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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Prevalence of known diabetes in a multiethnic community.

AIMS: To describe the prevalence of known diabetes in an area of New Zealand with a large Pacific Islands and Maori population. METHOD: A cross sectional door to door census with identification of those with known diabetes was conducted between April and October 1992. The data was validated by comparison with available local general practice diabetes registers and data from a repeat visit to a randomly selected 5% of houses. RESULTS: Interviews were completed at 92.7% of the 5081 households, containing 22,651 residents (1417 European, 5606 Maori, 14,802 Pacific Islands). The Pacific Islands population was 40% larger than that predicted from the 1991 census. The age adjusted prevalence of known diabetes in adults (aged > or = 20 years) was 2.8% (95% CI 1.9-3.9) in Europeans, 6.9% (95% CI 6.0-7.9) in Maori and 4.6% (95% CI 4.1-5.1) in Pacific Islands people. The greatest differences in prevalence were found in those aged 40-59 years. Interviews at 185/280 houses revisited showed that 13% of households had moved completely in the 2-8 months between visits. Comparison between participating general practice registers and the door to door survey database showed that 11.2% (26/232) of diabetic individuals were missed by the door to door survey, and 23.7% (55/232) were not on the register of the named general practitioner. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of known diabetes in the community is much higher than that in the workforce. Differences between Maori and Pacific Islands people may be due to more undiagnosed diabetes or a lower risk of diabetes in the latter.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Vaccination coverage in the districts of the city of Castellon and the relationship with sociodemographic factors: an ecologic study].

BACKGROUND: The state of vaccination in 1987 of those born in the city of Castellon and the relation with a group of sociodemographic variables by districts collected from a study based on the census of inhabitants of 1986 was analyzed. METHODS: The state of vaccination of each child was obtained from the Computerized Municipal Registry of Vaccinations with good vaccination being considered when the child had received all the doses corresponding to the age of two years (four doses of oral trivalent poliomyelitis and three doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and one dose of diphtheria-tetanus and one dose of triple virus) and was considered as badly vaccinated when one of the doses had been missed. Following classification of each child according to the district of residence, the effect of the state of vaccination, the sex of the child and the month of birth as well as the group of variables collected in the district (ecologic base), the relative risks were estimated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Neither the sex of the child nor the month of birth had any relation with the risk of being badly vaccinated. Upon analysis of the effect being born in a determined district had, five presented between two and four times less risk of bad vaccination than that taken by reference (La Vila) and another three presented up to two times more risk. Among the significant predictors of risk of bad vaccination the following were found: crowding, old age, rate of dependence, rate of widowhood, and the proportion of single people, while the percentage of active women and the density of population were protective. In multivariant analysis, only the proportion of single people and the number of active women persisted as significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Although great inequality has been reported in vaccination coverage among the districts of the city of Castellon, the general coverage of the city may be considered as satisfactory in the light of the criteria used and from comparisons with other similar studies. The associations found between bad vaccination and some sociodemographic variables by districts (proportion of single people, and active women) together with possible methodologic limitations, do not allow the important inequalities found to be satisfactorily explained.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Unlocking the numerator-denominator bias. I: Adjustments ratios by ethnicity for 1991-94 mortality data. The New Zealand Census-Mortality Study.

AIM: To determine the extent of the under-reporting of Mäori and Pacific mortality among 0-74 year olds for the period 1991-94. METHODS: A subset (n=22,578) of highly probable linked 1991 census and 1991-94 mortality records were selected from the 31,635 census-mortality links in the New Zealand Census-Mortality Study. The numbers of decedents assigned as Mäori, Pacific, and non-Mäori non-Pacific were compared between mortality and census data. RESULTS: Compared to the death registration form, 29% more 0-74 year old decedents during 1991-94 had self-identified as sole-Mäori on the 1991 census (46% for prioritised-Mäori). This numerator-denominator bias was greater among the young and those living in central and southern New Zealand. Among 0-14, 15-24, 25-44, 45-64, and 65-74 year old decedents, respectively, 91%, 50%, 41%, 26% and 15% more decedents had self-identified as sole-Mäori on the 1991 census. For Northern, Midland, Central and Southern regional health authority areas, respectively, 14%, 17%, 81% and 102% more decedents had self-identified as sole-Mäori. Among Pacific decedents 68% more 0-74 year old decedents had self-identified as sole-Pacific on the 1991 census (78% for prioritised-Pacific group). This bias for Pacific decedents did not notably vary by age and region. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms substantial underestimation of Mäori and Pacific mortality rates for the period 1991-94, even using the recommended sole-ethnic group denominator. The results from this study should be used to adjust ethnic-specific mortality rates for the early 1990s. Population-based funding formulas that included region-specific Mäori mortality rates would have particularly disadvantaged central and southern regions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Census of the bacterial community of the gypsy moth larval midgut by using culturing and culture-independent methods.

