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PubMed1992

Epidemiology and prevalence of seropositivity against Borrelia burgdorferi antigen in La Rioja, Spain.

The aim of this study was to acquire a better knowledge of the epidemiology of Lyme disease. A seroepidemiologic study was made by evaluating the different levels of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in a five hundred serum representative sample of a population from the province of La Rioja, Spain. Samples were randomly selected and stratified to take into account sex, age, rural or urban residence, and geographical area. All subjects included in the study were asked to fill out a questionnaire containing this information along with data concerning leisure activities, occupation, contact with animals, tick-bite and antecedent features related to Lyme disease. No statistical differences were found in relation to sex or age. The seroprevalence was very high (31.3%) in mountain areas, where Ixodes ricinus and deer are present. The risk factors associated with seropositivity were forestry and cattle-raising activities, as well as contact with animals. The best titer of antibodies associated with clinical antecedents of Lyme disease and related disorders was 1/256.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The prevention and control of human leptospirosis.

Human leptospirosis is prevalent in several states in India, sporadically or as outbreaks, especially during rainy seasons. It affects predominantly male adults who work in agriculture, causing severe morbidity and unnecessary mortality. Yet, there is no systematic leptospirosis prevention and control programme in the country, as it is not identified as priority under the national health policy. Therefore states with leptospirosis ought to establish public health programme for its prevention and control, as part of building a comprehensive initiative for the control of all-important infectious diseases. After establishing disease surveillance and laboratory support service, the disease burden must be monitored before and during interventions for control. The District is the ideal unit of activity, with full participation of the State Government and Local Panchayati raj. The public health staff must give technical leadership and the risk factors of human leptospirosis must be identified and specific interventions targeted against them. Action must be local-area-specific and coordinated between the Departments of Health, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Environment and Forestry. A model leptospirosis control programme has been formulated in Kerala State and is awaiting implementation. A state level Diagnostic and Epidemiology centre has been established to provide technical leadership. This model must be implemented and also replicated in other states. The most important ingredient for the control of infectious diseases is the 'political will'.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2005

Analysis and evaluation of methodologies to assess technical urban water systems.

The paper reports on the methodology and findings of a recent project on behalf of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management. The Ministry is seeking procedures for combining ecological and economic criteria to assess which technical urban water alternatives shall receive funding. To this end the current decision making process (DMP) for implementing urban water alternatives in Austria has been analyzed and compared with the situation elsewhere, e.g. in Sweden. The DMP entails specific requirements on assessment, whence the most common decision aid methodologies, ranging from LCA-based to multi-criteria methods, have been described and evaluated from an environmental, economic, legal and practical point of view, turning out recommendations to the Ministry. Their main points are: First the DMP should be kept as simple as possible in order to make it transparent. Second the aggregation of different criteria groups should and can be avoided. Therefore the stakeholders should not be allowed to make trade-offs. Finally clear objectives need to be stated.

Austria↗
PubMed2006

Male suicide and occupation in Scotland.

Some occupational groups in England and Wales have higher than expected proportion of deaths from suicide or undetermined intent. This study examined the association of occupation with suicide in men in, Scotland. Information from the General Register Office for Scotland was used to identify deaths from suicide and undetermined intent in 1981-1999 for men aged 16-64 years. Proportional Mortality Ratios (PMRs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals were calculated for all occupational categories. The largest number of male deaths in groups with elevated PMRs occurred in low paying occupations, such as labourers. Counterhands (sales and stores assistants) and assistants and chefs and cooks had increased PMRs in the 16-45 year age group. Some occupations with access to lethal means of suicide had high PMRs, including medical practitioners in the 16-45 and 46-64 year age groups and hospital ward orderlies, in the younger age group. There were increased PMRs in some rural occupations including farmers, forestry workers, fishermen, and some ships' crewmembers. Groups with low

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Occupation, socioeconomic status, and brain tumor mortality: a death certificate-based case-control study.

The relationships between brain tumor mortality and occupation and socioeconomic status (SES) were evaluated in a death certificate-based case-control study. The cases consisted of 904 white men aged 20 years and older who died of a brain tumor in Washington state between 1969 and 1978. For each case a white male control of the same age was chosen. A consistent pattern of increasing risk with increasing SES was seen for all brain tumors as well as for gliomas and astrocytomas. After adjustment for SES, stationary engineers were found to be at excess risk across all histologies based on six cases vs no controls with lower 95% confidence intervals of 2.3 for all brain tumors, 2.8 for gliomas (based on three cases), and 2.1 for astrocytic tumors (based on two cases). Excesses of astrocytic tumors also were observed for petroleum refinery workers (OR = 8.8, CI = 2.2-35.2), forestry workers (OR = 8.5, CI = 1.1-63.4), and cleaning service workers (OR = 2.7, CI = 1.1-6.7).

