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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Effects of tail fat on halothane biotransformation in fat-tailed sheep.

1. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of tail fat on halothane biotransformation following similar anaesthetic exposure in intact sheep and sheep with a ligated median sacral artery. 2. A prospective randomized experimental study was performed using 12 healthy, 10-12-month-old female sheep. 3. Sheep were randomly divided into two groups of six animals each and were anaesthetized twice at 2 weekly intervals. After mask induction with halothane in 100% oxygen, sheep were intubated and anaesthesia was maintained for 3 h using a rebreathing system. Serum fluoride concentration (SFC) was measured at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h following the induction of anaesthesia. Serum biochemistry was also evaluated at baseline and 72 h after anaesthesia. Induction and extubation times and time to sternal recumbency were also recorded during anaesthetic induction and recovery. Prior to the second anaesthesia (2 weeks later), the median sacral artery (MSA) was ligated under epidural anaesthesia in the experimental group. Sheep in the control group underwent sham operation. All sheep were anaesthetized as before. 4. Following the first halothane anaesthesia, SFC was significantly increased from 3 to 48 h compared with baseline. In the second stage of the experiment, the increases in SFC in the control group were similar to those seen in the first stage of the experiment. However, in MSA-ligated sheep, the increases in SFC were only significant between 3 and 12 h compared with baseline. The SFC was significantly higher in intact sheep from 3 to 72 h compared with the MSA-ligated group. Extubation and sternal recumbency times were significantly longer in intact sheep. 5. Ligation of the MSA in fat-tailed sheep induced a significant reduction in SFC, suggesting that the presence of tail fat substantially affects halothane metabolism during the peri-anaesthetic period in sheep. The greater extent of halothane biotransformation may be clinically important in, otherwise normal, obese patients.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2003

Effects of fat digestion on appetite, APD motility, and gut hormones in response to duodenal fat infusion in humans.

The presence of nutrients in the small intestine slows gastric emptying and suppresses appetite and food intake; these effects are partly mediated by the release of gut hormones, including CCK. We investigated the hypothesis that the modulation of antropyloroduodenal motility, suppression of appetite, and stimulation of CCK and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion by intraduodenal fat are dependent on triglyceride hydrolysis by lipase. Sixteen healthy, young, lean men were studied twice in double-blind, randomized, crossover fashion. Ratings for appetite-related sensations, antropyloroduodenal motility, and plasma CCK and glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations were measured during a 120-min duodenal infusion of a triglyceride emulsion (2.8 kcal/min) on one day with, on the other day without, 120 mg tetrahydrolipstatin, a potent lipase inhibitor. Immediately after the duodenal fat infusion, food intake at a buffet lunch was quantified. Lipase inhibition with tetrahydrolipstatin was associated with reductions in tonic and phasic pyloric pressures, increased numbers of isolated antral and duodenal pressure waves, and stimulation of antropyloroduodenal pressure-wave sequences (all P < 0.05). Scores for prospective consumption and food intake at lunch were greater, and nausea scores were slightly less, and the rises in plasma CCK and glucagon-like peptide-1 were abolished (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, lipase inhibition attenuates the effects of duodenal fat on antropyloroduodenal motility, appetite, and CCK and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Fish oil n-3 fatty acids selectively limit the hypertrophy of abdominal fat depots in growing rats fed high-fat diets.

Because dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) from fish oils have profound effects on lipid metabolism, we examined whether they influence the growth of adipose tissue at different locations in growing rats. Rats were fed for 4 wk on high-fat (HF) diets (20% fat) containing very low (L), medium (M), and high (H) amounts of n-3 PUFA but similar amounts of saturated fatty acids and n-6 PUFA. A fourth group was fed a standard laboratory diet (control group) to estimate changes in adipose tissue mass related to growth. At the end of the dietary treatment, the lipid mass (LM) of the four major adipose depots (subcutaneous, SC; mesenteric, MES; retroperitoneal, RP; epididymal, EPI) and total adiposity were significantly higher in each of the three HF groups than in the control group. The lipid gain in EPI was due to fat cell hypertrophy alone, whereas RP showed both hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Energy intake, fatty acid excretion, and body mass were the same in the three groups fed HF diets. Similarly, there was no difference in the LM or in lipid gains specifically caused by HF feeding of SC and MES between the HF groups. In contrast, the LM of RP was significantly lower in the H than in the L and M groups (50 and 30%, respectively). The LM of EPI was also 30% lower in the H than in the L group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abdomen↗
PubMed1994

Rat hypothalamic NPY mRNA and brown fat uncoupling protein mRNA after high-carbohydrate or high-fat diets.

