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PubMed1984

Adolescents' communication styles and learning about birth control.

Adolescents have different communication styles for acquiring information about birth control from a mass medium--interactant or noninteractant, depending on whether they involve communication with others in the process of media use. Three interactant styles are identified: a home-oriented style, where communication is primarily with immediate members and friends; a peer-oriented style, where communication is primarily with own-age peers and personal friends; and multi-source user, where communication is with more than one cluster of sources and the majority of one's communication is not with any particular source. The noninteractant style identified is a media-oriented style, where the adolescent relies exclusively on the mass media for information acquisition without communicating with anyone about the content or process of learning. Data suggest that the interactant style, especially for the multi-source user, is most beneficial for new learning. Gender and the presence of siblings at home are important moderators of the relationship between communication styles and knowledge of birth control. For example, females with a media-oriented style know more about birth control than females with a home-oriented style. Implications of the findings for the delivery of birth control information to adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of communication about AIDS among Hispanic and Anglo adolescents.

This study examined exposure to AIDS information from mass media and interpersonal communication among a nonprobability sample of Hispanic and Anglo lower middle-class adolescents. Subjects were drawn predominantly from community health clinics, word of mouth recruiting, public service announcements, churches, schools, and health fairs in San Diego County. Both Hispanic (n = 220) and Anglo (n = 159) youths reported substantial exposure to information about AIDS from both mass media and interpersonal communication. Hispanics watched more general television than Anglos, but had less exposure to newspapers and interpersonal communication with friends. Communication among friends was most consistently related to sociodemographic variables, with older, higher status persons and girls communicating to the greatest extent. Boys reported the greatest communication with family. Anglo youths had greater exposure to information about AIDS and condoms regardless of the medium of communication, while Hispanic adolescents had greater exposure to information on risks of IV drug use. Of the three main types of mass media, print and radio provided the most exposure to AIDS information. It is important for preventive medicine practitioners to exploit these differences in communication patterns when planning preventive intervention strategies that target specific adolescent populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

A model for communication skills development for family practice residents.

The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to demonstrate the need for including interpersonal communication skills training in family practice residency programs, and (2) to present a communication model that can be used for such training. Interpersonal communication skills are important in almost all areas of contact with patients: history taking, physical examination, prescription writing and patient education, counseling, and psychotherapy. Presentation of the communication model includes definition of the interpersonal communication skills that would be stressed in family practice residency programs. These skills include empathy, respect, warmth, concreteness, genuineness, self-disclosure, confrontation, immediacy, and behavior modification. Examples of how a family physician may communicate each of these skills are also included. The implementation of the communication model in a department of family practice for training residents and faculty in the use of these communication skills is also described.

Communication↗
PubMed1994

[The mapping of the masking effect of noise in relation to the adaptive potentials of the auditory analyzer for speech communication].

The work considers the problem of ergonomic evaluation on the abilities of the auditory analyzer for speech information processing, depending on the zones of masking effect of noise and the rate of speech communication. Significant increase the loss of speech communication with increase in the intensity of the masking effect of noise (from 21.33% at L eq. 40 dB to 96% at L eq. 90 and above 90 dB/A). The speech communication is determined on scale in 4 zones, depending on the qualitative-quantitative criteria of the speech communication processing [I, II, III and IV zones]. Of point of view of ensuring the necessary conditions for perception of the speech communication is confirmed the correctness of the norm for masking noise L eq. 65 dB/A/, which guarantees a good speech communication. Equivalent levels of the masking noise about or equal to L eq. dB/A/ guarantee a satisfactory speech communication in the command desks. When the intensities of the masking noise are above the norms they are of specific importance, as they fall into the unaccepted (bad) zone, of the auditory perception of speech communication.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1997

Nurses' responses to patients' communication.