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Impacts of farmland consolidation on farmland landscape].

Farmland consolidation is the act of regulating, improving, and comprehensively renovating the structure, quality, and layout of field, water, road, forestry, and village in the countryside in a certain area by means of administration, economy, law, and engineering techniques according to the goal and usage defined by land use planning, so as to improve farmland use rate and its output rate, to increase farmland area, and to achieve better productive, living, and ecological environment. Recently, farmland consolidation has been carried out all over the country, especially in its economy-developed regions. But, unscientific planning and unsuitable farmland consolidation engineering have negative effects on field ecological system. In this paper, based on the technology of GIS and RS, the basic theories and methods of landscape ecology and a compositive grading method were applied to analysis the dynamics of farmland landscape fragmentation in Tongxiang county. The results showed that the farmland landscape fragmentation in this county was strongly affected by consolidation. More attention should be paid to the protection of farmland landscape during consolidation, and to avoid or decrease the negative effects resulted from unscientific planning and unsuitable farmland consolidation engineering.

Biomass↗
PubMed2006

[Health effects of pyrethrins and pyrethroids].

Pyrethrins, natural extracts of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Chrysanthemum cocineum flowers, and pyrethroids, synthetic analogues and derivatives of pyrethrins, are powerful insecticides. They are widely used in households and insect control in pets or livestock, in textiles such as carpets, wallpapers, furniture and clothes, as well as in agriculture, forestry and public health services. This article brings a list of pyrethrin and pyrethroid insecticides registered for use in plant protection in Croatia. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids can enter the organism by ingestion (accidental or suicidal ingestion or in food), by inhalation and/or by skin contact. Although these pesticides pose a relatively low risk to mammals due to rapid metabolism with no significant accumulation, they can induce adverse health effects, more often in acute poisoning, but also due to chronic exposure. The primary target of pyrethrin and pyrethroid toxicity is the nervous system, since they act directly on the sodium channels of nerve cell axons, leading to hyperexcitation. Another important toxicological mechanism is allergenicity, which is more pronounced with pyrethrins than with synthetic pyrethroids. Because there is no antidote for pyrethrin and pyrethroid poisoning, treatment is symptomatic and supportive. The article discusses the measures for poisoning prevention and alleviation of exposure to pyrethrins and pyrethroids in occupational settings and in general population.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Helminth fauna of free living European bison Bison bonasus (L.) in Bieszczady Mountains (Karpatian Mountains, Poland)].

Four free living European bison from Białowieza/Caucasus line shot in February 1997 within Lutowiska Forestry District in the Bieszczady Mountains were used in investigations. All examined animals were infected with helminths. There were found 10 species of parasites. Five species of them Ostertagia leptospicularis, O. kolchida, Spiculopteragia boehmi, Cooperia pectinata and Ashworthius sidemi are thypical parasites of Cervides, and from them were infected bison in Bieszczady. In all necropsied animals was found invasion of nematode A. sidemi, with mean intensity 1542 specimens. It is the first registration of A. sidemi in Poland and European bison is a new host for this parasite. It seems that the source of infection A. sidemi in European bison in Bieszczady is the local population of deer, which during their migrations could bring this parasite from neighbouring Ukraine and Slovakia, where this nematode have been introduced together with deer Cervus nippon. There are also presented results of coproscopic examinations of 17 fecal samples from free living European bison in Bieszczady.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2006

[Epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in Poland].

