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PubMed2002

Fatty fish consumption lowers the risk of endometrial cancer: a nationwide case-control study in Sweden.

The consumption of fatty fish, which contains large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, may lower the risk of hormone-responsive cancers. Our aim was to study the association of fish consumption and endometrial cancer risk in Sweden, a country with a wide range of high fatty fish consumption. Using data from a large, nationwide case-control study (709 cases and 2888 controls), we analyzed consumption of both fatty (e.g., salmon and herring) and lean (e.g., cod and flounder) fish in relation to endometrial cancer risk, adjusting estimates for a wide range of potentially confounding variables. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed from unconditional logistic regression models fit by maximum likelihood methods. Consumption of fatty fish was inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk. The multivariate OR for women in the highest quartile level (median, 2.0 servings per week), compared to women with in the lowest (median, 0.2 servings per week), was 0.6 (95% CI, 0.5-0.8; P for trend, 0.0002). The corresponding OR for women in the highest quartile level of lean fish (median, 2.5 servings per week), compared to women in the lowest (median, 0.6 servings per week), was 1.0 (95% CI, 0.8-1.3; P-value for trend, 0.72). Total fish consumption was inversely associated with risk, although weakly. Our results suggest that the consumption of fatty fish, but not other types of fish, may decrease the risk of endometrial cancer.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2000

[Food consumption and dietary pattern in China during 1990-1998].

Based on data of food consumption collected in the household survey of State Statistics Bureau in 1990 and 1995, consumption of soybeans and its production decreased in all household. Urban population over-consumed animal food, intake of cereals reduced and energy share of cereals was dropped to less than 60%. Rural population consumed mainly cereals, animal food, fruit and oil consumption was lower. 1998 data showed that the animal food consumption increased along with income increase, but vegetable oil consumption kept stable. Dietary pattern of urban household were still relatively rational, but animal food consumption still needed to be increase in the rural households, and more attention should be paid to the poor households. Enhancement of nutrition education and promotion of soybean consumption and production for nutrition improvement for both urban and rural population was recommended to make urban diet to meet the goals of a balanced diet and the rural diet to be nutritionally adequate.

China↗
PubMed2003

Smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Black Women's Health Study.

OBJECTIVE: Several case-control studies, mostly of prevalent disease, have suggested that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is positively associated with cigarette smoking and inversely associated with alcohol consumption. We prospectively investigated the associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with incident SLE in the Black Women's Health Study (BWHS). METHODS: In 1995, 64,500 African-American women provided information on demographic characteristics, reproductive and medical histories, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Followup questionnaires in 1997 and 1999 ascertained incident cases of SLE. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Sixty-seven women reported a new diagnosis of SLE and use of appropriate medication for that illness. In multivariate analyses, the IRR for current and past smoking were 1.6 (both 95% CI 0.8-3.3). The risk was greater for women who began smoking before age 19 years (IRR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.6). Neither current alcohol consumption (IRR 1.0, 95% CI 0.4-2.4) nor past alcohol consumption (IRR 0.9, 95% CI 0.3-2.7) was associated with SLE. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest an increased risk of SLE among smokers, but no effect of alcohol consumption on risk. The inverse association of alcohol consumption with SLE found in studies of prevalent disease may have resulted from women with SLE giving up drinking.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Alcohol consumption, income and education in Norway, 1993-2000].

BACKGROUND: We have studied the trend in alcohol consumption by socio-economic status in Norway over the 1993-2000 period. Have differences in consumption been stable over time, or have they levelled off? MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our analysis is based on self-reported data from 6894 persons, stratified by year, sex, age, level of education, level of income, and where in Norway they lived. Bivariate and multiple analyses were performed. RESULTS: Alcohol consumption increased in all socio-economic groups over this period. Men consumed more than women; consumption increased with level of education and level of income. Income and level of education predicted alcohol consumption about equally well. The Oslo area had the highest consumption. INTERPRETATION: Alcohol consumption has increased in all socio-economic groups. It increases with level of education and higher income; men consume more than women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Comparison of fat consumption by patients with large bowel adenomas and control group].

