Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cities”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Epidemiology of rodent bites and prediction of rat infestation in New York City.

The authors examined the epidemiology of rodent bites occurring in New York City from 1986 through 1994 to identify factors contributing to increased probability of rodent bite and rat infestation. City blocks on which a rodent bite case had been reported (n=415) and three control blocks per bite block, matched by borough and randomly selected, were compared according to demographic characteristics obtained from US Census data. Environmental variables were defined using a geographic information system to extract distances to areas potentially providing food or refuge for rats, such as parks. Borough-specific models of bite risk were generated by logistic regression using data collected from 1991 to 1994; risk values were then generated for all city blocks. Field surveys for signs of rat infestation conducted on 31 randomly selected blocks indicated a significant association between degree of infestation and predicted risk. Spatial analyses comparing neighboring blocks showed that blocks with bite cases were significantly clustered. The models based on data from previous years correctly predicted 72 percent of 53 block addresses of rodent bite cases from 1995 as being locations of high or intermediate risk. A combination of geographic and epidemiologic analyses could help investigators identify the spatial occurrence of rat infestation over a large area and might help to focus control activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Cancer mortality among Puerto Rican-born residents in New York City.

More than half the 800,000 Puerto Rican migrants living in the United States resided in New York City in 1970. Mortality statistics from 1969-1971 indicate that Puerto Rican natives in the metropolis have a standardized mortality ratio for cancer which is 77% of that of non-Puerto Rican white males and 81% of that of non-Puerto Rican white females. The age-adjusted death rates of the Puerto Rican-born residing in New York City for cancers of the lung, prostate, bladder, ovary, and rectum are low, ranging from 43-70% of those of non-Puerto Rican whites; rates for breast cancer and colon cancer are somewhat lower relative to those for non-Puerto Rican whites. As is true for Puerto Ricans on the island, migrants to New York City have excessive levels of cancer of the cervix and esophagus (each roughly three times that of non-Puerto Rican whites) and cancer of the stomach (almost twice that of non-Puerto Rican whites).

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection among homosexual men participating in hepatitis B vaccine trials in Amsterdam, New York City, and San Francisco, 1978-1990.

Homosexual/bisexual men from Amsterdam, The Netherlands, New York, New York, and San Francisco, California, were entered into trials of the efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine shortly before the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic was recognized (1978-1980). The authors analyzed data, including serial blood samples tested for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) as well as demographic and behavioral information, to characterize the spread of HIV-1 infection within the cohorts. By the end of 1982, the cumulative incidence of HIV-1 infection within the cohorts. By the end of 1982, the cumulative incidence of HIV-1 infection was 7.5% in Amsterdam, 26.8% in New York City, and 42.6% in San Francisco. Covariate analysis showed that differences in sexual activity (number of male sexual partners) and correlates of sexual activity (age and hepatitis B incidence) accounted for the differences in incidence of HIV-1 infection between the New York City and San Francisco cohorts. These covariates did not explain the lower incidence in the Amsterdam cohort. In conclusion, significant differences were found in the spread of HIV-1 in cohorts of homosexual men in Amsterdam, New York City, and San Francisco. These dissimilarities were probably due to a combination of differences in sexual activity at the time the epidemic began and a later introduction of HIV-1 in Amsterdam.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1994

HIV risk factors among injecting drug users in five US cities.

OBJECTIVES: To examine factors associated with HIV infection in injecting drug users (IDU), the independent and interactive effects of potential risk factors, and geographic differences in risk factors. METHODS: IDU entering methadone treatment in New York City, Asbury Park and Trenton in New Jersey, Baltimore and Chicago between February 1987 and December 1991 were interviewed using a standard questionnaire and tested for HIV antibodies (n = 4584). Associations of HIV serostatus with race/ethnicity, other demographic characteristics, and injecting and sexual risk behaviors were assessed by logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: African Americans were at increased risk for HIV in four of the five cities, and Puerto Ricans in two cities. Injection in shooting galleries and 'speedball' injection emerged as behavioral variables highly associated with HIV, although interaction of these variables indicates that each variable contributes to HIV risk only in the absence of the other behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Geographic differences in HIV risk factors and the interaction of 'speedball' and shooting gallery use suggest that multiple HIV risk models are needed that reflect seroprevalence rates, variation in risk behaviors, and the social context of risk behaviors. Increased risk among racial/ethnic minorities independent of risk behaviors, suggests the need to examine further potential social and environmental factors, such as the social networks in which injecting and sexual behaviors occur, HIV seroprevalence within these networks, and the locales in which risk behaviors occur.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