The paper summarizes state of art knowledge on tick-borne diseases epidemiology in Poland. The most prevalent diseases are Lyme borreliosis (LB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). Although there is growing number of data published on anaplasmosis and babesiosis prevalence in ticks and humans, there is no national data on these diseases and their epidemiological features remain unclear. All tick-borne agents have a common vector tick--the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus. LB and TBE are mandatory reportable diseases. In 2005 case definitions were implemented in Poland to allow a better comparability of data within the country and with other European countries. LB is widespread in Poland. Studies of prevalence of infected ticks indicate that from 6 to 15% of I. ricinus ticks in different sites are infected with the spirochete. Data from seroepidemiologic studies and from routine surveillance (started in 1996) confirm that the disease is widespread in Poland, and its incidence is increasing. It has increased from 2.31 per 100,000 in 1999 to 11.55 in 2005. One reason of this increase is the improvement in diagnosis of the disease. There is a need to promote personal protection during outdoor activities and knowledge on LB symptoms, especially among populations at risk--forestry workers, farmers. TBE incidence is limited to two main foci--one in the Northeast of Poland bordering Baltic states endemic region, and the second on the South of Poland, neighbouring the Czech and Slovak republics. Seroepidemiologic data, supported by surveillance data, indicate that there are areas of particularly high TBEV activity. The mostly affected occupational groups are: unemployed, retired, students, and farmers. This is a reason to promote personal protection and prophylactic vaccination of both inhabitants of endemic regions and tourists visiting endemic regions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Longitudinal changes of pulmonary function in workers with high wood dust exposure levels].

BACKGROUND: It is well know that wood dust exposure can induce sino-nasal cancers, rhinitis and asthma; induction of chronic bronchial obstruction, pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer are also suggested, but data are often inconclusive and in disagreement. OBJECTIVES: The study evaluated the decrease in lung function in a group of 31 non-smokers exposed to high levels of wood dust (> 5 mg/m3 also) and in 2 non-smokering control groups with comparable lung function tests at first examination: 39 mechanical workers without respiratory hazards (group 1) and 30 forestry workers (group 2). METHODS: Assessment of lung function was repeated at least 5 times during 11.2 +/- 2.4 years for wood workers and 12.3 +/- 4.2 years for group 1 (n.s.) and 15.0 +/- 2.6 years for group 2 (p < 0.0005). Linear regression for annual loss of VC and FEV1 was calculated from observed data for each subject. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in VC loss or FEV1 loss between woodworkers and control group1 (20.67 +/- 16.9 vs 19.0 +/- 23.2 and 31.37 +/- 22.3 vs 36.2 +/- 22.4 ml/year respectively), while control group 2 showed an accelerated (p < 0.005) VC and FEV1 loss (32.8 +/- 22.1 and 46.6 +/- 21.2 ml/years respectively). In conclusion, the study did not show any alterations in the longitudinal decrease in pulmonary function due to high wood dust exposure levels, perhaps due to the poor inhalability of wood particles that are mostly trapped in the nose; further studies are needed to investigate chronic effects of wood dust exposure on development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, pulmonary fibrosis and also lung cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Interactive effects between plant allelochemicals, plant allelopathic potential and soil nutrients].

Plant allelopathy relates to many ecological factors. The deficit of soil nutrients can influence the production of plant allelochemicals, and thus, influence plant allelopathic potential, while plant allelochemicals can influence the form and level of soil nutrients by the ways of complexation, adsorption, acid dissolution, competition, inhibition, and others. In this paper, the interactive effects between plant allelochemicals, plant allelopathic potential and soil nutrients were summarized, and further research aspects in this field were prospected. It was suggested that following aspects should be strengthened: (1) the integration of plant allelopathy and soil-plant nutrition research to more precisely and deeply interpret the relationships between plant allelochemicals, plant allelopathic potential and soil nutrients, (2) the integration of plant allelopathy and ecosystem nutrient cycling research to simulate the plant nutrients disturbance in nature and make the allelopathy research results more true and more reliable, and (3) the allelopathy research with soils containing excessive nutrients or polluted to provide new ideas and scientific basis in revealing the mechanisms of plants interaction and biomass variation in agricultural and forestry production, and in ecological protection.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed1991

[Geographic distribution of Lyme disease in Mudanjiang].

Four forestry plant in Mudanjiang with different geographic characteristics were investigated in 1989. 2178 people were inquired and examined. 74 cases including 54 of ECM, 12 of nervous system disorder and 8 of arthritis were confirmed as Lyme disease. There were some patients at other places of forest areas of Mudanjiang. The prevalence rate of Lyme disease ranged from 1% to 4.5% at four plants with higher rate in mountainous area than in hilly land. It is first report that one strain of Lyme disease spirochetes was isolated from a patient with psychiatric derangement. It proved that Ixodes persulcatus play the leading role in transmission of Lyme disease spirochetes, as the growth curve of Ixodes persul catus is coincident with that of the patient with ECM.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The occupational spectrum in alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis].