STUDY AIM: Analysis of differences in fat consumption (total fat, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated acids) and cholesterol between patients with large adenomas (study group, GB) and control group (GK). MATERIAL AND METHODS: GB and GK patients were recruited from the patients undergoing full colonoscopy during routine work of endoscopy unit. The whole material included 111 patients: 57 patients with large bowel adenomas and 54 without large bowel adenomas. The intake of fat was assessed using a method calculating intake during 30 days preceding the study. RESULTS: In the group of studied women versus control group women no significant differences were found in consumption including energy value of diet (1755.8 kcal vs 1925.0 kcal), total protein (69.1 g vs 76.1 g), carbohydrates (237.2 g vs 258.0 g). Similarly, in the group of studied men no significant differences were found in the consumption of total protein (84.6 g), carbohydrates (275.7 g) and energy (2126.9 kcal) in relation to control group in which the respective values were: 98.4 g, 336.1 g and 2612.8 kcal. In the group of studied women the mean fat consumption was 67.2 g while in the control group it was 73.4 g. The mean intake of saturated fatty acids was 24.0 g and 25.2 g respectively. The consumption of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids was in these group 27.1 g and 10.5 g vs 30.5 g and 11.9 g. The differences were statistically not significant. No difference was found in cholesterol intake between women in the study group and those in control group (245.8 mg and 280.0 mg respectively). The male study group was not differing significantly from the control group in the consumption of total fat (83.6 g vs 102.3 g), saturated fatty acids (29.7 g vs 37.5 g), monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (34.2 g vs 42.1 and 13.0 g 14.7 g) and cholesterol (335.0 mg vs 420.4 mg). CONCLUSION: No correlation was found between the consumption of total fat, saturates, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and the occurrence of large bowel adenomas.

Adenoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Family response and alcohol consumption].

The present study has its main objective the analysis of family responses to excessive alcohol consumption. For this we used data derived from a cross-sectional epidemiological community survey directed to investigate, in a random sample of 1.800 persons of 18 to 65 years of age and representative of the population of Cantabria community responses to alcohol consumption. We applied, among other instruments, a questionnaire designed by the WHO for exploring alcohol consumption, and which has being extensively used in other settings. We found, among other things, that: i) The concern about parents excessive alcohol consumption has different repercussions depending of the sex of their children, thus producing more alcohol related problems in males; ii) The concern for the alcohol consumption of ones partner is more often seeing in females, thus females tend to be more sensitive to these problems, and also they tend to detect them earlier and be more tolerant to them; iii) Persons who worry for the alcohol consumption of their partners usually have also had parents with such sort of problems; iv) And lastly about 11% of males and 13% of females with adolescent children tend to worry about the children' excessive alcohol consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Consumption of psychodrugs. Influence of family dysfunction].

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study is to know the prevalence of psychodrug consumption in Primary Health Care, related factors and influence of the family factor on this consumption. METHODS: Observational cross sectional study carried out in an urban Health Care Center. A total of 434 patients older than 14 years old, who are health care consumers, were included. They were selected by systematic sampling for 6 consecutives weeks. Psychodrugs consumption and related factors were measured by a questionnaire designed for this purpose. The questionnaire was filled out by personal interview and case history revision. Existence of family dysfunction was determined by self-applied Apgar-family questionnaire. RESULTS: Prevalence of psychodrugs consumption was 26% (95 % CI: 22-30). A total of 53% were benzodiazepines and 27% were antidepressants (73 % are SSRI). There was family dysfunction in 20 % of consumers and 12 % of non-consumers, which is a statistically significant difference (p<0.01). By logistic regression, being between 45-64 years old (OR: 3.18), or more than 65 years old (OR: 3.29), being female (OR: 2.2), being a housewife (OR: 3.07), having psychiatric background (OR: 15.2) and having important family dysfunction in the Apgar-family questionnaire (OR: 7.19) were the variables which appeared as associated with this consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of psychodrugs in Primary Health Care consumers is 26 %. Being 45 years old or more, female and housewife are possible factors which predict psychodrugs consumption. Psychiatric disease antecedents and having important family dysfunction are also associated independently. These should be kept in mind to improve medical prescription of these drugs in Primary Health Care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Tracking alcohol consumption over time.

