"Let's kill all the lawyers": what did Shakespeare mean?
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Drama↗
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Opera subculture and suicide for honor.
The influence of music-based subcultures on suicidality has been the subject of much debate but little scholarly research. While previous work has documented that suicide is a remarkably frequent cause of death in opera, it has not explored the related consequences on opera's audience. In particular, the possible influence of the opera subculture on suicide acceptability has been largely unexplored. Suicide in the case of life without honor, the "Madame Butterfly Effect," is a theme in opera. Persons who are drawn into and/or influenced by the opera subculture of honor are hypothesized to be more accepting of suicide in the case of dishonor to one's family. Data are from the national general social surveys (N = 845). A multivariate logistic regression analysis finds that opera fans are 2.37 times more accepting of suicide because of dishonor than nonfans. Only two variables, religiosity and education, are more closely related to suicide acceptability than opera fanship. These are the first empirical results on the subject of opera and suicide acceptability.
Attitude to Death↗
Tailored, interactive soap operas for breast cancer education of high-risk Hispanic women.
BACKGROUND: While Hispanic women have lower rates of breast cancer than do women of other ethnic groups, they are the least likely to undergo screening examinations. This study evaluated a culturally sensitive and linguistically appropriate, tailored, computer-based, educational program for early detection of breast cancer aimed at high-risk Hispanic women. METHODS: Spanish-speaking Hispanic women from an inner-city community health clinic were recruited and randomly assigned either to a computer intervention with an interactive soap-opera format (n = 118) or to a comparison group (n = 60). Pre- and posttests were used to identify any change in breast-cancer-related knowledge and beliefs. RESULTS: Both younger (18-40 years old) and older (41-65 years old) women in the intervention group demonstrated significant increases in their breast cancer screening knowledge and beliefs as compared with the younger and older women in the comparison group (n < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Computer-based tailored and interactive soap operas that are linguistically and culturally appropriate are effective in increasing breast cancer screening knowledge and beliefs among underserved Spanish-speaking Hispanic women.
Adult↗
Rationale and design of the MEMA kwa Vijana adolescent sexual and reproductive health intervention in Mwanza Region, Tanzania.
Large-scale innovative, integrated, multifaceted adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) interventions are urgently needed in sub-Saharan Africa. Implementation through schools and health facilities may maximize intervention coverage and sustainability, however the impact of the use of these structures on intervention content and delivery is not well documented. This paper describes the rationale and design of a large-scale multifaceted ASRH intervention, which was developed and evaluated over three years in rural communities in Mwanza Region, North West Tanzania. The intervention comprised community mobilization, participatory reproductive health education in primary schools, youth-friendly reproductive health services and community-based condom provision for youth. We examine the effect of socioeconomic, cultural and infrastructural factors on intervention content and implementation. This paper demonstrates the means by which such interventions can be feasibly and sustainably implemented to a high standard through existing government health and school structures. However, the use of these structures involves compromise on some key aspects of intervention design and requires the development of complementary strategies to access out-of-school youth and the wider community.
Adolescent↗
An evaluation of an education programme on HIV infection using puppetry and street theatre.
'Puppets Against AIDS' is a novel educational medium being used to try to reduce the spread of HIV infection in South Africa. It involves the use of street theatre employing two-metre-high puppets who act out a story of how one person, who is infected with HIV, passes it onto a series of other people until he eventually dies. The puppet show was evaluated in two phases. The first involved a content analysis of a video recording of the show by a multidisciplinary group, according to a set of criteria for appropriate education on HIV infection. This show was found to be professional and comprehensive in terms of the educational messages provided. Some suggestions were made for improvements. The second phase was a before and after study of the impact on the audience at a series of live shows. The show made a significant contribution to knowledge and intended behaviour in the short term. Overall it was felt that the show does make a valuable contribution, but could be made more effective if incorporated into existing community-based education programmes on HIV infection.
Adult↗
Theatre in AIDS education--a controlled study.
Theatre is now widely used in HIV and AIDS education for young people. However, research concerning its effectiveness has largely been conducted without using comparison or control groups and there is little evidence that other types of intervention are more or less effective. The present study was designed to measure the effects of a theatre production on HIV knowledge, attitudes and risk behaviour of young people compared with that of a standard health education seminar which used group work techniques. Both interventions were designed for young people between the ages of 12 and 18 and held in 10 youth projects in socially deprived areas of Glasgow. Five youth projects were randomly assigned to each intervention. All participants were asked to complete a self-administered HIV knowledge, attitude and behavioural questionnaire immediately before and after the event and 2 months later. Research focus groups were also used. A total of 35 young people attending the standard seminars completed three self-administered questionnaires, and 18 participated in all three focus groups. Forty-two young people attending the theatre performances completed three self-administered questionnaires and 16 participated in all three focus groups. There was little impact on the knowledge and attitudes of either audience, although there was some evidence of attitudinal change among those exposed to the health education discussion session. More of the theatre group reported a behavioural change 2 months after attending the play but only in relation to buying and carrying condoms. It is uncertain whether this led to safer sex practices. This study does not support the view that theatre in AIDS education has a significant impact on HIV knowledge, attitudes and risk behaviour.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Clinical effectiveness of dramatherapy in the recovery from neuro-trauma.
PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical effectiveness of a short course of dramatherapy (an eclectic term encompassing all the arts therapies), delivered in a one-to-one interaction, in a sample of 10 patients in a neuro-rehabilitation unit. METHOD: Each participant received five individual one-to-one sessions of therapy over a 5 week period. A semi-structured interview was carried out with each participant following the course. RESULTS: Qualitative analysis of the taped interviews elicited how the therapy contrasted and complemented the rest of the rehabilitation setting and therapies and how it helped psychological adjustment to severe disabilities resulting from neurotrauma. There were four ways in which it appeared to empower the participants and nurture their self esteem. It provided them with a sense of personal space in an otherwise institutional setting; it allowed escapism and enjoyment; it awakened creativity and a sense of potency; and it provided a metaphor to explore personal issues. CONCLUSION: Dramatherapy made an important contribution to the healthy adjustment of some patients both to hospital life and to acquired disability. The reports from the patients indicated that this approach to rehabilitation should be further incorporated and developed in neuro-rehabilitation.
Adolescent↗
S. Weir Mitchell's prose and poetry on the American Civil War.
The prose and poetry of S. Weir Mitchell (1829-1914)--related to the American Civil War--encompass a very significant portion of his non-medical writings. The Civil War, more than any other single event, shaped his future career as one of the founders of American neurology. Indeed, it should not be surprising how the war was also such a driving force in his non-medical writings. His novels, once widely read, now are scarcely noted. His accounts of the social, political and economic events of the Civil War are of historical interest to students of the period. Neuroscientists as a group, like others, are apt to be unfamiliar with these writings, with the possible exception of "The Case of George Dedlow." A major purpose of this essay is to introduce readers, especially neuroscientists, to Weir Mitchell's fictional works in which neurological cases so often appear. One appreciates more the medical aspects of his novels, written as they were by a first-hand observer. His non-medical writings, poetry and prose, are to a large extent timeless and can be appreciated by today's readers.
Drama↗
Pearl S. Buck and phenylketonuria (PKU).
In 1921, Pearl S. Buck gave birth to a daughter, Carol, who became severely retarded and was eventually institutionalized at the Vineland Training School in New Jersey. To help pay for her daughter's care, Buck wrote The Good Earth in 1931, and then other novels and biographies about her life in China, for which she was awarded the Nobel and Pulitzer Prizes, and honored around the world. Years later, she published The Child Who Never Grew, a short piece about her daughter's retardation that also revealed her desperate search for answers and good clinical care. Asbjørn Følling distinguished phenylketonuria (PKU) from other forms of childhood retardation in the mid-1930s, and new assays and biochemical findings eventually led to ways to circumvent the devastating effects of PKU. But for Carol Buck, these advances came too late. It was not until the 1960s that physicians confirmed that her severe retardation was caused by PKU.
China↗
Effects of enactment by professional actors at encoding and retrieval.
This experiment investigated memory benefits similar to those found with subject-performed tasks (SPTs) but under widely differing circumstances. Almost all SPT research has shown that as long as enactment takes place at encoding, mode of recall (enactment vs. verbal recall) is immaterial. Using professional actors, the experimenters had previously shown (Noice & Noice, 1999) that movement that was not semantically congruent with the accompanying material produced enhanced recall at retrieval compared to a non-moving condition, a result that did not appear to be due to the fact that retrieval conditions closely resembled encoding conditions. Experiment 1 of the present study replicated and extended this finding, demonstrating that the effect can be found after a delay of five months with actors of varying age and experience, and that the enhancement is not dependent on physical context. Experiment 2 demonstrated that, even with purely verbal retrieval of material that had been equated for memorability, dialogue originally performed when the participants had been engaged in movement from place to place was better recalled than dialogue originally performed when the participants had remained in one location. Taken together, these results indicate that movement at retrieval is not necessary for the nonliteral enactment effect to occur, but that such movement can aid recall compared to a purely verbal mode of report.
Adult↗
Long-term retention of a theatrical script by repertory actors: the role of context.
Four actors were requested to perform Sartre's No Exit after a retention interval of more than 5 months. Their recall of the play was studied either with the spatial and visual contextual cues normally available during a performance or without such cues. Total recall was still considerable, equalling 85%. The number of paraphrases of, and inferences on, the original text was however quite large (32%), suggesting that the actors had learned their lines according to their meaning rather than as a result of rote memorisation. The context manipulation showed that actors' recall is facilitated by the availability of spatial-visual information, but only to a limited extent. The relative importance of textual and contextual cues in the long-term retention of a play is discussed.
Adult↗
Retrieval failures in face naming.
