe a 16-year-old hemophiliac with acquired immune deficiency-related complex in whom upper gastrointestinal symptoms in conjunction with high densities of B. hominis in duodenal secretions and stool developed. Furazolidone treatment was associated with eradication of the organism and improvement in clinical symptoms. One month later, the patient had invasive Candida albicans esophagitis and died 2 weeks later of complications of acute pancreatitis. In immunocompetent individuals surveyed in Colorado the frequency of identification of B. hominis in stool concentrates was not different between asymptomatic and symptomatic persons. We suggest that B. hominis may be an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients and should be sought in duodenal secretions and feces when gastrointestinal symptoms are present.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children by an indirect immunofluorescence test.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test for serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and to determine how the test is affected by the presence of antibodies against Campylobacter jejuni. We studied 65 consecutive children (two with endoscopically confirmed duodenal ulcer) and a series of 18 children with duodenal ulcer. Thirty children were H. pylori negative, as determined by culture, by the preformed urease test, and by carbolfuchsin-stained smears. The microorganism was identified by microbiological methods in 35 of the 65 (53.85%) consecutive patients studied and in all children with duodenal ulcer. The titer of the IIF test was > or = 1:20 in the sera of all children with duodenal ulcer and in the sera of 30 of 33 H. pylori-positive children without duodenal ulcer. No H. pylori-negative children had titers > 1:10. A serum dilution of 1:20 discriminated between H. pylori-infected and noninfected children. Absorption with C. jejuni did not change the levels of IgG against H. pylori. When five patients who had been successfully treated with metronidazole, amoxycillin, and furazolidone for 7 days were retested, a slight decrease in anti-H. pylori IgG levels was noted from the third month on. The decrease was more significant 9 months after the eradication of the microorganism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Tropical and exotic infections. Proceedings of the 5th Liverpool Tropical School Bayer Symposium on Microbial Diseases. 14 February 1998.

In summary, MDR strains of S. typhi are both epidemic and endemic in many countries in Asia and MDR S. paratyphi A has recently emerged in Pakistan. Multiple clones may be present in a given area at any time. Fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporins have been used widely over the past decade to treat MDR strains. The clinical superiority of fluoroquinolones is now threatened by the rapid emergence of chromosomally mediated resistance and cephalosporin resistance is also being reported. Whether these problems can be overcome by the use of newer fluoroquinolones or cephalosporins remains to be seen. Meanwhile, furazolidone and azithromycin deserve further trials, and clinical and molecular surveillance of resistance patterns remains essential.

Cholera↗
PubMed1996

Biochemical characterisation, enteropathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance plasmids of clinical and environmental Aeromonas isolates.

One hundred and eight strains of Aeromonas from clinical and environmental samples were speciated. Seven species were identified, the most prevalent of which was A. hydrophila. Experimental studies in an animal model with 36 representative strains of different species revealed that all strains could cause significant fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops. Of 107 strains showing single or multiple antimicrobial resistance, the highest incidence of resistance was shown for beta-lactam antibiotics other than cefotaxime. Transferable resistance plasmids, encoding resistance to ampicillin, cephalexin, cefoxitin, erythromycin and furazolidone, either alone or in combination, were detected in 35 strains. A further proportion of strains could be cured of one or more resistance markers, including resistance to nalidixic acid, and this was accompanied by the loss of plasmid DNA. The plasmids ranged in size between 85.6 and > 1 50 kb.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2003

Macrococcus brunensis sp. nov., Macrococcus hajekii sp. nov. and Macrococcus lamae sp. nov., from the skin of llamas.

Eight strains of Gram-positive, catalase- and oxidase-positive cocci were isolated from the skin of llamas (Lama glama L.) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. These strains were assigned to the genus Macrococcus on the basis of their phenotypic properties (resistance to bacitracin and sensitivity to furazolidone) and DNA base content (40-42 mol% G+C). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA confirmed that the strains are members of the genus MACROCOCCUS: They differed from all hitherto described macrococcal species in their production of phosphatase and reduction of nitrate (most strains) and the inability to produce acid from glycerol or to grow in 7.5 % NaCl. Ribotyping (EcoRI), macrorestriction analysis (XbaI) and fatty acid methyl ester analysis divided the strains from llamas into three stable clusters. Moreover, ribotyping differentiated the strains analysed not only from previously described macrococcal species but also from oxidase-positive staphylococci. DNA-DNA hybridization confirmed that the three clusters represent separate genomic groups (similarity values<54 %). All the results showed that the strains represent three novel species, for which the names Macrococcus hajekii sp. nov. (type strain CCM 4809(T)=LMG 21711(T)), Macrococcus brunensis sp. nov. (type strain CCM 4811(T)=LMG 21712(T)) and Macrococcus lamae sp. nov. (type strain CCM 4815(T)=LMG 21713(T)) are proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Drug resistance and R plasmids in Vibrio anguillarum isolated in cultured ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis).