Researchers are tracking long-term changes in alcohol consumption and related behaviors or outcomes in order to detect trends in the entire population or certain subgroups, test models of alcohol-related outcomes, and understand the consequences of interventions. Such analyses must consider the complexity of typical lifetime consumption patterns. Major approaches to measuring alcohol consumption over time include aggregate measures of consumption (e.g., sales data), cross-sectional surveys, and longitudinal or panel surveys. When analyzing the data, researchers must try to ensure the comparability of measurements over time. The stability of various measures and the potential for combining different types of data are also important considerations when tracking alcohol consumption over time. If these requirements are met, the regular collection of data on aspects of alcohol consumption will greatly increase researchers' understanding of the forces influencing a population's alcohol consumption and its consequences.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Consumption of medicines among adolescent students: a concern].

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of medicine consumption among adolescent students and to correlate it with school type (public or private), grades and school shift, age and gender of the students, education level of the parents and family habit of medicine consumption. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of the school population attending high school in Porto Alegre: 1,281 students from 58 groups, distributed in proportional strata of public and private schools. The questionnaire was answered individually and anonymously by the students inside of the classroom. The students provided information about their consumption of medicines during the seven previous days, specifying the kind of medicine used. Descriptive analysis of the variables, linear association and multiple logistic regression tests were used. RESULTS: The use of medicines occurred in 49.5% of the sample. The most consumed pharmacological groups were analgesics/anti-inflammatories and anti-gout agents (32.5% of the consumption), and hormones and similar (12.1%). Analgesics/antipyretics/anti-inflammatories and estrogens/progestogens were, respectively, the most consumed medicines of the pharmacological groups above mentioned. Aspirin was the most consumed analgesic substance. Female students (RC = 2.24), 17 years old or over (RC = 1.41), with low maternal education (RC = 1.40), and whose relatives have the habit of consuming medicines (RC = 1.39), presented increased risk for medicine consumption. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the consumption of medicines is high among school adolescents, especially among girls and older students. Family habit of consumption and low maternal education also favor the use of medicines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Alcohol consumption and indicators of alcohol-related harm in Slovenia, 1981-2002.

AIM: To document over-time per capita alcohol consumption and connection between per capita alcohol consumption and indicators of short and long term alcohol-related harm. METHODS: Registered alcohol consumption was calculated from the data on production and trade of alcoholic beverages, using World Health Organization recommended methodology for the 1981-2002 period. The indicators of alcohol-related harm, alcohol-related mortality, and alcohol-related road-traffic accidents were calculated from mortality data and alcohol-related traffic accidents data for the 1986-2001 period. RESULTS: Estimates of apparent per capita alcohol consumption in Slovenia over the past 20 years indicate a decrease in alcohol consumption, beginning in 1982 and continuing with some fluctuations in subsequent years through 2002. Per capita consumption of ethanol from all beverages combined decreased from 1981 to 2002 by 15.1%. The drop was substantial in the period from 1981 to 1991. On average, 32 people per 100,000 aged > or =15 years died annually from all alcohol-related causes. The number of years of potential life lost (YPLL) due to all alcohol related causes decreased by 21%, with a 40% decrease in YPLL due to premature deaths from alcoholic liver disease and 113% increase in YPLL due to premature deaths from mental and behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol. CONCLUSION: Indicators of alcohol-related harm reflect high per capita alcohol consumption. With a strong legislative and public health support the situation is expected to improve.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2004

Alcohol consumption in Lithuanian school-aged children during 1994-2002.

