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PubMed2003

Associations of aortic and mitral regurgitation with body composition and myocardial energy expenditure in adults with hypertension: the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network study.

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that aortic regurgitation, mitral valve regurgitation, or both are associated with lower body mass index, an index of body adiposity. However, the relations of valvular regurgitation to body composition and myocardial bioenergetic expenditure have not been previously investigated in a population-based sample. METHODS: We selected 1496 patients with hypertension who did not have diabetes mellitus to participate in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) study. We excluded participants with severe aortic or mitral stenosis or with known coronary heart disease. Bioimpedance was used to assess body composition. Echocardiography was used to assess left ventricular (LV) structure and function and to calculate myocardial workload (expressed as energy expenditure) from end-systolic stress, ejection time, and stroke volume. The study sample was divided into groups without mitral or aortic regurgitation (control subjects, n = 1175), with mild valvular regurgitation (1+, n = 246), and with at least moderate (>or=2+) mitral or aortic regurgitation (n = 75). RESULTS: The mean patient age was higher with more severe valvular insufficiency. Sex distribution and blood pressure were similar among the 3 groups. Body mass index and fat mass were significantly lower with more severe valvular regurgitation, whereas fat-free mass was only slightly lower in the group with >or=2+ regurgitation compared with control subjects. Skinfold thicknesses (brachial and subscapular) were lower with more severe valvular regurgitation, whereas self-reported physical activity per week was similar among the 3 groups. LV mass and circumferential end-systolic stress were higher with more severe valvular regurgitation. Noninvasively estimated myocardial energy expenditure was slightly higher in participants with 1+ valvular regurgitation and was significantly higher with >or=2+ regurgitation. Ejection fraction was mildly lower with >or=2+ aortic insufficiency, mitral insufficiency, or both. Midwall shortening and stress-corrected midwall shortening did not differ among groups. CONCLUSIONS: In a population-based sample of adults with hypertension and without diabetes mellitus, known coronary heart disease, or significant valvular stenosis, mitral and aortic regurgitation were associated with higher LV mass and total myocardial biomechanical workload but with lower body fat mass and slightly lower body fat-free mass, which suggests that global myocardial bioenergetic expenditure is elevated by concomitant valvular regurgitation beyond the effect of pressure overload caused by hypertension.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

The effect of oral terbutaline on maternal glucose metabolism and energy expenditure in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Terbutaline, a selective beta2-agonist, is a frequently used tocolytic known to affect maternal metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral terbutaline on maternal glucose metabolism and energy expenditure. STUDY DESIGN: Six healthy pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance were evaluated between 30 and 34 weeks' gestation. Oral terbutaline was administered to determine the effects on hepatic glucose production with [6-6(2)H2] glucose tracer, insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), and energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry). Terbutaline, insulin, and glucagon levels were also obtained. Subjects were randomly assigned to either oral terbutaline 5 mg every 6 hours for 24 hours or no medication. Repeat studies were conducted 1 week apart, each subject serving as her own control. RESULTS: In the basal state terbutaline was associated with a trend toward increased basal glucose levels (81.6 +/- 6.6 vs 93.7 +/- 12.0 mg/dl, p = 0.06) but no significant increase in hepatic glucose production (3.2 +/- 0.3 vs 3.6 +/- 0.4 mg/kg fat-free mass/min, p = 0.23). However, there was a significant increase in basal insulin concentration (17.6 +/- 9.2 vs 25.6 +/- 10.4 microU/ml, p = 0.02). There was a 28% decrease in insulin sensitivity as measured by the glucose infusion rate during the euglycemic clamp plus residual hepatic glucose turnover (5.78 +/- 1.91 vs 4.16 +/- 1.49 mg/kg fat-free mass/min, p = 0.005). Glucagon concentration was significantly decreased both in the basal state (163 +/- 26 vs 144 +/- 27 pg/ml, p = 0.0007) and during the clamp (144 +/- 27 vs 133 +/- 27 pg/ml, p = 0.003). Basal oxygen consumption increased 9% (270 +/- 49 vs 294 +/- 50 ml oxygen/min, p = 0.007) and caloric expenditure 14% (1.32 +/- 0.23 vs 1.50 +/- 0.31 kcal/min, p = 0.025) or 260 kcal/day with terbutaline. CONCLUSION: Decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity, and to a lesser degree increased endogenous glucose production, may represent the pathophysiology of abnormal glucose tolerance observed in many women treated with oral terbutaline. Common side effects such as tremors and tachycardia experienced by many women on a regimen of terbutaline are consistent with our finding of a significant increase in basal energy expenditure.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed2003

