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PubMed1987

Positive interaction between mothers and conduct-problem children: is there training for harmony as well as fighting?

Child behavior therapists have concentrated largely on the study of family conflict in conduct-problem children. Positive interactions, such as play and conversation, and the impact these might have on problem behavior have been neglected in theoretical work, although some therapists (e.g., Sanders & Dadds, 1982) have paid attention to alternative family activities. In this study a sample of preschool conduct-problem children not only fought more with their mothers but also were quite deficient in all kinds of positive activities, compared to their normal counterparts. This result supports the notion that young conduct-problem children may be missing out on certain forms of harmonious experience with their mothers, which might otherwise help to prevent conflict. It is argued that the quality of these positive processes, like the better-known coercive ones (Patterson, 1982), demands further study, to broaden our theories and therapies for conduct problems.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed1990

Psychiatric risk in children with speech and language disorders.

Based on an initial community sample of 1,655 5-year-old children, this report utilized the risk statistic to estimate a child's risk for developing a psychiatric disturbance depending on his or her status as speech/language-impaired. Results showed that risk estimates varied as a function of gender and source of information (teacher, parent, psychiatric reports). Overall, speech- and language-impaired children had a higher risk for developing a psychiatric disturbance compared with normal language controls, with speech/language-impaired girls being at greater risk than boys.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Reading, spelling, and vigilance in attention deficit and conduct disorder.

A group of 51 male children, average age 9.1 years, presenting at a child psychiatric clinic because of attention and conduct problems were investigated for reading and phonetic spelling ability, vigilance, and intellectual level. Each child was given a DSM-III diagnosis prior to being tested. The Boder Test of Reading and Spelling patterns was used to obtain scores for reading age, number of syllables read correctly in the word list at the child's reading level, and number of phonetically correct syllables spelled in the known and unknown word lists, at and just above the child's reading level. A factor analysis with varimax rotation produced two significant factors, a Reading factor with high loadings for verbal and reading scores, aand a second Vigilance factor. Phonetic spelling ability loaded separately from reading into the Vigilance factor. The Vigilance factor was significantly related to the diagnosis of moderate and severe attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH). The correlation of short-term working memory with vigilance in moderate to severe ADDH children is discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1981

The effect of time-out release contingencies on changes in child noncompliance.

This project evaluated the effect of time-out release contingencies on changes in child noncompliance to maternal instructions. Twenty-four clinic-referred, non-compliant, preschool children served as subjects. Each child was assessed under baseline conditions and then under one of three experimental conditions: Parent Release, Child Release, or Control. Children in the Parent Release and Child Release conditions experienced time-out contingent upon noncompliance. Temporal and behavioral time-out release contingencies were present in the Parent Release condition but not in the Child Release condition. A spanking procedure was used to inhibit premature escape from time-out for children in Parent Release group. The results indicated that both time-out groups demonstrated increased compliance ratios. However, improvement associated with the Child Release condition was considered to be clinically insignificant.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

A comparison of the effects of child management and planned activities training in five parenting environments.

This study compared the effects of two procedures designed to enhance the extratraining effects of behavioral parent training. Twenty parents of oppositional children were randomly assigned to either a child management training condition or a combined child management plus planned activities condition. A further 10 nonproblem children and their parents served as a social validation group. Observations of both parent and child behavior were conducted in each of five home observation settings (breakfast time, kindy (kindergarten) or school exit, a structured playtime, bathtime, and bedtime). Both training procedures resulted in changes in both child oppositional and parent aversive behavior in all observation settings. In addition, desired positive parenting behaviors also improved in all settings. Treatment effects were maintained in all settings at 3-month follow-up. Comparisons between oppositional children following treatment and children in the social validation group showed that they each displayed similarly low levels of oppositional behavior in all settings. The implications of the results for facilitating generalized changes in behavioral parent training are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effects of maternal distraction and reprimands on toddlers' transgressions and negative affect.

Misbehaviors occur at a high rate during the toddler years, and parents use a variety of methods to control these behaviors. The present investigation compared the effectiveness of two commonly used strategies, distraction and reprimands. Twenty mothers and their 17- to 39-month-old children were observed in a laboratory setting in which mothers used either distraction then reprimands or reprimands followed by distraction in response to their children's transgressions. When reprimands were used as the initial strategy, they were significantly more effective than distraction in controlling children's transgressions. Distraction was effective in maintaining low rates of transgression when preceded by a period of reprimands. However, when reprimands were instituted following a period of distraction, children's rates of negative affect increased significantly. Implications for the etiology and management of child behavior problems are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Use of the international classification of diseases-10, (ICD 10) to recognise pervasively hyperactive children in a child-guidance clinic: feasibility and validity.

The tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10) was used to identify psychiatric problems in a provincial child-guidance clinic population. Categorisation by degree of hyperactivity produced groups that differed in terms of variables that were independent of the diagnostic criteria. ICD 10 was found to be a short, precise and manageable schedule which facilitated reliable categorisation of a group of children with mixed disorders of conduct and hyperkinesis.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of BR-16 A (Mentat) in cognitive and behavioural dysfunction of mentally retarded children--a placebo-controlled study.

It is important to control abnormal behaviour and hyperactivity, and improve cognition in mentally retarded children (MRC), which would help in their education, training and subsequent rehabilitation. Recently it has become known that amongst other side-effects, protracted use of anti-convulsant medication induces cognitive and behavioural dysfunction, which is a major problem in mentally retarded epileptics. In a placebo-controlled study, we confirmed the efficacy of a herbal preparation, BR-16A (Mentat) in controlling such behavioural and cognitive deficits in 40 mentally retarded children. The efficacy of this remedy was further evaluated in 19 MRCs with epilepsy. Twelve patients had generalised seizure, 4 with partial and 3 with mixed seizure pattern was continued. Inspite of the usual antiepileptic treatment, the frequency of seizures ranged from 1 to 7 attacks in periods from 1 week to 1 year. With active drug Br-16A, it was possible to note a reduction in seizure frequency. Patients with higher frequency responded better. There was no further increase in the dosage of antiepileptic drugs. There was significant control of other abnormal behaviour as shown by reduction in rating score on the Children's Behavioural Inventory test. BR-16A was effective in controlling abnormal behaviour, especially hyperactivity and incongruous behaviour in mentally retarded children with and without epilepsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Swedish child and adolescent psychiatric out-patients--a five-year cohort.

Publications of Swedish child and adolescent psychiatric out-patients have been scarce. This study is aimed to give a picture of conditions in a child and adolescent psychiatric out-patient setting by reporting five-year data from a five-year cohort of first-time visits. All first-visits, 0-18 years of age, where screened retrospectively for background factors, symptoms, diagnoses and types of treatment. Six hundred and ten patients were registered during the period. The estimated accumulated prevalence for 19-year-olds were 19,7 %. Nearly half of them were seen 1-3 times. A small group, 2,5 %, accounted for about 20 % of all consultations. No or mild psychosocial stress was registered in 37 % of the cases. A neuropsychiatric main diagnosis was found for 27 % (2,1:1, boys:girls) and depression and anxiety for 20 % [0, 5:1] of the index-cases. These findings show that 5,6 % of children applied for child and adolescent psychiatric help during a five-year period. Almost one third had a neuropsychiatric disorder. The results indicate that ADHD is one of the most common causes both among boys and girls to seek help in a child and adolescent out-patient clinic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Behavioural problems and autism in children with hydrocephalus : a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of behavioural problems and autism in a population-based group of children with hydrocephalus and to see whether learning disabilities, cerebral palsy (CP), epilepsy, myelomeningocele (MMC) or preterm birth increase the risk of these problems. METHOD: In the 107 children with hydrocephalus born in western Sweden in 1989-1993, behaviour was assessed using the Conners' parent rating scales in 66 and the teacher's rating scales in 57. Autism was investigated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale. RESULTS: Parents rated 67% of the children and teachers 39% of the children as having behavioural problems (>1.5 SD, or T score >65). Learning disabilities increased the risk significantly and almost all the children with CP and/or epilepsy had behavioural problems. Autism was present in nine children (13%), in 20% of those without MMC and in one of 26 with MMC. Autism was significantly more frequent in children with learning disabilities (27% vs. 7%) and in children with CP and/or epilepsy (33% vs. 6%). CONCLUSION: The majority of children with hydrocephalus have behavioural problems and many have autism. It is therefore important to assess and understand all the aspects of cognition and behaviour in these children in order to minimise disability and enhance participation for the child.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1999

Parent reported preschool attention deficit hyperactivity: measurement and validity.

