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PubMed1984

The human hand in phylogenetic perspective.

Comparative studies contribute substantially to our understanding of the function and structure of the hand. Introduction of the term "working space" proved to be useful for the development of a phylogenetic concept of hand function. It seems likely that there is a functional continuum within the working space of the human hand. Functional options are basically not limited, but have to be designed, learned, and developed. Performance control becomes a major issue.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Formation and urinary excretion of cyproheptadine glucuronide in monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans.

The urinary excretion of cyproheptadine glucuronide (a quaternary ammonium glucuronide) was studied in monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans after a single 5-mg oral dose of cyproheptadine. Humans and chimpanzees excreted, over a 48-hr period, an average 12.4 and 8.6% of the dose, respectively, as cyproheptadine glucuronide. Various species of monkeys excreted less than 0.5% of the dose as the quaternary ammonium glucuronide conjugate. According to these and previously published data, these unusual drug metabolites are excreted in the urine in relatively large amounts only in higher primates.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Antibody responses to experimental Brugia malayi infections in patas and rhesus monkeys.

Humoral antibody responses in experimental infections with Brugia malayi (subperiodic strain) were compared in two primate species. Erythrocebus patas and Macaca mulatta. Antibody responses were related to the infection protocol and the duration and magnitude of microfilaremia. Patas monkeys were uniformly susceptible to infection and characteristically exhibited prolonged microfilaremia; infections in Rhesus monkeys produced low and usually microfilaremia. Antibody, measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with extracts of adult Brugia and microfilariae as antigens, declined at patency in Patas monkeys and there was an inverse relationship between serum antibody concentration and the number of circulating microfilariae. Rhesus monkeys generally had high, sustained antibody levels relative to Patas monkeys, but antibody levels were comparable in the two species when the numbers of circulating microfilariae were similar. By fluorescent antibody technique, antibodies reactive with somatic antigens of microfilariae were detected in all infected monkeys; antibodies reactive with the cuticle of infective larvae were also present in both primates and were consistently detected in monkeys receiving multiple infections. Antibodies (IgG, IgM) reactive with the sheath of microfilariae were detected only in certain Rhesus monkeys which were essentially amicrofilaremic and sera with antibodies specific for microfilarial sheath promoted in vitro microfilarial agglutination and leukocyte adherence.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1982

Lipoprotein immunogenetics in primates. I. Two serum beta-lipoprotein allotypes (Lmb1 and Lmb11) in rhesus monkeys and the LP-B immunological relationship with other primates.

Immunogenetic investigations on two serum beta-lipoprotein allotypes of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are reported. The allotypes, designated Lmb1 and Lmb11, are associated with the main lipoprotein family, LP-B or beta-lipoprotein, expressed on independent beta-molecules, and classify rhesus monkeys into three phenotypes: Lmb1, Lmb11, and Lmb1,11. Genetic and molecular studies indicate that the allotypes are encoded by two codominant autosomal allelic genes, Lmb1 and Lmb11. Anti-Lmb1 cross-reacts with the sera of two other macaque species, whereas anti-Lmb11 with sera of all Old World monkeys. Heteroimmune sera, antihuman apo-B and antirhesus LP-B, showed high but diversified degrees of cross reactivity with other primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Biochemical studies of primate retroviruses.

In the present paper, recent biochemical studies of retroviruses carried out in our laboratory are summarized. Protein compositions, peptide maps of internal structural proteins, neighborhoods of major structural proteins, and serological properties of reverse transcriptases of type D virus isolates from human cells (including Graffi's isolate termed PMFV and also isolates from HeLa- and HEp-2 cells) were compared with those of type D viruses from Old World (Mason-Pfizer virus of rhesus monkeys, langur virus) and New World (squirrel monkey retrovirus) monkeys. The results provide various new informations on, and further demonstrate the diversity of primate type D viruses. Other studies showed that tumor promoting agents (phorbol ester TPA, indole alkaloid teleocidin) are able to considerably increase, in a transient manner, the production of type C and type D primate retroviruses in persistently infected human cells. From experiments demonstrating a disintegrating activity of chelating agents (EDTA, EGTA) and certain psychoactive drugs (including trifluoperazine) on various primate and nonprimate retroviruses it is concluded that divalent cations, probably Ca2+ ions, and possibly also cation-binding proteins are associated with retroviral membranes and that complexing of these components results in loss of viral infectivity.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1983

Development of a nonhuman primate model for fetoscopy.