Orexin-A-sensitive site for energy expenditure localized in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Orexin-A is a unique hypothalamic neuropeptide that stimulates both food intake and energy expenditure, although orexigenic peptides usually have coordinated effects on fat storage by increasing food intake and decreasing energy expenditure. Here we investigated the site of action of orexin-A-induced thermogenesis in urethane-anesthetized rats. Microinjection of 1-10 pmol orexin-A into the arcuate nucleus (Arc) specifically increased whole-body O(2) consumption (VO(2)), an index of energy expenditure; whereas it had no effect on VO(2) when injected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), dorsomedial nucleus (DMH), lateral hypothalamus (LH), ventromedial nucleus (VMH) or medial preoptic nucleus (MPO) of the hypothalamus or into in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) or pontine locus coeruleus (LC). VO(2) increased immediately after an orexin-A injection into the Arc, and this increase was accompanied by a simultaneous tachycardiac response and a gradual increase in colonic temperature (T(co)), whereas an injection of the saline vehicle into the Arc had no effect. The effective dose of orexin-A into the Arc was 10 times less than that into the cerebral ventricle to induce a similar level of response. In addition, intracerebroventricular administration of orexin-A (100 pmol) elicited a significantly smaller VO(2) response in Arc-lesioned rats than that in sham-operated control rats. These results suggest that the orexin-induced energy expenditure is mediated, at least in part, by the Arc.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Energy expenditure during walking and running in obese and nonobese prepubertal children.

We measured body composition and energy expenditure during walking and running on a treadmill in 40 prepubertal children: 23 obese children (9.3 +/- 1.1 years of age; 46 +/- 10 kg (mean +/- SD)) and 17 nonobese matched control children (9.2 +/- 0.6 years of age; 30 +/- 5 kg). Energy expenditure was assessed by indirect calorimetry with a standard open-circuit method. At the same speed of exercise, the energy expenditure was significantly (p < 0.01) greater in obese than in control children, in both boys and girls. Expressed per kilogram of body weight or per kilogram of fat-free mass, the energy expenditure was comparable in the two groups. Obese children had a significantly (p < 0.01) larger pulmonary ventilatory response to exercise than did control children. Heart rate was comparable in boys and girls combined but significantly higher (p < 0.05) in obese subjects, if boys and girls were analyzed separately. These data indicate that walking and running are energetically more expensive for obese children than for children of normal body weight. The knowledge of these energy costs could be useful in devising a physical activity program to be used in the treatment of obese children.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of total energy expenditure in free-living patients with cystic fibrosis.

