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PubMed2005

Different expression of macrophages and microglia in rat spinal cord contusion injury model at morphological and regional levels.

Macrophages and microglia are implicated in spinal cord injury, but their precise role is not clear. In the present study, activation of these cells was examined in a spinal cord injury model using 2 different antibodies against ED1 clone and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1). Activation was observed at 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after contusion injury and was compared with sham operated controls. Our results indicate that activation could be observed in both the dorsal funiculus and the ventral white matter area in the spinal cord at 5 mm rostral to the epicenter of injury. For both cells, there was a gradual increase in activation from 1-4 weeks, followed by down-regulation for up to 12 weeks. As a result, we could stain macrophages by ED1 and microglia by Iba1. We concluded that macrophages may play a role in the phagocytosis of denatured dendrites after spinal cord injury, while microglia may have some cooperative functions, as they were found scattered near the macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Delayed traumatic intracerebellar hematoma: correlation between the location of the hematoma and the pre-existing cerebellar contusion--case report.

A rare case of delayed traumatic intracerebellar hematoma (DTIC1H) in a 54-year-old male achieved an excellent outcome without surgery. Analysis of this case and other reported cases suggests that DTIC1H occurs in two types: Group I with hematoma developing in previously contused areas, and Group II with hematoma developing in areas appearing normal on the initial computed tomographic scan. Group I hematomas occurred in the cerebellar cortex, but Group II hematomas occurred in the subcortical region or vermis where direct impact is less likely to have an effect. This suggests different mechanisms of development for DTIC1H.

Brain Concussion↗
PubMed1986

Comparisons between CK-B and other clinical indicators of cardiac contusion following multiple trauma.

The activity of creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase B(CK-B) was measured in 17 patients with injuries to multiple organ systems, including the chest. The patients were closely observed for clinical signs of disturbed cardiac function by means of serial ECG, continuous monitoring of cardiac rhythm, daily cardiac auscultation, serial chest roentgenography and monitoring of central hemodynamic parameters. No statistically significant difference in CK and CK-B activity was found between the group of patients with normal cardiac function and the group with disturbed cardiac function. The CK-B activity was markedly elevated, but CK-B activity relative to CK activity was normal in both groups during the first 7 days after the trauma. The authors conclude that the significance of these enzymes' serum activity, measured with the immunoinhibition method, is diagnostically doubtful not only as regards cardiac contusions, but also in other cardiopathy preceding or following major trauma.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1987

Quadriceps contusion with compartment syndrome. Evacuation of hematoma in 2 cases.

A high intramuscular pressure due to contusion with hematoma developed in the thigh of 2 athletes after moderate blunt muscle trauma. The pain became severe a few hours after the trauma. In both patients a fasciotomy and evacuation of the hematoma was performed. In 1 of the patients, a computed tomogram verified the hematoma preoperatively. The postoperative course was uneventful. A compartment syndrome associated with a major hematoma should be considered as a cause of progressive pain at rest after blunt muscle trauma.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A model of focal cortical contusion in gerbils.

An experimental model of focal laceration and contusion in gerbils is described. Associated with this injury are systemic changes which are neurogenically mediated and result in an immediate reduction in blood pressure, bradycardia, and generalized reduction in cerebral blood flow. There is generalized edema, as judged by a decreased specific gravity in the brain, probably related to reduced blood flow; superimposed on this, there is an edema gradient which is maximal close to the injury. This, in turn, affects the local capillary bed and prevents any local increase in flow. A separate group studied over a longer time period (6 hours) did not reveal egress of Evans blue into the surrounding tissue and this is in contrast to reports from cold-injury studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Microvascular alterations following cerebral contusion in rats. Light, scanning, and electron microscope study.

Cerebral contusion was caused in 18 rats by dropping various weights on an exposed dura of one hemisphere. One or 3 hours after the injury the animals were sacrificed by perfusion with paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution. The traumatic microvascular and neural tissue alterations were studied with light, scanning, and electron microscopic techniques. The microvascular obstructions and damage were revealed in this study as major histological alterations, causing secondary neural damage. The obstruction of the vessels appeared to have been caused 1) by extravascular pressure from destroyed and swollen tissue, petechial hemorrhage, and dissecting extraluminal clots; and 2) by intravascular clots. Besides the tearing and shearing effects causing petechial hemorrhages, the capillary walls were often thinned and irregular.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Activation of the complement cascade and increase of clusterin in the brain following a cortical contusion in the adult rat.