Two hundred twenty-six strains of Vibrio anguillarum collected from cultured ayu ( Plecoglossus altivelis ) between 1978 and 1980 were studied for their sensitivities to 10 chemotherapeutics. In order to determine whether the drug-resistant strains possessed transferable R plasmids, they were conjugated with Escherichia coli. Almost all the strains isolated during the 3 years showed resistance to nalidixic acid (NA) and/or furazolidone (NF). NA and NF resistance were not transferred to Escherichia coli from any of the strains. Chloramphenicol-resistant strains were isolated in every year and almost all of them carried transferable R plasmids. Only one strain with tetracycline resistance was found among the strains tested. Strains resistant to sulfonamides, streptomycin, ampicillin (ABP), and trimethoprim (TMP) increased rapidly in 1980, and a large number of them carried transferable R plasmids. Transferable R plasmids encoded with resistance to ABP and TMP were detected for the first time in V. anguillarum strains. The R plasmids detected in the strains isolated in 1980 were classified into incompatibility groups E, A, and an untypable group. The R plasmid DNAs were cleaved by EcoRI to yield 11 to 13 fragments. The estimated molecular weights of the R plasmids from the five strains ranged from 97 to 104 M daltons.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Drug resistance and broad geographical distribution of identical R plasmids of Pasteurella piscicida isolated from cultured yellowtail in Japan.

An MIC test of 12 chemotherapeutic agents performed on 175 strains of Pasteurella piscicida collected from cultured yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) in different areas of Japan from 1989 to 1991 revealed 152 strains (87%) with resistance to combinations of ampicillin (AP), chloramphenicol (CP), kanamycin (KM), nalidixic acid (NA), sulfamonomethoxine (SA), tetracycline (TC), and/or trimethoprim (TMP). The remaining 23 strains were sensitive to all the drugs tested: AP, cefazolin, CP, florfenicol (FF), furazolidone, KM, NA, novobiocin, SA, streptomycin, TC, and TMP. FF showed the most effective antibacterial activity against P. piscicida with MICs ranging from 0.004 to 0.6 microgram/ml. One hundred and forty-nine of the 152 resistant strains carried transferable R plasmids encoding one of the Cp Km Sa Tc, Km Sa Tc, Km Sa, and Sa resistance. The most common resistance marker of transferable R plasmids identified in P. piscicida was Km Sa Tc. R plasmids encoding three different resistant markers were very similar on the basis of their digestion patterns with restriction endonucleases. There was homology among the DNAs of nine transferable R plasmids selected. Our findings suggest that multiple drug resistant strains of P. piscicida carrying transferable R plasmids with the same DNA structure are common in yellowtail farms and that the R plasmid has been retained within the P. piscicida population without change in their DNA structure according to geography and year.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of feed additives and veterinary drugs on aldosterone production and release by porcine adrenal cells in vitro.