Little is known about bacteria associated with Lepidoptera, the large group of mostly phytophagous insects comprising the moths and butterflies. We inventoried the larval midgut bacteria of a polyphagous foliivore, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.), whose gut is highly alkaline, by using traditional culturing and culture-independent methods. We also examined the effects of diet on microbial composition. Analysis of individual third-instar larvae revealed a high degree of similarity of microbial composition among insects fed on the same diet. DNA sequence analysis indicated that most of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes belong to the gamma-Proteobacteria and low G+C gram-positive divisions and that the cultured members represented more than half of the phylotypes identified. Less frequently detected taxa included members of the alpha-Proteobacterium, Actinobacterium, and Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides divisions. The 16S rRNA gene sequences from 7 of the 15 cultured organisms and 8 of the 9 sequences identified by PCR amplification diverged from previously reported bacterial sequences. The microbial composition of midguts differed substantially among larvae feeding on a sterilized artificial diet, aspen, larch, white oak, or willow. 16S rRNA analysis of cultured isolates indicated that an Enterococcus species and culture-independent analysis indicated that an Entbacter sp. were both present in all larvae, regardless of the feeding substrate; the sequences of these two phylotypes varied less than 1% among individual insects. These results provide the first comprehensive description of the microbial diversity of a lepidopteran midgut and demonstrate that the plant species in the diet influences the composition of the gut bacterial community.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fire fatalities among children: an analysis across Philadelphia's census tracts.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the possible causes of high levels of residential fire deaths to children younger than 15 years of age in Philadelphia from 1989 to 2000. METHODS: The authors analyzed 246 deaths from 146 residential fires by census tract in Philadelphia using both individual level data and aggregate level data drawn from the records of the Fire Marshall's Office. Death rates by age and sex were calculated using the 1990 Census. Data on fires from official records were combined with aggregate level data by census tract from the 1990 Census and analyzed using logistic regression. Newspaper articles on the fires analyzed were used to identify residences with possible fire code violations. The authors used data from the Philadelphia Bureau of Licenses and Inspections to provide evidence of code violations. RESULTS: The statistically significant variables that resulted from the logistic regression were census tracts in the highest quartile for low income households, census tracts in the highest quartile for single-parent households with children younger than age 18, census tracts in the highest quartile for houses built before 1939, and the number of children younger than 15 years of age in a census tract. CONCLUSION: Population characteristics by census tract are useful in identifying risk factors for residential fire deaths of children. Census tracts identified as at highest risk can provide fire prevention units with opportunities to take preventative measures such as the distribution of smoke detectors, and the education of residents about the dangers of careless smoking and planning for the rescue of children in the event of a fire.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Geographic patterns of disease.

The preparation and use of a computerised grid for demonstrating the temporal and spatial distribution of outbreaks of infectious hepatitis is described. Methods of social area and cluster analysis are described and it is suggested that use could be made in New Zealand of these methods of analysis, taking social data obtained from the census and linking it with mortality and morbidity data obtained by geographical reference.

Computers↗
PubMed1999

Fertility estimation from open birth-interval data.

Censuses and surveys frequently collect information on period fertility through questions on the timing of last births. The standard approach to estimating fertility with open-interval data uses the proportion of women giving birth in the year before the interview. I propose a more efficient, maximum likelihood method for estimating fertility from open-interval data. I illustrate a mathematical derivation of the new method, perform sensitivity analyses, and conduct empirical tests with Brazilian census data. The new estimators have small biases and lower variance than standard estimators for open-interval data. Consequently, the new method is more likely to generate accurate results from small or moderately sized samples.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Geographical distribution of the male/female ratio of cardiovascular mortality in Spain].