Twenty-four fetoscopy procedures were performed on 22 monkeys (19 Macaca mulatta, one M. fascicularis, two Erythrocebus patas) with gestational ages ranging from 66 to 145 days. Insertion of the fetoscope without ultrasound guidance was easy in 14 and difficult in ten procedures. Amniotic fluid exchange with normal saline, to improve visualization, was successful in eight of 13 procedures. Fetal blood sampling was successful in four of nine attempts. Nine monkeys aborted within 17 days of the fetoscopy, the remaining 13 went to term or were used in other research protocols. Major complications included maternal hemorrhage into the amniotic fluid, inability to enter the amniotic cavity, and abortion. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein following fetoscopy was not a useful indicator of subsequent abortion.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1982

Old and new non-depolarizing muscle relaxants: a reassessment on subhuman primates.

Five chemically different, non-depolarizing muscle relaxants: d-tubocurarine, gallamine, pancuronium, AH 8165 and BW 405 C65 have been studied on the anesthetized Rhesus macaque, Bonnett macaque and Mangabey. Electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve with different frequencies on both arms and recording of the muscle function were made. Single i.v. injections and infusions were administered. The ED50 values, duration of action and the maintenance (equilibrium) doses were calculated. The relative potencies showed marked variance with those obtained in man. The elimination rates expressed by the ratio: ED50 (twitch)/maintenance dose (from infusion data) indicate that these relaxants show different rates of elimination in different types of monkeys while their duration of action following a single dose varies to a lesser extent. The rhesus macaque seems to be relatively the closest to man with respect to duration of action of these agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Fatal herpesvirus infection in patas monkeys and a black and white colobus monkey.

Fatal herpesvirus infections were diagnosed in 3 patas monkeys and 1 black and white colobus monkey over a 4-week period. Herpesvirus was isolated from 1 patas monkey and from the black and white colobus monkey. Both isolates had growth characteristics similar to Herpesvirus hominis and Herpesvirus simiae. The isolate from the colobus monkey antigenically appeared to be H simiae or H simiae-like, whereas the isolate from the patas monkey could not be conclusively identified with the antisera used. All affected animals were housed in close proximity to rhesus monkeys, the carrier host of H simiae.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1982

Natural and experimental simian cytomegalovirus infections at a primate center.

Simian cytomegalovirus infections were studied in captive, naturally infected primates and in experimentally infected rhesus monkeys. Neutralizing antibody to simian cytomegalovirus was prevalent in selected species of Old World Monkeys. Naturally infected, rhesus monkeys shed virus in their urine during the entire two-year period of study. Similarly, experimentally infected rhesus monkeys showed neutralizing antibody and viruria for more than two years. The indirect fluorescent antibody procedure was found more sensitive than the neutralization antibody technique but appeared less specific for antibody to cytomegalovirus strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Epizootic of parainfluenza-3 virus infection in gibbons.

A laboratory-housed breeding colony of white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) experienced an epizootic of upper respiratory tract disease characterized by lethargy, anorexia, coughing, and serous rhinorrhea. Signs were more severe in adults than in offspring, and all animals recovered without complications. Base-line, acute, and convalescent sera from the most severely affected gibbons were tested for antibodies against a wide spectrum of infectious agents. For personnel known to have had contact with the gibbons, testing for the same agents was done on base-line sera and sera obtained at the same time as the acute and convalescent sera were obtained from the gibbons. Rising titers against parainfluenza-3 virus were detected in 6 of 7 gibbons tested. An increase in titer was not seen in the sera of personnel.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Hepatic and gastric amebiasis in black and white colobus monkeys.

Three cases of hepatic amebiasis and one case of gastric amebiasis were diagnosed in black and white colobus monkeys during a 9-month period. The diagnosis was difficult because of the absence of trophozoites and cysts in the feces and because of few trophozoites found in many of the hepatic lesions. Indirect hemagglutination titers were diagnostic in 2 monkeys.

Amebiasis↗