The increase in resting energy expenditure (REE) reported in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) does not necessarily imply an increase in total energy expenditure (TEE). In this study REE was assessed with open-circuit indirect calorimetry, and free-living 24-hour TEE with the heart rate method. Thirteen patients with CF, aged 8 to 24 years, with adequate nutritional status and moderately decreased pulmonary function, were studied. They were compared with 13 healthy control subjects matched for gender, age, height, and nutritional status. Resting energy expenditure was higher in patients with CF (1512 +/- 88 kcal/day) than in control subjects (1339 +/- 76 kcal/day; p less than 0.01), whereas free-living 24-hour TEE (2345 +/- 127 kcal/day and 2358 +/- 256 kcal/day, respectively) and net mechanical work efficiency of walking on a treadmill (20.4 +/- 0.7% and 19.8 +/- 0.6%, respectively) were similar. Respiratory quotient was higher in patients with CF than in control subjects at rest (0.834 +/- 0.009 vs 0.797 +/- 0.008; p less than 0.05), and tended to remain so during physical exercise, indicating a higher contribution of carbohydrate oxidation to energy expenditure. We conclude that in free living conditions, patients with CF can compensate for their increase in REE by a reduction in spontaneous physical activities or other yet undefined mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effect of intermittent versus continuous enteral feeding on energy expenditure in premature infants.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether premature infants have higher rates of energy expenditure and diet-induced thermogenesis during intermittent feeding compared with continuous feeding. Using open-circuit respiratory calorimetry, we measured energy expenditure in 11 premature newborn infants on 2 successive days for 5 to 7 hours during and after either intermittent or continuous feeding. Infants were fed the same quantity of formula each day, either for 5 minutes or by continuous drip for 2 to 3 hours. The order of feeding type was randomized. No response of diet-induced thermogenesis to continuous feeding was found, whereas a peak increase of 15% over baseline was observed after intermittent feeding. Overall energy expenditure during the study period was significantly greater after intermittent compared with continuous feeding (2.18 +/- 0.07 kcal/kg per hour vs 2.09 +/- 0.05 kcal/kg per hour; p less than 0.05). Thus there was a mean 4% difference (range up to 17%) in energy expenditure between the two feeding modes. These results are similar to those obtained with adults and support the concept of the increased energy efficiency of continuous feeding. Further study will be necessary to document whether the increased energy efficiency provided by continuous feeding may be clinically significant.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1980

Caloric intake and expenditure of obese boys.

Caloric intake and expenditure of children in four families were assessed by nonparticipant observations of family dinners and school lunches. In each family there were one obese boy and one nonobese brother whose ages were within two years of each other. For family dinners the nonobese brother served as a control; for school lunches, a nonobese peer served as a control. The obese boys consumed more calories (766 +/- 290) than did their nonobese brothers at dinner (504 +/- 183) and far more (907 +/- 217) than their nonobese peers at lunch (500 +/- 386). The obese boys also ate faster (65.7 +/- 37.0 kcal/minute) than their brothers at dinner (31.7 +/- 13.8 kcal/minute) and far faster (103.5 +/- 40.9 kcal/minute) than their nonobese peers at lunch (46.2 +/- 22.5 kcal/minute). Time-sampled activity assessments showed the obese boys far less active than their controls inside the home, slightly less active outside the home, and equally active at school. When these activity values were converted into energy expenditure by measurement of oxygen consumption, obese boys expended more calories in moving than did their controls; as a result, there was no difference in energy expenditure between obese and nonobese boys at home and greater energy expenditure outside the home and at school. Increased intake, thus, and not decreased caloric output maintained the obesity of these four boys. In this respect, obesity in childhood may differ from obesity in adult life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Individual variation in the relation between body temperature and energy expenditure in response to elevated ambient temperature.

The question we address here is whether a mild increase in environmental temperature affects body temperature and energy expenditure, focusing on the individual variation in the relation between energy expenditure and body temperature. We studied eight normal weight healthy females, 48 h at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C, and 48 h at 27 degrees C. Energy expenditure (EE) was measured in a respiration chamber. Subjects' skin temperature was measured continuously from 8:00 a.m. until 12:00 p.m.: forehead, infraclavicular zone, thigh, hand, and foot. Core temperature was determined tympanically. Body composition was determined by under water weighing. Exposure to 27 degrees C caused a significant increase in body temperature (both skin and core), a decrease in temperature gradients, and a decrease in energy expenditure. At 27 degrees C 24 h EE, adjusted for body composition, was significantly related to body tympanic temperature. The decrease in 24 h EE, at 27 degrees C ambient temperature, was significantly, negatively related to the increase in T(tym), indicating individual responses in adaptation to elevated ambient temperature. Changes in temperature gradient (comparing 27 degrees C with 22 degrees C) were negatively related to changes in EE. This shows that individuals differ in their response to an increase in environmental temperature regarding the relative contribution of insulative or metabolic adjustments.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1997

Effect of photoperiod on body mass, and daily energy intake and energy expenditure in young rats.