HIV-1 seroprevalence in chest clinic and hospital tuberculosis patients in New York City, 1989-1991.

OBJECTIVE: To describe more fully HIV-1 and tuberculosis (TB) coinfection in TB patients attending New York City Department of Health chest clinics (1989-1991) and one inner-city hospital (1990-1991). DESIGN: An unlinked serosurvey using HIV-1-antibody testing of remnant blood specimens collected for routine medical purposes. SUBJECTS: A total of 1414 clinic and 856 hospital patients. OUTCOME MEASURES: HIV seropositivity and TB infection/disease. RESULTS: A total of 327 (23%) of the clinic patients were HIV-1-positive, with a significantly higher seroprevalence in men (29 versus 15%, P < 0.001) and in young and middle-aged adults aged 30-50 years (P < 0.001). HIV-1 prevalence by TB diagnostic class was: class 2 (purified protein derivative-positive and chest radiograph-negative), 11% (64 out of 570); class 3 (active disease), 34% (197 out of 582); class IV (old/inactive disease), 30% (39 out of 130). Of the hospital patients 487 (57%) were HIV-1-positive. HIV-1 seroprevalence was 55% for those who were identified or believed to be HIV-1-negative on admission as indicated on the medical chart. HIV-1 seroprevalence in the clinic population decreased initially, but later increased, although not to study onset levels. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable overlap between the TB and HIV epidemics in New York City; a part of the increasing TB incidence may be independent of HIV coinfection. The control of TB will necessitate prompt diagnosis of TB and HIV-1, appropriate TB treatment and/or chemoprophylaxis, and a greater commitment to tackle the social conditions associated with the spread of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

HIV-1 subtypes and the HIV epidemics in four cities in sub-Saharan Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes in two cities with high HIV prevalence (Kisumu, Kenya and Ndola, Zambia) and two with relatively low prevalence (Cotonou, Benin and Yaoundé, Cameroon), and to examine whether the differences in prevalence of HIV infection could be due to the predominance within the infected populations of subtypes with differing efficiency of heterosexual transmission. METHODS: For around 100 randomly selected HIV-positive sera from the general population and 60 from sex workers in each city, the HIV-1 subtype was determined in the envfragment. For between 19 and 52 of the sera from the general population and 20-32 sera from sex workers, the subtype was also determined in the gag fragment. RESULTS: Over 70% of infections in Cotonou, Yaoundé and Kisumu were with subtype A (by env). However, around one-half of subtype A infections in Cotonou and Yaoundé were found to be the circulating recombinant form CRF02_AG when the gag fragment was also examined. A large number of different HIV strains were found in Yaoundé, including some belonging to group O. Over 20% of infections in Kisumu and around 10% in Yaoundé were with isolated intersubtype recombinant forms. All but a few infections in Ndola were with subtype C and no recombinants were found. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of distribution of subtypes that we found does not suggest that differences in circulating subtypes play a major role in explaining the differences in prevalence of HIV-1 infection between the four cities. The emergence and spread of recombinants requires close surveillance to adapt testing strategies if needed, to inform vaccine development and to ascertain their role in the future spread of HIV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Epidemiology of cancer in children under one year of age in Mexico City.