In this article the results of research undertaken to explore and describe nurses' responses to patients' communication as a factor in health promotion, maintenance and restoration are discussed. Nurses who have completed their basic course in nursing, question the need for participation in post-basic interpersonal skills courses. In contrast to this, patients, families and communities complained that nurses communicate with them in a poor manner and do not listen to them. The research question arose: "How do nurses respond to patients' communication?". A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was utilised. The naive sketch method was used to collect data regarding nurses' responses to patients' communication. To ensure trustworthiness Guba's model was implemented. Through data analysis five categories of nurses' responses on patients' communication were identified: reassuring: giving of advise/dictating from own frame of reference; explaining; moralizing; and first level empathy. The first four categories of communication patterns are detrimental to the promotion, maintenance and restoration of the patient's health. Previous interpersonal or communication skills programs completed by nurses, do not guarantee the internalisation of attitudes and effective communication skills that are conducive to the promotion, maintenance and restoration of patients' health.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lower limb arteriovenous communications in diabetes mellitus: a potential reason for aggravation of ischemic symptoms.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and to evaluate the clinical associations of arteriovenous communications in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and lower limb peripheral arterial ischemia. Peripheral arteriography of DM patients from an eight-year period (1993-2000) was evaluated retrospectively by two observers. The presence of arteriovenous communications, defined as occurring without evidence of a preceding precipitating event, and the distribution and severity of the vascular disease were evaluated. The type (non-insulin-dependent DM or insulin-dependent DM) and the duration of the DM, the presenting symptoms, and the presence of a peripheral neuropathy were documented by a review of the clinical records. A total of 348 arteriography studies in 285 DM patients were evaluated (duration of DM: median, 16 years; range, 7-42 years); an arteriovenous communication was present in 14/285 patients (4.9%), 9 male and 5 female (median age, 71 years; range, 17-84 years). Symptoms were those of a peripheral leg ulcer (n = 11), claudication (n = 3), and gangrene (n = 1), with symptoms ipsilateral to the side of the arteriovenous communication in 13/14 patients. The sites of the arteriovenous communications were infra popliteal (n = 7), popliteal (n = 3), superficial femoral artery (n = 3), and common femoral artery (n = 1). Features of a peripheral neuropathy were found in 12/14 and ipsilateral to the side of the communication in 11/12. Arteriovenous communications in the peripheral femoral arterial system of patients with DM is an uncommon finding. Although not proven in the current study, arteriovenous communications might be associated with more severe symptoms than that attributable to the underlying vascular disease alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Competition of coronary arteries and ventriculo-coronary arterial communications in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.

Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum can be complicated by the presence of large ventriculo-coronary arterial communications which disturb normal myocardial perfusion. In the selection of patients for surgery the presence of these communications provides an additional problem. On the basis of previous cineangiocardiographic study, we performed a histopathological study of 16 cases. Twelve presented with ventriculo-coronary arterial communications and four only showed myocardial sinusoids. A tripartite right ventricle was seen in the latter group but not exclusively. It is shown that subepicardial coronary arterial pathology is exclusively present in cases with ventriculo-coronary arterial communications although not solely at a connection site between a communication and an artery. The affected coronary artery is itself focally abnormal and hypoplastic and can be blocked or even absent. The interruption of such an artery can also occur after birth and not necessarily at a site of connection with a communication. This implies that infants with communications either already have a coronary circulation partly or completely dependent on ventriculo-coronary arterial communications at birth or can develop such a condition in time. This hazard to myocardial perfusion, often compromised by a large "steal" from the aorta to the right ventricle, limits the choice of surgical procedures.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1988

Connections of a vagal communicating branch in the ferret. I. Pathways and cell body location.

In contrast to most other species, ferrets possess a single communicating branch connecting the dorsal and ventral vagal trunks immediately rostral to the diaphragm. This branch is being used in physiological studies of gastrointestinal function and emesis. However, the fibre routes which pass through this branch are not known. In this study, the afferent and efferent pathways within this supradiaphragmatic vagal communicating branch of the ferret were studied through the use of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique. The region of the branch was exposed using a thoracotomy and HRP crystals were applied to one of the following: (A) the ventral end of the communicating branch, (B) the dorsal end of the communicating branch, (C) the distal end of the dorsal vagal trunk rostral to the communicating branch or (D) the distal end of the ventral vagal trunk rostral to the communicating branch. Following a 72 hour survival period, the animals were reanaesthetized and perfused. The superior cervical and nodose ganglia and the brain stem were processed using the tetramethylbenzidine method. Following application of HRP to the cut ventral end of the communicating branch, labelled cell bodies were found in the left and right nodose ganglia and in the left dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. After HRP application to the cut dorsal end of the communicating branch, labelled cells were found in the left and right nodose ganglia. No HRP containing cell bodies were found following HRP application to the cut distal end of either the dorsal or the ventral vagal trunk. These results indicate that several afferent pathways exist within the branch, although only one consistently labelled efferent pathway was found.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2004

Acute dissection of the descending aorta: noncommunicating versus communicating forms.