In this experiment we investigate the effect of photoperiod on locomotor activity, body mass, food intake, growth efficiency (relationship between body mass change and food intake), energy expenditure, and body composition in growing Wistar rats. Two groups of animals were subjected to either a long, LD 18:6 (n = 8) or short photoperiod, LD 6:18 (n = 7), during a period of 190 days after weaning. Activity, body mass, food intake, and energy expenditure were measured during the study, as well as body composition at the end of the experiment. We show that growing rats exposed to short photoperiod (a) have a lower rate of weight gain, (b) have similar energy intakes, (c) have lower growth efficiency, (d) have lower daily energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate, and (e) gain less lean body mass than those exposed to long photoperiods. We suggest that the distribution of energy expenditure and food intake over the total 24-h cycle may be responsible for the differences in body weight gain between the two photoperiods.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Energy expenditure and substrate metabolism after oral fructose in patients with cirrhosis.

There is little information on the metabolic response to ingested fructose in patients with cirrhosis. Glucose kinetics, plasma lipid and blood lactate levels, whole body substrate oxidation rates and energy expenditure were measured following ingestion of 75 g fructose, in 8 cirrhotic patients and 6 controls. Fasting plasma glucose levels and rates of glucose appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd) were similar. The basal rate of lipolysis was higher in cirrhotic patients (P < 0.05), but whole body lipid and carbohydrate oxidation rates and energy expenditure were similar. After fructose ingestion, plasma fructose levels were much higher in cirrhotic patients (P < 0.001) and the incremental area under the plasma glucose curve was twice that of controls (P < 0.05). The increase in glucose in patients with cirrhosis was due to an increase in glucose Ra and an initial reduction in glucose Rd. Plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels fell to similar low levels in both groups. Glycerol levels fell in controls (P < 0.05) but not in cirrhotic patients. Blood lactate levels, fasting and after oral fructose, were similar in cirrhotics and controls. The time course of suppression of lipid oxidation and stimulation of carbohydrate oxidation was more closely related to fructose levels than to serum fatty acid levels in both groups. The percent suppression and total quantity of lipid oxidized in 4 h after fructose were not significantly different, but the suppressed lipid oxidation rates and elevated carbohydrate oxidation rates were sustained for longer in the cirrhotics. The data suggest that fructose uptake and metabolism inhibits oxidation of intracellular lipid. There was a smaller increase in energy expenditure after fructose in cirrhotics (P < 0.001), but normal overall storage of fructose; the likely explanation is reduced first pass hepatic fructose uptake in cirrhotics making more fructose available to the periphery for incorporation into muscle glycogen. The energy cost of storing fructose as muscle glycogen is less than that of storing it as liver glycogen. Preferential incorporation of fructose carbon into muscle glycogen, with lower rates of hepatic glycogen and triglyceride synthesis, would therefore result in less energy expenditure after a fructose load in cirrhotics.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Energy expenditure in obesity.