UNLABELLED: Alcohol consumption becomes an important social and health problem among youth in many countries. Analysis of data on alcohol consumption behavior from World Health Organization Cross-National Study on Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) is presented in the article. This survey is carried out in majority of European countries including Lithuania. Aim of this study was to analyze features and trends of alcohol consumption among representative sample of 11, 13 and 15-year-old school children and to compare results with international data. METHODS: Patterns and trends of alcohol consumption were analyzed in three cross sectional questionnaire surveys of the representative sample of Lithuanian secondary school student's aged 11, 13 and 15 years in 1994, 1998 and 2002. Respectively, 5428, 4513 and 5645 respondents have filled in the questionnaires anonymously in the classroom according the methodology of international HBSC study. RESULTS: Boys were using alcohol on the regular basis (once a week or more often) more frequently than girls. Prevalence of regular alcohol consumption has increased from 9.4 to 13.6% in boys and from 4.2% to 6.5% in girls (p<0.05). Beer was the most popular alcohol drink among the students and was consumed respectively by 8.9%, 10.2% and 12.7% boys, and by 3.4%, 4.6%, 5.4% girls at least once per week. Prevalence of respondents who have reported the drunkenness (two or more times) has increased in boys from 13.3% to 30.1%, and in girls from 27.1% to 19.6% during period 1994-2002 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Trend of increase of alcohol consumption among school-aged children was observed in Lithuania during 1994-2002. Boys tend to be more frequent regular users of alcohol than girls. Alcohol consumption was significantly increasing with age. Alcohol use behaviors of Lithuanian school-aged children tend to be closer to countries of the Western Europe and the Nordic countries during the period of observation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Alcohol consumption and domestic violence against mothers.

BACKGROUND: A recent high-profile murder case and the passage of the Unborn Victims of Violence Act have focused policymakers' attention on domestic violence against pregnant women and new mothers. The link between men's alcohol consumption and spousal abuse has led some to suggest that more stringent alcohol regulations could ameliorate domestic violence. AIM OF STUDY: (i) To examine the correlation between men's alcohol consumption and domestic violence against new mothers and test how sensitive the correlation is to assumptions about unobserved heterogeneity, (ii) To test whether higher liquor taxes and more stringent alcohol control regulations are associated with a lower incidence of domestic abuse. METHODS: Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, I estimate ordinary least squares, bivariate probit, two-stage least squares, and fixed effects models to test the relationship between alcohol consumption and domestic violence. RESULTS: My findings suggest that while there is a strong positive association between men's alcohol consumption and the commission of domestic violence against new mothers, this correlation is highly sensitive to assumptions about unobservables. There is little evidence that higher liquor taxes or more stringent alcohol regulations will significantly reduce domestic violence. DISCUSSION AND LIMITATIONS: The empirical results suggest evidence for an 'unobserved bum hypothesis' That is, unobservable characteristics of the father may be correlated with both the likelihood that he abuses pregnant women (or new mothers) and that he drinks heavily. While the findings of this paper cannot rule out the possibility that men's alcohol consumption has some effect on domestic violence, there is little evidence to suggest that the impact is large in magnitude. Moreover, there is little evidence that higher liquor taxes or stricter alcohol supply regulations reduce the incidence of domestic abuse. However, greater policy heterogeneity across states and over time would be beneficial in further exploring this issue. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Alcohol regulations, such as higher liquor taxes, are rather ineffective policies at reducing domestic violence against pregnant women and new mothers. Moreover, because policies that regulate alcohol availability or tax its consumption will harm non-violent drinkers, such policies may also be target inefficient. Rather than using non-credible, indirect mechanisms such as alcohol regulation, increasing criminal penalties for harming pregnant women or their unborn children may be a more direct method reducing domestic violence. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research that attempts to estimate the impact of alcohol consumption on the likelihood of domestic violence must carefully consider how unobservables may impact both drinking and abuse. Future work should utilize a longer panel dataset with greater within-state alcohol policy variation to allow for more robust tests of the impact of alcohol regulations on the prevalence of domestic violence.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

Energy drinks consumption in male construction workers, Chonburi province.