OBJECTIVES: To describe the geographic distribution of the male/female ratio (MFR) of mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in 1991-1995 in Spain, and to examine wether the differences between men and women in exposure to cardiovascular risk factors could explain such distribution. METHODS: Mortality data come from National Vital Statistics. Age-adjusted mortality rates for the period 1991-1995 were calculated for IHD and CVD using the direct method, in population aged 40 to 79 years. Data on tobacco and alcohol consumption, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, obesity, sedentariness, and health services use come from the 1993 Spanish National Health Survey, and socioeconomic data from the 1991 Population Census. Data were analyzed by correlation and Poisson regression methods. RESULTS: MFR of mortality from IHD and CVD are higher in the provinces of the north of Spain, and are correlated negatively with mortality from IHD and CVD. This negative association is stronger for mortality in women than in men. Among the risk factors examined, only MFR of alcohol consumption showed a significant (p < 0.05) association with MFR of mortality from IHD and CVD. MFR of alcohol consumption explains 23 and 14% of the provincial variation in MFR of mortality from IHD and CVD, respectively, and showed a U shaped relationship with MFR of mortality for both diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Provinces in the north of Spain, which register the lowest cardiovascular mortality, show the highest MFR of IHD and CVD mortality, because of the lower mortality in women than in men. As derived from the dose-response relationship between MFR of IHD and CVD mortality and the MFR of alcohol consumption, a higher alcohol consumption in men could contribute to a higher MFR of cardiovascular mortality in some Spanish provinces.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Perceived social cohesion and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases.

BACKGROUND: Although physical attributes have been shown to be associated with sexually transmitted disease (SD) rates, there is little information about the association between social attributes and STD rates. GOAL: The objective of this study was to determine the association between gonorrhea prevalence and perceptions of social cohesion in impoverished, urban neighborhoods. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a street-based survey of 18- to 24-year-olds residing in selected census block groups in Baltimore City, Maryland. Census block groups eligible for selection were defined as impoverished (greater than 20% in poverty) and unstable (lowest 25th percentile for stability). From the eligible census block groups, 5 from high gonorrhea rate (greater than the 75th percentile) census block groups and 5 from the lower gonorrhea rate (lowest 25th percentile to equal or greater than the 75th percentile) census block groups were randomly selected. Participants within the 10 selected census block groups were recruited using a street-intercept method. Participants were asked about perceived social cohesion and control. RESULTS: Results showed that for young adults 18 to 24 years of age residing in high gonorrhea census block groups, the mean social cohesion index scores were 1.7 points lower than mean social cohesion index scores of the participants residing in the low gonorrhea census block groups (P <0.01). CONCLUSION: Future research needs to be conducted to determine the temporal association between gonorrhea prevalence and local social cohesion dynamics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda.

Primate census techniques have been developed over the past 35-40 years yet there is still some confusion and great variation in the methods used. This precludes comparisons between sites where different techniques have been used. This paper discusses the variations between the methods that seem to be practiced currently and then describes a census of primates in the forests of western Uganda. Primate density and biomass varied greatly between forests as well as within forests and this is probably related to food availability. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) density was strongly correlated with nest encounter rates from reconnaissance walks in the forest. This result can be used to estimate chimpanzee density in forests where it is difficult to survey this species (e.g., due to security reasons). A total of 4,980 chimpanzee was estimated for Uganda which is higher than previously guessed, but still of conservation concern. Only four forests had more than 500 individuals which gives concern for long-term population viability.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

War, famine and excess child mortality in Africa: the role of parental education.

BACKGROUND: Civilian-targeted warfare and famine constitute two of the greatest public health challenges of our time. Both have devastated many countries in Africa. Social services, and in particular, health services, have been destroyed. Dictatorial and military governments have used the withholding of food as a political weapon to exacerbate human suffering. Under such circumstances, war and famine are expected to have catastrophic impacts on child survival. This study examines the role of parental education in reducing excess child mortality in Africa by considering Tigrai-Ethiopia, which was severely affected by famine and civil war during 1973--1991. METHODS: This study uses data from the 1994 Housing and Population Census of Ethiopia and on communities' vulnerability to food crises. Child mortality levels and trends by various subgroups are estimated using indirect methods of mortality estimation techniques. A Poisson regression model is used to examine the relationship between number of children dead and parental education. RESULTS: Although child mortality is excessively high (about 200 deaths per 1000 births), our results show enormous variations in child mortality by parental education. Child mortality is highest among children born to illiterate mothers and illiterate fathers. Our results also show that the role of parental education in reducing child mortality is great during famine periods. In the communities devastated by war, however, its impact was significant only when the father has above primary education. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that both mother's and father's education are significantly and negatively associated with child mortality, although this effect diminishes over time if the crisis is severe and prolonged. The policy implications of our study include, obviously, reducing armed conflict, addressing food security in a timely manner, and expansion of educational opportunities.