We measured the influence of diet composition on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) message and brown fat uncoupling protein (UCP) mRNA using different diets. Sprague-Dawley rats ate ad libitum either chow, a high-carbohydrate (HC), an intermediate-carbohydrate (IHC), a high-fat (HF), or an intermediate-fat (IHF) diet, all with equal protein content (g/kcal). The HF and IHF groups ate less food mass and, except for HC, all groups consumed similar kilocalories during the study. After 1 wk, we killed the animals and extracted total RNA from arcuate nucleus, cortex, and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Arcuate NPY mRNA in the HF group was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than in the HC and chow group. There were no differences between groups in NPY message in cortex or NPY protein in the paraventricular nucleus. BAT UCP message levels were significantly higher (P = 0.001) in the HF group. Thus HF compared with HC and chow diet reduces expression of NPY mRNA in hypothalamic nuclei and increases expression of BAT UCP message.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1995

Continuous and massive intake of chitosan affects mineral and fat-soluble vitamin status in rats fed on a high-fat diet.

We investigated the effects of continuous and massive intake of chitosan with sodium ascorbate (AsN) on the mineral and the fat-soluble vitamin status in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed on a high-fat diet. The apparent fat digestibility in the chitosan-receiving group was significantly lower than that in the cellulose- or glucosamine-receiving group. Chitosan feeding for 2 weeks caused a decrease in mineral absorption and bone mineral content, and it was necessary to administer twice the amount of Ca in the AIN-76 formula, which was supplemented with AsN, to prevent such a decrease in the bone mineral content. Moreover, the ingestion of chitosan along with AsN led to a marked and rapid decrease in the serum vitamin E level, while such a loss in vitamin E was not observed for rats given glucosamine monomer instead of chitosan.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Fat embolism and the fat embolism syndrome. A double-blind therapeutic study.

Fifty-five adults who had sustained a tibial fracture, or a femoral fracture, or both, were subjected to a double-blind randomised study to determine the efficacy of methylprednisolone in treating the fat embolism syndrome. This drug maintained arterial oxygen levels, stabilised or reduced the serum level of free fatty acids, and decreased the risk of the fat embolism syndrome in a statistically significant proportion of patients. Gurd's criteria for the diagnosis of the fat embolism syndrome were found inadequate. Other more sensitive criteria for early diagnosis and effective management were determined. There were no deaths or serious morbidity in our series.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Defining high-fat-diet rat models: metabolic and molecular effects of different fat types.

High-fat (HF)-diet rodent models have contributed significantly to the analysis of the pathophysiology of the insulin resistance syndrome, but their phenotype varies distinctly between different studies. Here, we have systematically compared the metabolic and molecular effects of different HF with varying fatty acid compositions. Male Wistar rats were fed HF diets (42% energy; fat sources: HF-L - lard; HF-O - olive oil; HF-C - coconut fat; HF-F - fish oil). Weight, food intake, whole-body insulin tolerance and plasma parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism were measured during a 12-week diet course. Liver histologies and hepatic gene expression profiles, using Affymetrix GeneChips, were obtained. HF-L and HF-O fed rats showed the most pronounced obesity and insulin resistance; insulin sensitivity in HF-C and HF-F was close to normal. Plasma omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (omega-3-PUFA) and saturated fatty acid (C(12)-C(14), SFA) levels were elevated in HF-F and HF-C animals respectively. The liver histologies showed hepatic steatosis in HF-L, HF-O and HF-C without major inflammation. Hepatic SREBP1c-dependent genes were upregulated in these diets, whereas PPARalpha-dependent genes were predominantly upregulated in HF-F fed rats. We detected classical HF effects only in diets based on lard and olive oil (mainly long-chain, saturated (LC-SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)). PUFA- or MC-SFA-rich diets did not induce insulin resistance. Diets based on LC-SFA and MUFA induced hepatic steatosis with SREBP1c activation. This points to an intact transcriptional hepatic insulin effect despite resistance to insulin's metabolic actions.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Precision and sensitivity of a test for vegetable fat adulteration of milk fat.

A test for routine screening of Mozzarella cheese and butter for vegetable fat adulteration is described. Fat is extracted and saponified. The potassium salts of the fatty acids are measured through direct gas chromatographic analysis. A ratio, calculated from the concentrations of butyric and oleic acids, is used to evaluate the purity of a sample. The test offers good precision and can detect less than 10% partially hydrogenated vegetable fat.

Butter↗
PubMed1997

Effects of replacement of native fat in colostrum and milk with coconut oil on fat-soluble vitamins in serum and immune function in calves.