This unmatched case-control study aimed to determine the relationship among caffeine drinks consumption known as "energy drinks consumption", drug dependence and related factors in male construction workers in Chonburi Province. It was conducted during December 15, 2001 and February 15, 2002. Data were collected using interview questionnaires. The logistic regression was used to control possible confounding factors. The subjects consisted of 186 cases who had consumed energy drinks for more than 3 months and 186 controls who had given up for more than 3 months. They were frequency/group matched by age group. There was statistically significant association among energy drinks consumption and overtime work, motivation from advertisements, positive attitude of energy drinks consumption, alcohol drinks, smoking and ex-taking Kratom behavior. Multivariate analyses revealed that only 5 factors were related to energy drinks consumption: marital status (OR = 1.88, 95%CI: 1.14, 3.11), overtime work (OR = 2.84, 95%CI: 1.73, 4.64), motivation from advertisements (OR = 2.72, 95%CI: 1.67, 4.42), positive attitude of energy drinks consumption (OR = 4.06, 95%CI: 1.65, 10.01) and ex-taking Kratom behavior (OR = 2.77, 95%CI: 1.19, 6.44). As a result, construction workers should be provided with the knowledge of energy drinks consumption, the effect of drug dependence behavior, and the advantages of safe and healthy food that is cheap, readily available, and rich in nutrients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Progress in reducing cigarette consumption: the Wisconsin tobacco control program, 2001-2003.

OBJECTIVES: In 2000, the Wisconsin Legislature allocated $20.8 million annually to establish a comprehensive tobacco control program. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of Wisconsin's tobacco control program on reducing cigarette consumption during its first 2 years of operation. METHODS: Per capita cigarette sales were used to estimate cigarette consumption. Trends in cigarette consumption in Wisconsin between 2001 and 2003 were compared with trends in the United States as a whole, with groups of states, and with Wisconsin's peer state group. RESULTS: Cigarette consumption in Wisconsin declined 9.2% from 2001 to 2003. In the same time period cigarette consumption in the United States declined only 3.8%. Wisconsin also demonstrated a greater percent decline in its cigarette consumption rate than did 3 of the 4 state groups. Finally, compared to its peer state group Wisconsin performed better between 2001 and 2003, with a decline of 9.2% compared to only a 4.2% reduction in its peer state group. SUMMARY: Wisconsin has shown progress in reducing cigarette consumption during the first 2 years of its tobacco control program. Greater declines in Wisconsin compared to the United States, most state groups and its own peer state group suggest early effectiveness of Wisconsin's tobacco control program. Wisconsin will require continued implementation of evidence-based policy initiatives and aggressive tobacco control activities in order to maintain its progress toward decreasing the public health burden of tobacco.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed2006

Drinking water consumption patterns in Sweden.

Estimates on drinking water consumption are necessary in risk assessments on microbial hazards in drinking water. Large differences in consumption habits between countries have been reported. In order to establish estimates for the Swedish population, water consumption data from a waterborne outbreak investigation (157 people), a small water consumption study (75 people) and a large study on health and environmental factors (10,957 people) were analysed. A lognormal distribution for the daily direct/cold water intake in litres with mu = - 0.299 and sigma = 0.570 was fitted to the quantitative data, representing the general population. The average daily consumption of tap water as plain drinking water and as heated tap water, e.g. in coffee and tea, was 0.86 +/- 0.48 l and 0.94 +/- 0.69 l, respectively. Women consumed more cold tap water than did men, while men appeared to have a higher consumption of heated tap water. Cold tap water intake was highest in the oldest age group, (> or =70 years). The consumption of bottled water was very low (mean 0.06 l/d) when compared to other countries.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[24 hour rhythm of feed and water consumption by BD IX rats in relation to pregnancy and lactation].