In this work, the epidemiology of cancer in children under one year of age in Mexico City is described. A survey (observational, descriptive and prolective study) from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 1999 was conducted at two paediatric hospitals of the Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social in Mexico City (IMSS-MC). To calculate both the general and the by sex incidence (rates are given per 10) all new cases recorded for children under one year of age (numerator) and Mexico City population served by the IMSS (denominator) were used. When the total of 34 cases that fulfilled the requirements was analysed, an incidence of 194.5 was obtained. Leukaemia occupied first place with a rate of 68.6 and hepatic and germinal cells tumours occupied second place with an incidence of 28.6, whereas peripheral nervous system tumours (neuroblastoma) showed a very low rate (11.4). Overall, the male/female ratio for tumours was 1.4:1, with the ratio varying with different types of tumours. Cancer incidence in this population was shown to be close to that in developed countries, but differed in the distribution of the type of tumour: leukaemia had a very high incidence and that for neuroblastoma was very low.

Cities↗
PubMed1999

The campaign to enact New York City's Smoke-Free Air Act.

On January 10, 1995, New York City's mayor signed into law a bill restricting smoking in most public facilities including restaurant dining areas, workplaces, and sports stadiums. This law was the subject of extensive public debate and was considered quite controversial at the time it was enacted. Passage of the smoking law (known as the New York City Smoke-Free Air Act) helped pave the way for other localities in New York to enact similar restrictions on smoking in public facilities. This article documents the process of enacting the New York City Smoke-Free Air Act.

Health Policy↗
PubMed1999

Analysis of taxable sales receipts: was New York City's Smoke-Free Air Act bad for restaurant business?

This article examines the results of a study to determine if the New York City Smoke-Free Air Act has had an adverse economic impact on the taxable sales receipts from the city's restaurant and hotel industries. The study found that real taxable sales from eating and drinking places and hotels in New York City increased by 2.1 percent and 36.9 percent, respectively, compared with levels two years before the smoke-free law took effect. During the same period, real taxable sales for eating and drinking establishments and hotels in the rest of the state experienced a 3.8 percent decrease and a modest 2.4 percent increase in sales, respectively.

Health Policy↗
PubMed1999

Consumer response to the New York City Smoke-Free Air Act.

The objective of this study was to assess consumer response to the New York City Smoke-Free Air Act. The overwhelming majority of respondents reported they were largely unaffected by the law or dined out more frequently since the law took effect; however, there was a small percentage of consumers that reported dining out less frequently. There were few reports of consumers who stopped dining out altogether or left or entered the city with the specific purpose of dining in a place that suited their smoking preference. The New York City Smoke-Free Air Act appears to have had little impact on the dining out patterns of consumers.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Restaurateur reports of the economic impact of the New York City Smoke-Free Air Act.

The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which restaurateurs have reported a change in business since the New York City Smoke-Free Air Act took effect. A population-based cross-sectional telephone survey of 434 owners/managers of restaurants located in New York City was conducted by an independent survey firm during November and December 1996. There is no evidence to suggest that the smoke-free law has had a detrimental effect on the city's restaurant business.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1999

Declining HIV/AIDS mortality in New York City.

BACKGROUND: New York City has only 3% of the U.S. population but has reported nearly 16% of all AIDS cases. METHODS: This is an observational study using the New York City vital events and AIDS case surveillance registries to describe trends in HIV/AIDS mortality from 1983 through June 30, 1998. RESULTS: Annual HIV/AIDS deaths increased steadily until stabilizing at 7046 in 1995, declined 29% to 4998 in 1996, and declined 47% to 2625 in 1997. Comparing data from 1997 with those from 1995, declines occurred in all demographic groups and in all major HIV transmission categories: 74% in men who have sex with men, 68% in injecting drug users, and 64% in heterosexuals. In the first 6 months of 1998, declines were smaller than they had been in previous 6-month intervals in all demographic groups except Hispanic males and those between 35 and 44 years of age. From 1995 to the first 6 months of 1998, the number of people living with AIDS in New York City increased 22% (from 32,692 to 39,976). CONCLUSIONS: The precipitous 63% decline in HIV/AIDS deaths from 1995 to 1997 occurred at the same time that more effective antiretroviral therapies became widely available. The slowing in the mortality decline observed in 1998, however, suggests that although these new therapies may have a profound effect at the population level, deaths due to AIDS will continue.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Infection with HIV type 1 group M non-B subtypes in individuals living in New York City.