BACKGROUND: Noncommunicating dissecting intramural hematoma is an aortic dissection variant, characterized by absent flow within the false lumen. Noncommunicating dissecting intramural hematoma is thought to be more stable than communicating dissection when beginning in the descending aorta. This study assessed clinical characteristics, anatomic characteristics, and 1-year outcomes in acute descending noncommunicating dissecting intramural hematoma versus communicating dissection. METHODS: Retrospective database review identified patients who underwent magnetic resonance or computed tomography imaging revealing acute descending noncommunicating dissecting intramural hematoma or communicating dissection. Comparisons of clinical and anatomic characteristics and 1-year outcomes were performed. RESULTS: Twenty-four noncommunicating dissecting intramural hematoma and 36 communicating dissection cases were identified. Patients with noncommunicating dissecting intramural hematoma were older (68.5 +/- 8.8 versus 61.8 +/- 11.6 years; p < 0.05). Although noncommunicating dissecting intramural hematoma often showed abdominal aorta extension (50%), the infrarenal level was spared. Communicating dissection characteristically extended beyond the diaphragm (89%), including into the infrarenal aorta (28%). There was no significant difference in rates of adverse clinical events for noncommunicating dissecting intramural hematoma versus communicating dissection (13% versus 30%; 0.10 > p > 0.05). By follow-up imaging (87% of population), aortic deterioration was more frequent in noncommunicating dissecting intramural hematoma versus communicating dissection cases (60% versus 15%; p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Acute descending noncommunicating dissecting intramural hematoma and communicating dissection represent two variants, with differing clinical and anatomic characteristics, but comparable levels of 1-year morbidity.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Development and validation of a scale to assess attitudes of health care administrators toward the use of e-mail communication between patients and physicians.

BACKGROUND: The medical profession has been slow in embracing the e-mail as a means of improving patient communications. Today, most physicians work in group practices where administrators seek to develop standard procedures for care delivery. To understand the slow adoption of e-mail technology among physicians when communicating with their patients, it is important to understand these administrators' attitudes. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop and purify a scale to measure health care administrators' attitudes toward the use of e-mail communication and identify associations between e-mail communication attitudes and administrators' demographic and practice-related characteristics. METHODS: A preliminary list of features for e-mail communication was generated by reviewing the literature and Rogers' diffusion theory. The features were grouped initially into 5 hypothesized dimensions: relative advantage, norms (established rules of the social system), complexity, compatibility, and infrastructure. Following pilot testing, the main survey instrument was mailed to a total of 1500 health care administrators. Attitudes toward features of e-mail communication scale were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation. Internal consistency of the scale and its subscales was determined using Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlations. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 8.7%. Scale purification procedures reduced the preliminary scale of 22 items to a final scale of 20 items. The reliability of the scale measured by Cronbach's alpha was 0.81. Norms was considered the major barrier to e-mail communication, whereas infrastructure was considered a facilitator, and other features like relative advantage, complexity, and compatibility issues were perceived more as a barrier than a facilitator. The item related to and usage of e-mail by staff was statistically significant with the overall scale score (P=0.0095), complexity subscale score (P=0.0168), and infrastructure subscale score (P=0.0480). The relationship between number of years of experience of the administrator and infrastructure subscale score was statistically significant (P=0.0480). CONCLUSION: A scale developed to determine the attitudes of health care administrators regarding e-mail communication between patients and physicians demonstrated adequate content validity and reliability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Pyogenic hepatic abscess with biliary communication.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to compare the effectiveness of percutaneous drainage between pyogenic hepatic abscesses with and those without biliary communication and to evaluate the role of endoscopic biliary stent placement in the treatment of communicating abscesses. METHODS: Sixty-one patients with hepatic abscesses underwent percutaneous drainage. For communicating abscesses refractory to drainage alone, endoscopic biliary stenting was performed. RESULTS: After drainage, all patients showed improvement in their clinical condition and reduction in abscess size. Drainage alone completely cured abscesses in none of 10 patients with biliary communication and obstruction, in 3 of 10 with communication but without obstruction, and in 37 of 41 without communication. Endoscopic stenting was completely effective in all 7 patients with persistent discharge from a communicating abscess without biliary obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous drainage is less effective for communicating abscesses without biliary obstruction than for noncommunicating abscesses. Endoscopic biliary stenting is recommended, if drainage does not achieve a cure.

Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic↗
PubMed1990

Echocardiographic spectrum of double inlet ventricle: evaluation of the interventricular communication.

To determine the spectrum and associated anomalies of double inlet ventricle (single ventricle), echocardiographic data of 50 patients with double inlet ventricle were reviewed and compared with the data obtained by cardiac catheterization, cardiac surgery and autopsy. Standard echocardiographic planes were used to determine the cardiac anatomy and the size of the interventricular communication. Double inlet by way of two perforate valves was found in 44 patients. In 42 of the 44 patients the dominant ventricular morphology was of the left ventricular type (double inlet left ventricle); in 13 of these 42 patients stenosis of one atrioventricular (AV) valve was found. Double inlet right ventricle and double inlet indeterminate ventricle were each found in one patient. Double inlet by way of a common AV valve was found in six patients, all of whom had atrial isomerism. The diagnosis of double inlet ventricle was accurate by two-dimensional echocardiography in all 44 patients. A restrictive interventricular communication was shown in 13 patients and a nonrestrictive communication in 17 patients by cardiac catheterization. Patients with a restrictive interventricular communication had a significantly smaller interventricular communication area normalized by the body surface area (mean +/- SD 1.21 +/- 0.53 cm2/m2) than did those with a nonrestrictive interventricular communication (2.33 +/- 0.71 cm2/m2) (p less than 0.01). Infants with an aortic anomaly had a significantly smaller interventricular communication area (1.35 +/- 0.65 cm2/m2) than did those without an aortic anomaly (2.57 +/- 0.76 cm2/m2) (p less than 0.05). Echocardiography provides an accurate noninvasive diagnosis in patients with double inlet ventricle, offering reliable information about the restrictive interventricular communication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Embryology of congenital ventriculo-coronary communications: a study on quail-chick chimeras.

Ventriculo-coronary arterial communications are rare congenital heart defects which have been explained traditionally on the basis of abnormal persistence of such communications found in the normal developing heart. Recent studies, however, have suggested that these embryonic communications might be an incidental finding rather than a normal feature. Thus, it has been suggested that congenital ventriculo-coronary communications do not represent remnants of normal embryonic vessels, but rather represent acquired lesions. In the present study, hearts were constructed in embryonic chicks in which the coronary vasculature was almost completely derived from a quail-donor. After immunohistochemical staining of the quail-derived coronary endothelium, chimeric hearts were analysed with respect to the presence of embryonic ventriculo-coronary communications, and with respect to the origin of these structures from either coronary arteries or endocardium. The results demonstrate the normal presence of ventriculo-coronary communications in avian embryonic hearts. They show, furthermore, that these structures are of coronary endothelial origin. The findings are in accord with the traditional view on the pathogenesis of congenital ventriculo-coronary communications. The roles of elevated ventricular pressure, abnormal remodelling of the developing myocardium, and of abnormal growth of the coronary vasculature are discussed relative to the pathogenesis of congenital ventriculo-coronary communications.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Adult-directed communications of youth with mental retardation using the system for augmenting language.

This study characterizes the success and effectiveness of adult-directed communications of youth with mental retardation and little or no functional speech who used the System for Augmenting Language (SAL), in concert with vocalizations and gestures, to communicate over a 2-year period. Subjects were introduced to the SAL, a speech-output communication device used during daily interactions, to encourage attempts at communication either at home or school. All subjects used the SAL at home and at school during the second year. Results indicate that subjects used the SAL with their extant forms of communication, particularly vocalizations. Extant communications were more successful than SAL communications, although the environment influenced the success of all the youth's communications. The SAL, however, was more effective than vocalizations or gestures in conveying information and interacting with adults in both environments. Maintenance, generalization, and implications for practice are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The efficacy of group communication treatment in adults with chronic aphasia.