The 24-hour rhythms of food and water consumption of non-fertilized female rats, of pregnant and lactating animals of a conventionally maintained BD IX stock has been determined. The mean food consumption has been found to be, in the same order, 20.6 g/d, 25.3 g/d, and 48.6 g/d, respectively. In the dark the corresponding values were, respectively, 79, 76 and 67.5%. Maximum food consumption of these 3 animal groups were registered between 10.00 p.m. and 02.00 a.m., from 06.00 p.m. to 10.00 p.m., and from 06.00 p.m. to 10.00 p.m., respectively. At first the pattern is unimodal, but it becomes bimodal during pregnancy and lactation. In corresponding time periods the mean water consumption was, respectively, 28.7, 33.8 and 64.7 ml/d. The maxima corresponded to those of food consumption. Food and water consumption was estrous-dependent and decreased significantly in the perinatal phase. During laction the food and water consumption showed a 2-day rhythm, beginning from day 9 onwards.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pattern of solvent consumption and neuropsychological damage associated with their use].

Results of research comparing the Deficit Index (d.i.) of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRN-B) and the Deterioration Index (DI) of the Weschler's scale (WAIS) are presented. The tests were applied to obtain a neuropsychological evaluation of two groups: chronic solvent-users and non-users. The subjects were from a marginal community and were observed during one year. They were evaluated at the beginning and end of the year on patterns of consumption and cognitive damage. The results showed that during the year of the study: 58 percent of users abandoned drug use; 33 percent changed to occasional consumption and 8.3 percent maintained their consumption pattern 58 percent non-users continued a non-consumption pattern and 41 percent began experimental consumption. In relation to these results, users changed their cognitive performance from "moderate damage" to "light damage", according to the Deficit Index (HRN-B); non-users remained in this last level. In relation to the Deterioration Index (WAIS), this was invalidated in the first evaluation. In the second, users obtained "clinical significance" and non-users "suspect damage". In conclusion, Deficit Index (HRN-B) data showed more consistent changes in consumption patterns than Deterioration Index (WAIS). These results are discussed in terms of changes in patterns of consumption and other variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The effect of reduced alcohol consumption on blood pressure: a randomised, controlled, single blind study.

A randomised, controlled, single blind trial was conducted in office workers with mild hypertension (systolic blood pressure (SBP) 140 to 180 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 90 to 110 mmHg) to determine the effect of decreasing alcohol consumption. After a baseline examination, 50 male volunteers aged 30 to 59 were randomised to two groups. Group A were told to abstain from or reduce alcohol consumption for two weeks, while group B were instructed to maintain their usual alcohol consumption. Complete records were obtained on 49 subjects. The daily alcohol consumption of groups A and B at baseline was similar, i.e. 71.9 ml and 72.5 ml of ethanol, respectively, and changed to 16.1 ml and 62.9 ml, respectively, during the experiment. After two weeks, group A were asked to resume their normal consumption whilst group B were asked to reduce or abstain (phase II). However in view of a treatment period interaction, statistical analysis was confined to phase I. During phase I, group A, whose alcohol consumption had reduced, showed decreases of 5.8 and 7.1 mmHg in SBP during the the first and second weeks, respectively. In group B, these decreases were only 0.6 and 1.9 mmHg, respectively. The difference between the falls in SBP in groups A and B was significant (P = 0.005) as judged by analysis of variance. The DBP also decreased, but there was no significant difference between the decreases in the two groups. Changes in gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, a biochemical marker of alcohol consumption, from the initial values to the end of phase I were significantly different in groups A and B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