OBJECTIVE: To document infection with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) group M non-B subtypes in individuals living in New York City. DESIGN: From October 1999 through April 2003, HIV-1-seropositive individuals were selected from 3 clinics in New York City based on having risk factors for infection with HIV-1 non-B subtypes. METHODS: HIV-1 RNA was extracted from plasma samples, and partial gag, pol, or env genes were amplified by PCR analysis. The infecting HIV-1 group M subtype was determined based on results of either heteroduplex mobility assay or sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-seven subjects were enrolled in the study. Of the 97 subjects, 91 (94%) were selected based on having emigrated from a non-European country, while 6 (6%) were native United States citizens. Subtypes were successfully determined in 53 (55%) of the 97 plasma samples tested. The subtypes in 2 plasma samples were unclassifiable. HIV-1 infections were classified as those due to the following group M subtypes: A (n = 4; 7%), B (n = 12; 22%), C (n = 8; 15%), F (n = 2; 4%), CRF01_AE-like (n = 7; 13%), CRF02_AG-like (n = 19; 34%), an intersubtype recombinant form G/A (n = 1; 2%), and unclassifiable viruses (n = 2; 4%). CONCLUSION: This study reveals infection with a broad variety of HIV-1 group M subtypes mostly in the immigrant population of New York City as well as how several non-B subtypes are being introduced into the United States.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Attempt to eliminate health inequalities in Poland arising at the time of political and economic transformation: Polish 400 Cities Project.

AIM: Epidemiological data show that citizens of small towns and villages have presented worse trends in cardiovascular mortality during the political, social and economic transformation in Poland during past 15 years than citizens of large towns. To try to eliminate these inequalities the Polish 400 Cities Project (P400CP), a large educational and interventional project, was prepared. The project consists of two arms: medical and social interventions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The main aim of the medical screening intervention in P400CP is to increase detection and control of cardiovascular risk factors in inhabitants of 418 small cities (<8000 inhabitants) and surrounding villages, particularly in men and people of lower education. In 2003 and 2004 the P400CP covered 123 cities. All together, 36 696 subjects aged between 18 and 98 years were examined. In all participants, blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests and questionnaire interviews were performed. The social arm of P400CP is one of multi-level educational intervention. Modern techniques of social psychology and marketing were involved to increase participation in interventions. RESULTS: Only 12.5% of all subjects had normal BP, cholesterol (<190 mg/dl) and glucose (<100 mg/dl in whole capillary blood) levels. During the first screening visit 65.5% of all examined subjects had BP>/=140 mmHg or >/=90 mmHg. The fasting glucose level was increased in 19% of women and 26% of men. Almost two-third of all subjects had a total cholesterol level above the norm. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in participants of the screening programme P400CP in small towns in Poland was very high. High prevalence and low control of risk factors in participants of the P400CP confirm the decision to target this programme at citizens of small towns and villages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Antiretroviral therapy and declining AIDS mortality in New York City.