Fat-soluble vitamins and their metabolites modulate immune function in a variety of animal species. The objective of the present study was to determine the role of fat-soluble vitamins in colostrum and milk in the development of specific aspects of immune function in the calf during the 1st wk postpartum. During this period, control calves (n = 6) were fed normal colostrum and milk, and calves in the treatment group (n = 6) were fed skimmed colostrum and skimmed milk supplemented with coconut oil. Treated calves did not experience the progressive increase in concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, or retinoic acids in serum that was observed in control calves. Acquisition of passive immunity, which is indicated by concentrations of immunoglobulin G1 in serum, was unaffected by treatment. Composition and functional capacities of populations of blood mononuclear leukocytes that were collected from birth to 7 d postpartum were also unaffected by treatment. Major changes in the function and composition of mononuclear leukocyte populations from all calves occurred during the experimental period and were unrelated to the concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins in serum. Populations of blood mononuclear leukocytes from calves were functionally hyporesponsive and compositionally different from populations of blood mononuclear leukocytes from adult nongravid cows. These differences likely reflected the immaturity of the immune system of the neonatal calf and may contribute to the increased susceptibility of the calf to infectious disease.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

A comparative study on the beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), amla (Emblica Officinalis Gaertn)and onion (Allium cepa Linn) on the hyperlipidemia induced by butter fat and beef fat in rats.

Three months feeding of butter fat (BUF) and beef (BF) separately as components of diet at a level of 21% by weight for albino rats, significantly raised their serum and tissue lipids, lipid peroxidation and activities of certain enzymes. BUF was found to be more atherogenic than BF. On incorporation of 5% garlic, amla or onion separately in the above diets, each of them ameliorated the deleterious effects of the animal fats. A higher hyperlipidemic effect of BUF as compared to that of BF may be due to the fact that the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fats is lower for the former (0.56) than for the latter (0.75) and also that the former is richer in cholesterol content than the latter. The order of the curative effects of the vegetables are garlic>amla>onion. The better hypolipidemic effects and correction of elevated levels of certain enzymes shown by garlic and amla may be due to the facts that they contain comparatively better active principles than that found in onions.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects on C3H mouse mammary cancer of changing from a high fat to a low fat diet before, at, or after puberty.

A low fat/low calorie (LF/LC) diet is a relative inhibitor of murine mammary cancer. Because the mammary gland may be most sensitive to the action of a carcinogen at or near the age of puberty, we studied whether beginning a LF/LC diet before puberty would decrease C3H/OuJ mouse mammary cancer incidence more than if such a diet was begun at or after puberty. We also studied whether the advancement of the age of puberty by a high fat/high calorie (HF/HC) diet would in itself be a mammary cancer risk factor and whether dietary fat levels would affect mammary cancer metastases. In the first study, mice were changed from a HF/HC diet to a LF/LC diet at 12 days of age, puberty, or 60 days of age. Other groups were always HF/HC or always LF/LC. In a second experiment, mice were fed a high fat diet for the same length of time, i.e., from 21 to 75 days of age (before and through puberty) or 75 to 129 days of age (well after puberty). In one aspect of the first study, puberty was advanced by feeding a HF/HC diet until the first day of puberty. However, tumor latency, incidence, and multiplicity were not statistically different from those of the LF/LC control. Other results of the first study indicated, in general, that mice consuming a LF/LC diet beginning at or before puberty had a longer tumor latency and a lower tumor incidence and multiplicity than mice either beginning a LF/LC diet at 60 days of age or continuously fed a HF/HC diet. Lung metatases were greater in mice fed a HF/HC diet continuously compared to LF/LC continuously. In the second study, beginning the high fat diet before or after puberty did not result in statistically significant differences in tumor latency, incidence, or multiplicity. It was concluded that the longer a LF/LC diet was fed, the lower was the mammary cancer risk. An early puberty in itself was not a mammary cancer risk factor and mouse puberty had no particular significance as an age before which a LF/LC diet should begin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of reduced fat content of the diet of the rat and a single fat load on the lipopexic function of the lungs and the development of silicosis].

A diet with low fat content did not influence the lipid level in the lungs and fibrinogenesis values in the development of silicosis in rats, due to the intensification of the lung lipopexic function, that was revealed in the prefibrosis period, using single fat load. A direct correlation of the lung lipopexic function degree in the prefibrosis period with the degree of pneumophibrosis developing afterwards was noted. The optimum time for the study of the rat lung lipopexic function was specified (1.5 h) after single fat load. It is recommended that the lung lipopexic function, as an indirect sign of the degree of the development of proliferative-cellular reactions in the lungs, be investigated in subjects engaged in the work associated with the risk of pneumoconiosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Favourable effect of olive oil in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The effect on blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid levels of a high-fat diet rich in monounsaturated fat compared with a carbohydrate-rich diet].