We examined the effects of group communication treatment on linguistic and communicative performance in adults with chronic aphasia. Participants were randomly assigned to two treatment and two deferred treatment groups. Groups were balanced for age, education level, and initial aphasia severity. Twenty-four participants completed the 4-month treatment trial. While in the treatment condition, all participants received 5 hours of group communication treatment weekly, provided by a speech-language pathologist. The focus of treatment included increasing initiation of conversation and exchanging information using whatever communicative means possible. While awaiting group communication treatment, participants in the deferred treatment groups engaged in such activities as support, performance, or movement groups in order to control for the effects of social contact. Linguistic and communicative measures were administered to all participants at entry, after 2 and 4 months of treatment, and following 4 to 6 weeks of no treatment. In addition, participants in the deferred treatment groups received an additional administration of all measures just before their treatment trial. Results revealed that participants receiving group communication treatment had significantly higher scores on communicative and linguistic measures than participants not receiving treatment. In addition, significant increases were revealed after 2 months of treatment and after 4 months of treatment. No significant decline in performance occurred at time of follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Predictors of father-son communication about sexuality.

Examining the factors that influence adolescents' sexual behaviors is crucial for understanding why they often engage in risky sexual behaviors. Using social cognitive theory, we examined predictors of father-son communication about sexuality. Fathers (N=155) of adolescent sons completed a survey measuring 12 variables, including self-efficacy and outcome expectations. We found that (a) son's pubertal development, father's sex-based values, father's education; father's communication with his father, outcome expectations, and general communication accounted for 36% of the variance in information sharing communication and (b) son's pubertal development, outcome expectations, general communication, and father-son contact accounted for 20% of the variance in values sharing communication. Study findings can aid professionals in designing guidelines for programs to promote father-son general communication and sex-based communication.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Teacher perceptions of communication impairment at screening stage in preschool children living in Patras, Greece.

The general aim was to obtain piloting data for a series of experiments about the prevalence of communication impairment in preschool children in Greece. At this screening stage of the overall project, teacher perceptions of communication impairment in 57 kindergartens servicing 1113 children were examined via a questionnaire distributed in the urban region of Patras. The specific research goals were (1) to screen for specific categories of communication impairment such as articulation/phonology, receptive language, expressive language and pragmatics, hearing, stuttering, and voice, as they appear in the mainstreamed kindergarten population and (2) to offer comparative information on sex differences in communication impairment(s). The information was gathered by administration of a Greek-adapted version of the Communication Checklist for Pre-school Teachers, which was administered three times to obtain validity and reliability measures. The results were analysed separately for two studies (original and follow-up) and indicated teacher estimates of 14.4-18.7% for communication impairment in kindergarten children of the Patras region. Prevalence was higher for boys than for girls. Analysis of specific communication areas revealed that prevalence varies according to gender and category of communicative impairment. The limitations and follow-up needs of this study are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Hearing Status, Language Modality, and Young Children's Communicative and Linguistic Behavior.

This study examined early pragmatic skill development in a group of 38 children with severe or profound hearing loss between 1 and 4 years of age who were enrolled in a simultaneous communication (SC) approach to language learning. Both their use of intentionally communicative acts and their use of language were studied in an analysis of 30-min play sessions between a child and the primary caregiver. Results were compared with previously published data from two age-matched groups: 38 deaf children who were enrolled in oral communication (OC) programs and 84 normally hearing (NH) children. All groups showed a significant improvement with age in the communicative behaviors measured; therefore, the overall trend was toward growth-in all age groups-even when the rates of growth differed. By age 3 years, a pattern of communicative function use had emerged in all three groups. Patterns exhibited by deaf children in the SC and OC groups were similar to each other and to younger NH children but dissimilar to NH age mates. Although the use of signed input by normally hearing parents and teachers did not serve to ameliorate the profound effects of hearing loss on communication development in SC children, it did provide some early advantages. The children in SC groups did not exhibit an advantage over children in OC groups in their overall frequency of communication or the breadth of their vocabulary but they began using words earlier and used mature communicative functions significantly more often. Although children in the OC groups did not exhibit a significant advantage in the overall amount of speech used, they showed an advantage in the breadth of their spoken vocabulary in a conversational setting. Implications for early intervention programming are discussed.

Journal Article↗