Energy expenditure of obese subjects living in a respiration chamber is higher than that of lean controls; this is due to a greater basal metabolic rate in the obese. Groups of obese subjects with a family history of obesity and/or a childhood onset of obesity have a reduced thermogenic response after glucose or meal ingestion. However, this defect in diet-induced thermogenesis is not a uniform finding, since only a third of an unselected group of obese women exhibit a reduced response. Moreover, obese subjects with reduced thermogenesis have a higher overall energy expenditure than lean people, even in situations in which a thermogenic response is produced. After inducing loss of weight with a hypocaloric diet, the thermogenic defect does not disappear. Since basal metabolic rate decreases with weight loss, the postprandial energy expenditure of some 'post-obese' subjects can be lower than that of lean controls. It is concluded that a thermogenic defect can contribute to the development of obesity in some predisposed subjects. The mechanisms of the thermogenic defect in the obese are presently unknown; insulin resistance and/or a blunted response of the sympathetic nervous system have been reported, but this topic remains controversial. After weight loss, energy expenditure decreases by about 84 kJ/24 h (20 kcal/24 h) per kg of weight loss in all patients. The need to reset energy intake to a lower level than the previous maintenance food consumption represents a major difficulty in the treatment of obesity; failure to adjust energy intake to the new requirements contributes to the frequent relapse of body weight gain in the obese after completion of a period on a hypocaloric diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Increased energy expenditure and fecal fat excretion do not impair weight gain in small-for-gestational-age preterm infants.

In order to optimize the nutrition of high-risk premature infants beyond the early postnatal period, a more precise knowledge of individual nutritional requirements is needed. We therefore studied the influence of intrauterine growth retardation on energy expenditure and nutrient utilization determined by indirect calorimetry and fecal fat excretion (steatocrit) in nineteen premature infants who were appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA; mean gestational age 29.9+/-0.3 weeks, mean birth weight 1.30+/-0.05 kg) and thirteen small-for-gestational-age (SGA) premature infants [mean gestational age 32.4+/-0.5 weeks, mean birth weight 1.024+/-0.07 kg (i.e., below the 10th percentile)] during the first and second month of life. All infants were clinically stable during the study period. In nine SGA infants we observed a significantly higher steatocrit compared to twelve AGA infants (29+/-1 vs. 17+/-1% p = 0.0001). SGA infants (n = 12) also showed a slightly (albeit statistically not significantly) higher energy expenditure than AGA infants (n = 15) (58.7+/-1.9 vs. 53.6+/-1.5 kcal/kg per day, p = 0.054). Despite the increased fat excretion and higher energy expenditure, SGA infants gained weight more rapidly during the study period than AGA infants (20+/-1 vs. 17+/-1 g/kg per day, p = 0.026). We conclude that influences of intrauterine growth retardation on energy expenditure and nutrient utilization persist during the first weeks of extrauterine life. However, these metabolic changes do not impair the capability of SGA infants for extrauterine catch-up growth if adequate nutrition is provided.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Energy expenditure.

Although human energy expenditure has been studied for over 100 years, many unanswered questions remain regarding the role that individual components of energy expenditure have in the etiology of obesity. Most techniques for measuring physical activity, the most variable component of TDEE, are less than adequate, and differences in energy metabolism are difficult to detect in a static comparison. When energy expenditure is examined in obese and lean subjects at one point in time, there frequently are no differences in energy expenditure when appropriately normalized. However, when subjects are studied longitudinally or when the system is perturbed (such as overfeeding or exercising), differences can be observed. Using a combination of the techniques available today, each component can be reliably studied, and the role that each has in the development of obesity can be ascertained.