OBJECTIVE: This study estimates the impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) and other antiretroviral therapy combinations on reducing mortality risk for a cohort of HIV-infected persons living in New York City. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data for this study come from the CHAIN project, an ongoing multiwave longitudinal study of HIV-infected persons is living in New York City (n = 700) initiated in 1994. The study sample is drawn from the clients of 43 medical and social service agencies and is broadly representative of New York City residents, who were aware of their positive serostatus at time of enrollment. Occurrences of deaths were obtained through routine field tracking and searches of death certificates and an online death registry. Information on other study variables was obtained through in-person interviews. A Cox proportional hazard model was applied to estimate the effects of medication on mortality risk. RESULTS: Mortality rates for the CHAIN cohort dropped steadily from a high of 131 deaths per 1000 persons/year in 1995 to 31 deaths per 1000 persons/year in 1999, with the historically low mortality rates continuing through 2000. Current use of HAART was associated with a 50% reduction in mortality risk (hazard ratio = 0.51, P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that in the case of HAART, the therapeutic benefits of an innovative but costly medical treatment are reaching populations that traditionally have poor access to quality health care.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Social marketing techniques for public health communication: a review of syphilis awareness campaigns in 8 US cities.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the social marketing approaches used to increase syphilis awareness in 8 US cities. METHODS: We reviewed the typical academic approach for developing social marketing campaigns and interviewed health department staff responsible for social marketing campaigns in each city. RESULTS: Using social marketing techniques such as target segmentation, concept testing of materials, and formative evaluation, campaign planners throughout the 8 cities developed a variety of approaches to reach their target audiences. Preliminary results suggest 71% to 80% of men who have sex with men interviewed were aware of the campaigns, and 45% to 53% of them reported they were tested due to the campaigns. CONCLUSIONS: Campaigns should address the local epidemic and target audience with culturally appropriate messages.

Cities↗
PubMed2006

Genetic characterization of diverse HIV-1 strains in an immigrant population living in New York City.

New York City (NYC) is one of the original foci of the HIV-1 epidemic and has a greater number of AIDS cases than any other city in the United States. NYC also hosts the highest number of immigrants among the nation's cities: more than 2 million among a total population of 8 million. Such a high rate of immigration could act as a potential source for introducing and disseminating novel HIV-1 strains into the United States. Our current study focuses on the genetic characterization of HIV-1 strains circulating in an immigrant population in NYC. Of the 505 HIV-1-positive specimens obtained, 196 were available for viral sequencing from the C2 to V3 region of env. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum-likelihood and neighbor-joining methods demonstrated that non-B subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) accounted for 43.4% (85 of 196 cases), whereas the remaining 56.6% (111 of 196) cases had viral variants similar to the typical North American subtype B virus. Of those non-B subtypes and CRFs, subtype A and CRF02 dominated (63.5% combined); other subtypes, including C, D, F1, G, CRF01_AE, and CRF06_cpx, were also detected. Two HIV-1 sequences do not cluster with any known subtypes or CRFs. Furthermore, the distribution of non-B subtypes and CRFs was consistent with the countries of origin, suggesting that many of the study subjects were likely infected in their home country before they entered the United States. Subtype B viruses identified in the immigrant population showed no significant differences from the typical North American B subtype, however, indicating that a significant proportion of the immigrants must have been infected after they came to the United States. Public health officials and physicians should be aware of the growing genetic diversity of HIV-1 in this country, particularly in areas with sizable immigrant populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Overdose deaths attributed to methadone and heroin in New York City, 1990-1998.

AIMS: Methadone treatment has been shown to be an effective intervention that can lower the risk of heroin-induced overdose death. Recent reports have suggested increases in methadone-induced overdose deaths in several locations in the USA and in Europe. This study investigated the role of methadone and opiates in accidental overdose deaths in New York City. DESIGN: We analysed data from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner to examine all accidental drug overdose deaths in New York City between 1990 and 1998. FINDINGS: Of 7451 total overdose deaths during this period, there were 1024 methadone-induced overdose deaths, 4627 heroin-induced overdose deaths and 408 overdose deaths attributed to both methadone and heroin. Fewer than a third as many accidental overdose deaths were attributed to methadone than were attributed to heroin during this period. The proportion of accidental overdose deaths attributed to methadone did not change appreciably (12.6-15.8% of total overdose mortality), while the proportion of overdose deaths attributed to heroin increased significantly (53.5-64.2%) during the period of study. CONCLUSIONS: There was no appreciable increase in methadone-induced overdose mortality in New York City during the 1990s. Both heroin-induced overdose mortality and prescriptions of methadone increased during the same interval.

Adolescent↗