Child↗
PubMed1980

A method to estimate the number of house officers required in teaching hospitals.

A method of estimating the number of house officers needed for direct patient care in teaching hospitals is discussed. The method requires six input data elements: average daily census, annual admissions, annual outpatient visits, average house staff hours per inpatient per day, average house staff hours per outpatient visit, and average direct patient care hours per house officer per day. The first three are readily available annual statistics; the fourth and fifth data elements are easily estimable by service chiefs and immediate house staff supervisors. The sixth input item can either be a standard or an estimated value. An approach to estimating the sixth data element is included in the paper. An application of the proposed method is illustrated for 11 clinical services at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center.

California↗
PubMed1995

Visualizing changing social structure from a census.

"In this paper it is shown how new visualization techniques are being used to analyze the first results of the British 1991 Census and other large data sets." The focus is on new ways to show how localities develop over time. The author suggests that this cannot be done effectively using traditional quantitative techniques. "Pictures are needed to show how different processes occur in different places, and holistic patterns need also to be seen without generalizing out the detail. Neither traditional thematic mapping nor commercial geographic information systems can do this well. Spatial visualization is an alternative approach in which the researchers choose what they wish to see and how they wish to view it. Many problems require new methods of visualization for their exploration. A new census presents us not only with new statistics, but also with the opportunity and impetus to develop radically different ways of envisioning information to reveal more fully the human facts contained within a mass of social statistics."

Censuses↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Territorial mobility based on census data: the estimation of migratory flows].

"The questions asked in many population censuses on place-of-residence at one or several fixed past dates allow the number of migrants during a specific period of time to be calculated. However, the questions asked in the censuses are retrospective, so that the migrants who died or emigrated abroad during the period considered are not included. There is no way of estimating the number of migrants who emigrated abroad; on the other hand, a simple method is available to estimate the number of migrants who died. In this paper this method of estimation is applied to data from the Italian censuses of 1971 and 1981." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Demography↗
PubMed2004

Income and mortality: the shape of the association and confounding New Zealand Census-Mortality Study, 1981-1999.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the shape of the income-mortality association, before and after adjusting for confounding by other socioeconomic variables. METHODS: Poisson regression analyses were conducted on 11.7 million years of follow-up of 25-59 year old New Zealand census respondents spanning four separate cohort studies (1981-1984, 1986-1989, 1991-1994, and 1996-1999). RESULTS: Mortality among low-income people was approximately two times that among high-income people. Adjustment for potential socioeconomic confounders (marital status, education, car access, and neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation) halved the strength of the income-mortality association, but did not appreciably change the shape of the association. Further adjustment for labour force status largely removed the income-mortality association. The association of non-transformed income with mortality was non-linear, with a flattening out of the slope at higher incomes. Both the logarithm and rank of income appeared to have a better linear fit with the mortality rate, although the association of mortality with the logarithm of income flattened out notably at low incomes. CONCLUSIONS: Much, but not all, of the crude association of income with mortality could be due to confounding. Adjusting income-mortality associations for labour force status (also a proxy for health status) is problematic: on the one hand, it over-adjusts the association as poor health will be on the pathway from income to mortality; on the other hand, it appropriately adjusts for both confounding by labour force status and reverse causation whereby income changes as a result of poor health. Both logarithmic and rank transformations of income have a reasonable linear fit with income.

Censuses↗
PubMed1999

Measuring aspects of women's life and work for the study of variations in health.

BACKGROUND: Studies of occupation and health commonly examine only men. This paper draws on reviews of inequalities in health carried out by the Office for National Statistics in London which in recent years have focused more on women. METHODS: Many sources of official statistics such as censuses, surveys, vital registration and health service records are used to explore different ways of measuring and monitoring economic activity, education, socio-economic, and family status and their impact on fertility and health among women. RESULTS: Taking a life cycle approach we first look at fertility and family formation, the time around childbirth, age 15-49, and finally 50+. Some relevant health issues are used to illustrate how we use available data to describe and monitor inequalities in health. CONCLUSIONS: In Britain, there is a wealth of information and linked data sources which enable us to analyze patterns and trends in fertility, morbidity, and mortality. Nevertheless, none of the traditional data sources or methods of analysis are suitable for all purposes nor for keeping up with changes in society. Sources of official statistics and ways of linking and analyzing need then to be continuously developed.

Female↗