Several authors have reported that the incidence of retrieval failures is higher for people's names than for object names. The first aim of the paper was to evaluate the role of one factor that might contribute to making face naming difficult. Face naming usually requires the retrieval of one specific label: the name of the seen individual. Object naming is less restricting. First, object names may have synonyms. Second, labels available from different levels of categorisation of an object may be appropriate to name that object (e.g. trousers, jeans, Levis). Such a degree of freedom does not exist in naming faces. The hypothesis that face naming is made difficult by the simple fact that people have only one name was tested by studying faces having the exceptional property of bearing two names: faces of actors playing nameable characters (e.g. Harrison Ford playing Indiana Jones). Consistent with the hypothesis, data from two experiments showed that when bypassing a block is possible by producing another name that is known for a face, the incidence of blocks falls dramatically. The other aim of the paper was to test the reversed frequency effect in person naming reported previously in several diary studies, in an experimental setting. A direct frequency effect rather than a reversed frequency effect was obtained in the present study.
Adolescent↗
Long-term retention of theatrical roles.
Two experiments tested both long-term retention of complex material by professional actors, and the contributions made by motoric codes to that retention. The first experiment indicated that, during performance, the actors rendered the written script with approximately 98% accuracy, making only very minor changes, primarily additions or deletions of verbal interjections. The second experiment assessed recall three months after the final performance, with the actors having learned and performed new roles in the interim. Retention was still extremely high with approximately 90% of the text being recalled verbatim or within very narrowly defined limits. A repeated trials paradigm (involving actors either sitting or moving about as they did in performance) indicated that motoric cues aided long-term verbal recall even when the movements did not constitute enactments of the literal words.
Drama↗
A staged model of communication effects: evidence from an entertainment-education radio soap opera in Tanzania.
The authors draw on (1) the hierarchy-of-effects (HOE) model, (2) the stages-of-change (SOC) model, (3) social learning theory (SLT), and (4) the diffusion of innovations (DOI) to synthesize a staged model through which communication messages have effects on individual behavior change by stimulating (1) involvement with media characters and role modeling of their actions, and (2) interpersonal communication. Data from a field experiment in Tanzania on the effects of an entertainment-education radio soap opera, Twende na Wakati (Let's Go With the Times), on the adoption of family planning, are analyzed in light of a six-staged model of communication effects. It is found that (1) the model provides a useful framework for understanding the effects of an entertainment-education program, and (2) the radio soap opera promoted progress through the stages for family planning adoption in the treatment area in three of the four years of broadcast, and in the comparison area after broadcasts of the radio program began there.
Adult↗
Personal communication networks and the effects of an entertainment-education radio soap opera in Tanzania.
The personal networks of listeners and nonlisteners to an entertainment-education radio soap opera in Tanzania are examined to determine the effects of interpersonal discussion of the soap opera's educational themes of family planning and HIV prevention. Listeners are more likely to discuss these two educational issues in their personal communication networks and are also more likely to have other listeners to the radio program in their personal communication networks. Respondents demonstrate a relatively high degree of homophily with their network partners and are more likely to discuss matters arising from the radio program with their network partners who are of similar tribal membership, religious affiliation, and gender, and those who are equally or more highly educated than themselves.
Communication↗
Youth performing arts entertainment-education for HIV/AIDS prevention and health promotion: practice and research.
Entertainment-education approaches to health promotion and disease prevention are a popular method for many interventions that target adolescents and young adults. This article documents how this approach is used to educate and influence young people about HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and other health issues in the United States. A review of the literature is followed by a two-phase descriptive study of American youth performing arts entertainment-education programs. First, a quantitative survey was conducted among youth performing arts participants who were attending a national conference on the subject. This was followed by a qualitative survey among adult and youth conference attendees from established HIV/AIDS prevention youth performing arts programs. These two approaches provided detailed insight into the characteristics, approaches, and frameworks used to create, implement, and evaluate these entertainment-education efforts. Nine domains that define the effects and effectiveness of youth HIV prevention entertainment-education interventions are identified and described, including those related to performances, intervention management, and audiences. Given the importance of evaluation for the success and effectiveness of intervention programs, these domains are used to construct a framework for entertainment-education research and evaluation efforts.
Adolescent↗
Preventing domestic violence in the african american community: assessing the impact of a dramatic radio serial.
This article reports on the evaluation of "It's Your Business," a dramatic radio serial promoting domestic violence prevention in the African-American community that was made available for national broadcast. Radio stations in 4 study cities committed to airing the broadcasts. However, in only 1 of the 4 was the broadcast carried out in even a limited way. Consequently, only data from one city could be used to assess impact. Even there only 9 percent of the sample could confidently be called exposed, answering a recall question correctly and claiming to hear more than 2 episodes. These moderately exposed respondents scored higher than non-exposed respondents on 21 out of 27 anti-domestic violence beliefs and behaviors; 10 differences were statistically significant. However, the moderate exposure group only displayed stronger outcomes than a group who claimed exposure but could not recall much about the program in 2 out of the 27 outcomes at a statistically significant level. We conclude that the association of moderate exposure and anti-domestic violence outcomes was most likely an artifact of selective perception, and not a result of exposure alone. The evaluation points to the need to better understand how exposure can be achieved to complement our work on developing messages.
Black People↗
Welcome born-again Dr Faust!
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Attitude to Death↗