The aim of the present study was to examine the glial cell response and the possible involvement of the complement cascade following a cerebral cortical contusion. The lesion was produced using a standardized weight-drop technique in adult rats. The blood-brain barrier was damaged, as demonstrated by a decrease of immunoreactivity for a tight junction protein normally expressed by endothelial cells of small vessels in the central nervous system. Increased immunoreactivity for microglial (OX42) and astroglial cells (glial fibrillary acidic protein), as well as macrophages expressing ED1-immunoreactivity (IR) were found in the vicinity of the lesion at all postoperative survival times (2-14 days). In the present study complement factor C3d- and C9-IR was found around the lesion, indicating that activation of the complement cascade had taken place. Furthermore, immunoreactivity for the putative complement inhibitor clusterin (sulfated glycoprotein-2) was found in some of the injured neurons. The contralateral hemisphere showed no evidence of the reaction found in the ipsilateral hemisphere. The balance between complement activation and complement inhibitors may have an impact on the degenerative components in the brain following traumatic injury and in particular on the events leading to nerve cell death.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detachment of intact posterior lens capsule: secondary to contusion in penetrating ocular trauma.

Severe contusion of the lens in a penetrating scleral injury of the eye of a young patient resulted in separation and bleb-like detachment of the posterior lens capsule with subcapsular accumulation of a fibrin-containing exudate. This separation of the posterior lens capsule resulting from increase of permeability with subcapsular fluid accumulation is believed to represent a possible basic mechanism of posterior lens involvement without capsule rupture secondary to ocular trauma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Fetal intraventricular hemorrhage caused by cerebral contusion, and with spontaneous remission. Contribution of MRI].

We report a case of fetal ventricular hemorrhage which occurred at 27.5 weeks gestation and caused by fetal brain contusion after a maternal traumatism. Ultrasound examination evidenced ventriculomegaly and an intraventricular clot which were confirmed by MRI. We discuss the interest of combining ultrasound and MRI of the fetal brain for the investigation and follow-up of fetal brain trauma. The patient gave birth to an eutrophic normal boy. The child is normal at 12 months follow-up.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme in pathogenesis of post-contusion disorders of ophthalmotonus and hemodynamics].

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity was studied in tear fluid of the contusion injured eye. We found substantial decrease of ACE activity during 1 month after trauma. Reduced ACE activity can potentiate kinin action and may contribute to the maintenance of reduced vascular tone, high capillary permeability inducing ciliochoroidal effusion which leads to ocular hypotony. We have found decrease of ACE activity in another healthy eye.

Eye Injuries↗
PubMed2001

Traumatic intracerebellar hemorrhagic contusions and hematomas.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic intracerebellar hemorrhagic contusions and hematomas (TIHC) are unusual lesions and their surgical management remains controversial. METHODS: From January 1990 to July, 1998, 3290 patients underwent computed tomography for acute head trauma at our Institution. Eighteen patients (0.54%) were retrospectively identified as harboring TIHC. Patients were divided into two groups. In Group I (n=78) GCS at admission was > or = 9. Seven patients presented with isolated TIHC and one with an associated supratentorial lesion. Three patients exhibited an evolving clinico-radiological course. In Group II patients (n=10) GCS at admission was < or = 7. All but one presented with severe supratentorial lesions and associated brainstem signs. RESULTS: In group I six patients had their TIHC managed conservatively, and two were operated on, and all recovered completely. In group II, two patients were operated on. The outcome was poor in 90% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: TIHC constitute a protean clinico-pathological entity. Non-comatose patients with intracerebellar clots less than 3 cm in diameter should be treated conservatively and expected to make a good recovery. Surgery is indicated for larger hematomas causing cisternal and IV ventricle compression ab initio or as a result of their secondary evolution. In severely ill patients admitted comatose, it is generally the primary brain stem damage and the concomitant severe supratentorial lesions to dictate the prognosis. In these cases obliteration of the posterior fossa cisterns is the most reliable indicator of poor outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effects of the duration of progesterone treatment on the resolution of cerebral edema induced by cortical contusions in rats.