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of a new method for estimating resting energy expenditure of non-ambulatory tube-fed patients with severe neurodevelopmental disabilities.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the bias and precision of the Arlington Developmental Center (ADC) equations derived from our previous study and the Harris-Benedict equations for estimating resting energy expenditure in non-ambulatory, tube-fed patients with severe neurodevelopmental disabilities. METHODS: Fifteen non-ambulatory patients with neurodevelopmental disabilities referred to the nutrition consult service for evaluation of enteral tube feeding via a permanent ostomy who had a steady-state resting energy expenditure measurement performed by indirect calorimetry were included in the study. The predicted energy expenditure values were compared with the measured resting energy expenditure values and evaluated for bias and precision. RESULTS: Both ADC equations were more precise (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9-22% and 10-18% error, respectively) for the total population than the Harris-Benedict equations (95% CI: 17-40% error). The ADC-2 equation was precise (95% CI: 7-15% error) and unbiased (95% CI: -5 to 139 kcal/d) in contrast to the Harris-Benedict equations (95% CI: 23-54% error; bias, +230 to 365 kcal/d) for patients with cerebral palsy and fixed upper extremity contractures. The Harris-Benedict equations were precise and unbiased (95% CI: 3-14% error; bias, -182 to 39 kcal/d) for patients with cerebral palsy with preservation of upper body movement, whereas the ADC equations were biased toward underprediction and associated with greater error (95% CI: -367 to -73 kcal/d and 7-26% error; 95% CI: -379 to -109 kcal/d and 9-27% error, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The ADC-2 equation was unbiased and more precise in non-ambulatory adult patients with severe neurodevelopmental disabilities and fixed upper extremity contractures, whereas the Harris-Benedict equations were more precise and unbiased for those with preservation of limited functional and non-functional upper extremity movement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Correlation between amino acid induced changes in energy expenditure and protein metabolism in humans.

The relationship between energy expenditure and protein metabolism during amino acid (AA) administration was evaluated in normal humans. A balanced AA solution was infused for 180 min at five different rates: 20 (study I), 40 (study II), 80 (study III), 160 (study IV), and 240 mg.m2(-1).min-1 (study V), on separate days, in seven normal, overnight-fasted subjects (age 25 +/- 2 y; height 172 +/- 5 cm; weight 68 +/- 4 kg). Indirect calorimetry and [1-14C] leucine infusion techniques were employed. Basal total plasma AA concentration averaged 1827 +/- 121 mumol/L and increased to 2192 +/- 142, 2576 +/- 158, 3677 +/- 195, 5638 +/- 237, and 7185 +/- 261 mumol/L in studies I-V, respectively. Basal energy expenditure averaged 0.60 +/- 0.02 kcal.m2(-1).min-1 and increased slightly in studies I and II (to 0.62 +/- 0.03, 0.63 +/- 0.02, respectively), and significantly in studies III-V (to 0.65 +/- 0.03, 0.70 +/- 0.04, and 0.77 +/- 0.05 kcal.m2(-1).min-1, respectively, all P < 0.01 versus basal; P < 0.05-0.01 for each study versus preceding study). Basal nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD), an index of protein synthesis, averaged 73 +/- 3 mumol.m2(-1).min-1 and increased, albeit not significantly, in studies I and II (to 75 +/- 5, 76 +/- 4, respectively). In contrast, a significant increase in NOLD was observed in studies III-V (to 87 +/- 7, 103 +/- 7, and 127 +/- 9 mumol.m2(-1).min-1, respectively; all P < 0.01 versus basal; P < 0.05-0.01 for each study versus preceding study). Basal respiratory quotient averaged 0.81 +/- 0.02 and did not change significantly in studies I-V (0.80 +/- 0.02, 0.79 +/- 0.02, 0.80 +/- 0.03, 0.82 +/- 0.02 and 0.82 +/- 0.03, respectively). The thermic effect of AA administration, calculated as percent of the AA energy infused, was constant and averaged 24 +/- 4, 19 +/- 3, 17 +/- 4, 17 +/- 3, and 18 +/- 3% in studies I-V, respectively. When AA-induced increase in protein synthesis was plotted with the increment in energy expenditure, a positive correlation was obtained (r = 0.792, P < 0.001). In summary, during AA administration (1) the absolute rise in energy expenditure is dose-dependent and does not show evidence of achieving a plateau; (2) it is positively correlated with AA-induced protein synthesis; and (3) the thermic effect is not dependent upon the AA dose administered. The data provide a quantitative assessment of AA-induced thermogenesis in normal humans and the energy needs associated with an acute stimulation of protein synthesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of chronic treatment with noradrenaline or a specific beta3-adrenergic agonist, CL 316 243, on energy expenditure and epididymal adipocyte lipolytic activity in rat.