The preparation of suspensions of porcine adrenocortical cells is described. Within the conditions adopted, the cell suspension responded to various agents as expected. It was possible to screen drugs (standard range 0.3-100 microM, incubation period 1 h) for actions on the production/release of aldosterone by the cortical cells using 1 microM deoxycorticosterone as substrate. Progesterone, pregnenolone or corticosterone were also used as substrates. Feed additives of the quinoxaline type induced a slowly developing inhibition of aldosterone production/release by the cell suspension, which was virtually irreversible. During the standard 1 h incubation period inhibitions of up to 22 +/- 2% of control were observed, which increased upon prolongation of the incubation by 2 h. With 100 microM cyadox the inhibition increased from 19 +/- 2% to 35 +/- 2% with prolonged incubation. Ten nitrofuran compounds exerted a more rapidly developing inhibition (by up to 79 +/- 1% of control) of aldosterone production/release, which was reversible. A submaximal inhibition with 10 microM furazolidone of 21 +/- 5% increased to 40 +/- 1% with longer incubation. The concentrations at which these compounds exerted this effect in vitro were well below the peak blood plasma concentrations encountered after administration of the drugs in therapeutic doses. Polyether-antibacterials/ionophores rapidly inhibited aldosterone production/release (to 26 +/- 1% of control) and this effect was completely reversible. The nitroimidazole compounds tested did not affect aldosterone production/release when deoxycorticosterone or progesterone were used as substrates. With use of corticosterone and to a lesser extent with pregnenolone as substrates a clear inhibition (to 73 +/- 3% of control) of aldosterone production was obtained. Amprolium in concentrations up to 100 microM, with deoxycorticosterone as substrate, did not induce a significant change in aldosterone production/release by the suspension of adrenocortical cells. In the same dose range tylosin and roxarsone induced a small but significant inhibition (by up to 10 +/- 3% of control) of aldosterone production/release, which was not dose-dependent. It is concluded that a wide range of growth-promoting drugs may be able to change aldosterone production/release in the animal.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1996

A H2O-producing NADH oxidase from the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis.

We describe the purification of a H2O-producing NADH oxidase from the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis. The enzyme is a monomeric flavoprotein containing flavin adenine dinucleotide in a 1:1 molar ratio with the polypeptide. The NADH oxidase has an apparent molecular mass of 46 kDa and was homogenous as determined by denaturing gel electrophoresis and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. NADPH could substitute for NADH as an electron donor with a K(m) value of 4.2 microM for NADH and 16 microM for NADPH (pH 7.8 at room temperature). With oxygen as the primary electron acceptor under aerobic conditions, the pure enzyme did not produce O.-2 nor H2O2 as stoichiometric products of oxygen reduction, implicating H2O as the end product and obviating the need for superoxide dismutase. The ability to utilise oxygen explains the apparent respiration of the amitochondrial fermentative metabolism of Giardia. Mercurials, flavoantagonists and heavy metals (Cu2+ and Zn2+) inhibited this activity. Under anaerobic conditions the enzyme catalysed electron transfer at lower efficiencies to other electron acceptors including nitroblue tetrazolium, potassium ferricyanide, FAD and FMN, using either NADH or NADPH as electron donors. NADPH, however, was a more efficient electron donor. Cytochrome c was not reduced under any assay conditions used. The enzyme reduced the nitrofuran drugs, furazolidone (an antigiardial) and nitrofurantoin, to their toxic radical forms as determined by EPR. Metronidazole, a nitroimidazole, was not reduced. Pure NADH oxidase did not demonstrate ferredoxin:NAD(P)1 oxidoreductase activity since it could not accept electrons from reduced ferredoxin to regenerate NAD(P)H. The G. duodenalis NADH oxidase may, therefore, function as a terminal oxidase, similar to the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, and in the maintenance of an optimum intracellular redox ratio. This report of a flavoenzyme from Giardia places Giardia close to the anaerobic bacteria in evolutionary terms.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute annular urticaria in infants and children.

Characteristic features of acute annular urticaria in 34 infants and small children were large, erythematous annular and polycyclic lesions with violaceous centers, eyelid, hand, and foot edema, absence of angioedema of the airway, absence of pruritus, spontaneous resolution in 8 to 10 days, and frequent history of furazolidone medication for diarrhea. Nondermatologists often misdiagnose acute annular urticaria as erythema multiforme and unnecessarily overtreat patients. The differential diagnosis with other conditions presenting with annular lesions in children is discussed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

The resistance to antimicrobial agents of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the bovine udder.

Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (total 1657) from bovine mastitis were collected from 13 laboratories throughout Australia from 1974 to 1979. They were tested for resistance to antimicrobial agents using an agar dilution method. Resistance shown was mainly to penicillin and streptomycin. Occasional strains were resistant to neomycin, lincomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and furazolidone but multiple resistance was rare. No strain showed resistance to methicillin. Resistance to penicillin declined from 35% in 1974-75 to 7.1% in 1979. Most strains (1395) were retested to allow induction of penicillinase; 62% produced the enzyme.

Animals↗