This is a two stage community study of 320 preschool children aged between two and a half to five years. An Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Scale (ADH-P) was constructed. A first stage sample was screened by asking parents to fill in the ADH-P and the Behaviour Check List (BCL) for behaviour problems; 116 children were included in the second stage. Reliability of the ADH-P was tested and found to be satisfactory. Its validity was also supported by teacher's report and clinical observation. Based on the parent report, the children were divided into four groups: pure hyperactive, pure behaviour problem, mixed and no problem groups. External correlates and psychopathology were examined among them. The mixed group had more symptoms, poor maternal mental health, high social adversities, poor prosocial behaviour and high help seeking. Whilst significant associations were also present between these correlates and pure behaviour problems, the situation was substantially worse when hyperactivity co-existed with behaviour problems.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2006

Short term involuntary psychiatric examination of children in Florida.

This study describes the use of emergency mental health services by children over a 4-year period. Analysis of a statewide database revealed 51,861 or 15% of all involuntary examinations were conducted on children. These youth were on average a little over 14 years of age and law enforcement officials initiated the majority of examinations. The majority of examinations were initiated due to the children demonstrating harmful behaviors to themselves or others. One-fifth of the children (21%) experienced more than one examination over the 4-year period. Areas of future research on this topic are discussed. The implications of the nature of examinations and patterns of repeated examinations are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A model of contagion through competition in the aggressive behaviors of elementary school students.

This article extends the work of Kellam, Ling, Merisca, Brown and Ialongo (1998) by applying a mathematical model of competition between children to peer contagion in the aggressive behaviors of elementary school students. Nonlinearity in the relationship between group aggression and individual aggression at 2-year follow-up is present. Consistent with the findings of Kellam et al. (1998), hierarchical linear modeling indicates that the relationship is statistically significant for those students whose initial parental ratings of aggressive behavior were above the sample median. In the context of competition between students, the behavior of initially aggressive students may be negatively reinforced. Lowering aggression in the school environment may therefore be the most effective way to lower the level of these students' aggressive behavior.

Aggression↗
PubMed1982

Unprogrammed learning of differential attention by fathers of oppositional children.

Four mothers received toddler management training to teach basic behavior modification technology for use with their oppositional pre-school children. Clinic sessions included baseline, differential reinforcement I, reversal, differential reinforcement II, and follow-up. When training was completed, all mothers were proficient in the use of techniques. Home observation sessions with mother-child and father-child interaction were conducted for pre-clinic baselines and post-clinic follow-ups. While fathers received no clinic instruction, data indicated that unprogrammed learning did occur. All fathers' use of differential attention with their children increased.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Improving parent-child interactions for families of children with developmental disabilities.

Child Management Training (CMT) involves compliance training with a focus on consistent use of antecedents and consequences. Planned Activities Training (PAT) focuses on teaching parents to plan for and engage in activities with their children. A multiple probe design counterbalancing PAT and CMT showed that PAT and CMT were about equally effective in improving mother-child interactions in four families with children with developmental disabilities. Responses to a social validation questionnaire indicated that parents were satisfied with the services received, and that PAT was the slightly preferred treatment. Prior research demonstrated that PAT enhanced the results of CMT. The practical advantages of PAT over CMT are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1993

A brief test of parental behavioral skills.

The present study details the development of a brief, criterion-referenced, multiple-choice test designed to assess parental behavioral skills. A nine item parent-child conflict questionnaire was developed and administered to parents of children referred to two clinic locations and to parents of nonreferred children. Factor-analytic techniques were used to refine the scale. Parents of nonclinic children obtained higher scores than parents of clinic-referred children. Further, only parents of nonclinic children scored better as the number of children reared increased. The effect of education level was not significant. Implications of these results are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Concentration gradient of CSF monoamine metabolites in children and adolescents.

Whether the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration gradient of monoamine metabolites found in adults is influenced by age or pubertal status was studied in 26 children ranging from 6.5 to 17.3 years of age. Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were assayed by high-power liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Eight patients were prepubertal (Tanner stage I). The slopes in units of picomoles/milliliter/milliliter for regression lines for CSF monoamine metabolite concentrations versus milliliter of CSF collected were 5.07 +/- 0.65, 10.13 +/- 2.0, and 0.67 +/- 0.22 for 5-HIAA, HVA, and MHPG, respectively, for the group as a whole. Significant correlations with age, height, weight, or Tanner stage were not found for the HVA or MHPG concentration gradients. Tanner stage and 5-HIAA slope were significantly correlated. Three of eight prepubertal patients had nonsignificant 5-HIAA gradients. CSF studies in pediatric populations must control for aliquot collected, as the size of the gradient could produce differences sufficient to mimic a "positive" clinical study if the aliquots collected are not the same.

Adolescent↗