1. The effects of 7 days exposure to a specific beta3-adrenergic agonist, CL 316 243 (1 mg/kg x 24 hr), or to the physiological hormone, noradrenaline (5 mg/kg x 24 hr), were tested on energy expenditure and on in vitro lipolysis in male Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. At the second day of treatment, the total energy expenditure and the resting metabolic rate were increased by 20 and 30%, respectively, in the CL-treated group. Under the same conditions, a dose five times higher of NA increased the resting metabolic rate by 11% without any significant change in the total daily energy expenditure. 3. The CL-treated group showed a lower weight gain, correlated with a significant reduction in retroperitoneal adipose tissue weight. Both treatments resulted in a marked desensitization (increased EC50 values) of the NA stimulated lipolysis of epididymal adipocytes. The effects of both treatments on maximal lipolysis were opposite. Indeed, chronic NA-treatment decreased the responsiveness of lipolysis while chronic treatment with CL increased the maximal stimulation of lipolysis to NA. Furthermore, dose-response curve for CL on lipolysis showed a marked functional desensitization of beta3-adrenergic response. 4. Our results demonstrate the high selectivity of beta3-adrenergic agonists to stimulate whole body energy expenditure and lipid mobilization in rodents. The present results point out for the first time an adrenergic desensitization of the lipolytic response after chronic administration of a beta3-agonist.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed2001

Failure of preoperative resting energy expenditure in predicting weight loss after gastroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictive efficacy of preoperative resting energy expenditure (REE) on weight loss after vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG). When subjected to a gastric restriction procedure of similar extent, the patients with higher energy expenditure should experience a greater negative energy balance than those with lower-energy expenditure, and thus, lose more weight, thereby making REE a reliable predictor of weight loss after VBG. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This was a prospective investigation after VBG, taking into account the relationship between preoperative REE values and the results at 1-year follow-up in terms of weight loss and success of the procedure. The correlations were evaluated by multiple and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The weight loss and the outcome at 1 year after VBG seemed to be completely independent of preoperative energy expenditure. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that, despite gastric restriction, patients may voluntarily adjust their energy intake, and that the weight outcome after VBG is influenced more by behavioral and cognitive variables than by biological or surgical factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Medium-chain triglycerides increase energy expenditure and decrease adiposity in overweight men.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of diets rich in medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) or long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) on body composition, energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, subjective appetite, and ad libitum energy intake in overweight men. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Twenty-four healthy, overweight men with body mass indexes between 25 and 31 kg/m(2) consumed diets rich in MCT or LCT for 28 days each in a crossover randomized controlled trial. At baseline and after 4 weeks of each dietary intervention, energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry, and body composition was analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Upper body adipose tissue (AT) decreased to a greater extent (p < 0.05) with functional oil (FctO) compared with olive oil (OL) consumption (-0.67 +/- 0.26 kg and -0.02 +/- 0.19 kg, respectively). There was a trend toward greater loss of whole-body subcutaneous AT volume (p = 0.087) with FctO compared with OL consumption. Average energy expenditure was 0.04 +/- 0.02 kcal/min greater (p < 0.05) on day 2 and 0.03 +/- 0.02 kcal/min (not significant) on day 28 with FctO compared with OL consumption. Similarly, average fat oxidation was greater (p = 0.052) with FctO compared with OL intake on day 2 but not day 28. DISCUSSION: Consumption of a diet rich in MCTs results in greater loss of AT compared with LCTs, perhaps due to increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation observed with MCT intake. Thus, MCTs may be considered as agents that aid in the prevention of obesity or potentially stimulate weight loss.

Adipose Tissue↗