To compare blood pressure, glucose and fat metabolism after a high-fat diet rich in monounsaturated fat reduced day time systolic (131 +/- 3 vs. 137 +/- 3 mmHg, p < 0.04) and 24-hour systolic blood pressure (126 +/- 8 vs. 130 +/- 10 mmHg, p < 0.03) as well as day time diastolic (78 +/- 2 vs. 84 +/- 52 mmHg, p < 0.02) and diurnal diastolic blood pressure (75 +/- 6 vs. 78 +/- 5 mmHg, p < 0.03) as compared with the high-carbohydrate diet. Evidence of improved glucose tolerance on the high-monounsaturated diet compared with the high-carbohydrate diet were found with lower fasting blood glucose (6.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 6.8 +/- 0.5 mM, p < 0.05), lower average blood glucose levels (7.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 8.2 +/- 0.6 mmol/l, p < 0.01) and peak blood glucose responses (9.9 +/- 0.6 vs. 11.3 +/- 0.7 mmol/l, p < 0.02). Similar levels of fasting triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL cholesterol were found after the two diets.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1993

[Fat consumption of first-grade students in elementary school. Quality and quantity of fats used at home and at school].

The aim of the study was to study the fat consumption of first grade pupils in elementary school, especially the quality and quantity of the fats used both at home and at school. The data were collected in the year 1990 by questionnaires sent to the parents and by interviewing the children. The study population consisted of all the first grade pupils (N = 54) in an elementary school in the town of Varkaus. According to our findings there is a need for individual nutrition education. The families ought to pay attention to decreasing saturated fats and to increasing oils and vegetables, fruits and berries in their diet.

Child↗
PubMed2002

How to get fat: nutritional mechanisms of seasonal fat accumulation in migratory songbirds.

Many migratory birds accumulate large amounts of lipids as the prime energy source for their long-distance flights. This fat accumulation is mostly under endogenous control, reflecting genetically programmed temporal shifts of the body mass set point. It is accompanied by an increase in daily food intake and food utilisation efficiency and by a seasonal shift in food selection. In particular, seasonal frugivory appears to play a key role in many migrants. Fruits have a high content of fatty acids indispensable for building up the specific depot lipids. In addition, plant secondary compounds seem to play some kind of supportive role, but the mechanisms are not yet known. The effect of being fat on the metabolic situation in migrant birds appears to be similar to the metabolic syndrome in obese humans. The fat migratory bird provides a model through which to study nutritional factors as well as the biochemical and endocrine regulation of food intake, body mass and obesity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the liver: comparison of fat-suppressed GRASE with conventional spin echo, fat-suppressed turbo spin echo, and gradient echo at 1.0 T.

BACKGROUND: Fat-suppressed T2-weighted gradient and spin echo (GRASE) magnetic resonance imaging in the liver was compared with three other sequences: conventional spin echo (SE), fat-suppressed and respiratory-triggered turbo SE (TSE), and fast field echo (FFE). METHODS: All sequences were applied in 48 prospective patients. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. Biopsy or clinical follow-up established the final diagnosis of the lesions. RESULTS: GRASE showed the second best contrast-to-noise ratio, the second best artifact level, the same lesion detectability as TSE, and very short acquisition time. GRASE and TSE had the highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. CONCLUSION: Fat-suppressed GRASE offers a fast and accurate method for imaging the liver.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fat detection in granular-cell renal cell carcinoma using chemical-shift gradient-echo MR imaging: another renal tumor that contains fat.

Preoperative chemical-shift magnetic resonance images in a 56-year-old man suggested the presence of microscopic fat in the tumor. The surgical specimen showed a granular-cell renal cell carcinoma with papillary architecture, associated with abundant fat-containing foamy histiocytes in the interstitium. The radiologist should include this entity in the differential diagnoses of renal tumors that contain microscopic fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Changes in fat mass, fat-free mass and aerobic fitness in severely obese children and adolescents following a residential treatment programme.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to describe changes in fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and aerobic fitness in severely obese children and adolescents during residential treatment in the Medical Paediatric Centre Zeepreventorium. Treatment consisted of moderate dietary restriction, physical activity and psychological support. This study was a clinical observation of 20 severely obese children and adolescents (8 boys and 12 girls, aged 15.4+/-1.8 years) who completed the 10-month residential programme. Height, weight, FM, FFM and aerobic fitness was measured four times during the intervention: at baseline, 11 weeks, 24 weeks and at 33 weeks (at the end of the programme ). The mean decrease in level of overweight was 46% (P<0.001), with a mean loss of 8.9% FM (P<0.001). Submaximal performance (PWC150) improved from 123+/-35 Watt to 152+/-37 Watt (P<0.001). Maximal performance levels increased (performance time: from 14+/-2.9 min to 15.3+/-3.5 min, peak power: from 186+/-38 Watt to 205+/-45 Watt, P<0.01) without an improvement in absolute VO(2 peak). CONCLUSION: A moderate dietary restriction in combination with physical activity and psychological support in severely obese children and adolescents is effective in decreasing body fat and improving physical performance. Further research is needed to evaluate the longer-term effects of such a programme.

Adipose Tissue↗