UNLABELLED: PURPOSE. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of different durations of administration of progesterone (4 mg/kg) on the resolution of edema 6 days after medial frontal cortex contusions (MFC) in male adult rats. METHODS: Animals sustaining injury were injected with progesterone or its vehicle for 3 days or for 5 days beginning the first hour after surgery. On the 6th day the rats were killed and their brain water content was measured. RESULTS: We confirmed the presence of edema six days after MFC. However, both 3 and 5 days of treatment with progesterone significantly reduced edema in the injured brains but the five days of treatment were more effective. The effects of progesterone depend upon the duration of the treatment because there are two waves of edema. The first phase begins within a few hours of the injury and the second starts several days later. CONCLUSIONS: Our data are consistent with earlier findings showing that longer durations of progesterone administration lead to more complete behavioral recovery as well as to an increased number of surviving neurons.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

[Concussion and contusion of the brain].

A summary of the presentation, diagnosis and therapy of head injury is given. The article is focussed on mild head injury, the most frequent type of head injury. The difference between concussion and contusion is explained. Symptoms and abnormalities found at neurological examination are discussed. The Glasgow Coma Scale is described as a tool to diagnose the severity of head injury. The value of additional radiological investigation is discussed. The therapy which depends on the severity of head injury and concomitant complications, is given. Information about eventual persisting complaints and deficits is important. After-care depends on the severity of the injury and the persistence of neurological signs and symptoms. Outcome measurement is done by the Glasgow Outcome Scale. It is emphasized that patients may exhibit persistent complaints although they return to work or school.

Brain Concussion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Significance of histochemical parameters of erythrocyte catalase activity for diagnosing mild concussion and contusion of the brain].

A total of 227 primary and repeated forensic medical expert conclusions in victims with slight craniocerebral injuries (CCI) are analyzed. Erythrocyte catalase (CTer) activity was analyzed on the basis of the results of computer quantitative morphometry of histochemical analysis of blood smears from 50 victims with slight CCI. CTer activity correlated with the severity of CCI. A new objective method for histochemical diagnosis of slight concussion and contusion of the brain is suggested, which rules out errors in forensic medical expert evaluations in examinations of this category of victims.

Brain Concussion↗
PubMed1992

[Analysis of long-term social rehabilitation of brain contusion].

164 patients with brain contusion were evaluated with respect to social rehabilitation. 70 out of 134 patients (66.7%), said to have had good recovery or moderate disability by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), returned to full or partial employment. Factors such as age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at admission, duration of unawareness, fibrin and fibrinogen degradation product (FDP) were the most important in predicting social recovery. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) was applied in 33 patients. The IQs of the patients who returned to their job fully tended to be higher than those who could not. In the majority of patients, impaired capacity for work was caused not only by physical deficits, but by mental retardation described as such as IQ score.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[The study on expression of NF-kappaB in experimental brain contusion in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of NF-kappaB in different post-traumatic intervals and severity of brain injury. METHODS: Fifty-four brain tissue samples of slight (n=24), moderate (n=24) brain injury, sham (n=3) and control (n=3) of rat were examined by immunohistochemical staining, westernblot and RT-PCR. RESULTS: Up-regulating of NF-kappaB expression was found in tissues from traumatic brain injury compared with controls in early 1 hour after TBI, and reached peak at 24h and 48h and disappeared after 7 days. The expression of NF-kappaB mRNA has association with contusion severity. CONCLUSION: NF-kappaB may benefit to the estimation of posttraumatic intervals of brain injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Deafness after bilateral midbrain contusion: a correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with auditory brain stem evoked responses.

A 46-year-old woman became deaf after a closed head injury. When a computed tomographic scan failed to disclose the cause, conversion disorder was suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging, however, showed bilateral contusions of the inferior colliculi, providing objective evidence for an organic cause of hearing loss. Auditory brain stem evoked responses and stapedial reflexes also provided objective evidence of brain stem injury. This case illustrates the phenomenon of dorsal midbrain injury after head trauma. It indicates the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging for small focal lesions after head trauma, and it demonstrates some difficulties in the diagnosis of "hysterical" deafness.

Brain Concussion↗