The professional spectrum was analysed in 898 patients with ascertained alveolitides and lung fibroses. Most frequent were fibroses in occupations from agriculture and forestry (167 = 18.6%). Then followed workers in metal (119 = 13.3%), commerce and supply (69 = 7.7%), transport (46 = 5.1%), economic management (46 = 5.1%), building trade (42 = 4.7%) and textile workers (34 = 3.8%). The proportion of the other professional branches was lower than 3.5%. Close connections between disease and profession were seen in the employees in agriculture. The group is formed above all by farmer's lungs (exposure against hay, straw, pellets, corn, fruit, vegetables and so on) and bird-fanciers' lungs. In the other professional groups the rate of the etiologically clarified cases is essentially smaller. Particularly the metal branches are a centre for further investigations.

Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic↗
PubMed1990

[An analysis of industrial accidents in the working field with a particular emphasis on repeated accidents].

The present study is based on an analysis of routinely submitted reports of occupational accidents experienced by the workers of industrial enterprises under the jurisdiction of Kagoshima Labor Standard Office during a 5-year period 1983 to 1987. Officially notified injuries serious enough to keep employees away from their job for work at least 4 days were utilized in this study. Data was classified so as to give an observed frequency distribution for workers having any specified number of accidents. Also, the accident rate which is an indicator of the risk of accident was compared among different occupations, between age groups and between the sexes. Results obtained are as follows; 1) For the combined total of 6,324 accident cases for 8 types of occupation (Construction, Transportation, Mining & Quarrying, Forestry, Food manufacture, Lumber & Woodcraft, Manufacturing industry and Other business), the number of those who had at least one accident was 6,098, of which 5,837 were injured only once, 208 twice, 21 three times and 2 four times. When occupation type was fixed, however, the number of workers having one, two, three and four times of accidents were 5,895, 182, 19 and 2, respectively. This suggests that some workers are likely to have experienced repeated accidents in more than one type of occupation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational associations among British Columbia male cancer patients.

In a study of 6,389 male cancer patients diagnosed and treated at the Cancer Control Agency of British Columbia from 1950-1975, several associations were detected between occupation and specific cancers. Elevated risks for lung cancer were seen in miners, metal processors and machinists, while a reduced risk was seen in farmers. Lip cancer excesses were detected in individuals involved in several outdoor occupations, and melanoma excesses were seen for three groups of predominantly indoor workers. These results confirm previous findings in the literature, whereas the following associations have not been previously reported. Fishermen were found to have an excess of Hodgkin's Disease (RR = 3.0, 95% C.I. = 1.4,6.5), engineers are at an elevated risk of cancer of the pancreas (RR = 4.2, C.I. = 1.8,9.9), and forestry workers have an elevated risk of bladder cancer (RR = 1.7, C.I. = 1.1,2.6). Further studies will be needed to replicate the new associations detected here.

British Columbia↗
PubMed1990

[Progression of noise-induced hearing loss in exposed agricultural workers--ADP projects "LADA" and "LEQ"].

For years now, the survey of noise deafness as an officially recognized occupational disease has shown agriculture, forestry and the foodstuff industry to be a problem field. This is particularly true of operators of self-propelled machines and tractors. As far as the causes are concerned, it is more or less only presumptions that have been voiced hitherto, since the real noise-exposure data (particularly long-term recordings) has been lacking. For the long-term storage of exposure and audiometry data two reusable computerized projects have been worked out. Employing them, researchers can obtain noise-deafness progression data on an individual basis, based on the individual's noise-exposure data. The preliminary assessment of the data of nearly 1000 workers shows that both the noise exposure and the extent of the hearing loss vary greatly between individuals. This adds the necessity of an individual-based recording of the noise-exposure data.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A case-study of accidents in a wood processing industry in Nigeria.

A twelve-month case-study of industrial accidents in a large-scale modern wood-processing industry in Nigeria shows that 80.6% of the accidents were minor while the rest were major accidents. Incidence rate of the accidents was 64.6/100 workers at risk per year. The accidents appeared to be evenly distributed in the various production sections of the industry except for few but severe cases of head injuries that occurred mainly among the forestry, plywood and sawmill workers. About 39.8% of the accidents were caused by handling objects and 19.4% by falling objects. The incidence rates of the accidents decreased with increasing age and length of experience of the workers. The proportion of sickness absentees due to the accidents was 37.8% with 0.47 mean number of spells and 3.1 mean number of days lost per worker per year.

Accidents, Occupational↗