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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Towards the eradication of iodine-deficiency disorders in Brazil through a salt iodination programme.

Iodine-deficiency disorders have been a serious public health problem in Brazil because of the failure of a salt iodination programme established in 1953. The reasons for this failure were logistical, e.g., potassium iodide was not supplied to all salt-producers, iodination of salt was largely erratic, and part of the population at risk used only non-refined salt, which was not iodinated. In 1978 a task force was therefore formed to implement measures to eliminate iodine-deficiency disorders from the country. For this purpose, potassium iodate was distributed, free-of-charge, to all salt mills and an iodate dosing spray was supplied without cost to small salt producers. Also, regional laboratories for determining iodine in salt were set up, inspectors made regular visits to the salt mills, and samples of salt from commerce and from the producers were analysed. More than 90% of the samples contained 10-30 mg iodine per kg. In three typical areas of the country with endemic goitre the urinary excretion of iodine increased from an average of less than 40 mug iodine to 125 +/- 38 mug iodine per g creatinine. In conclusion, the salt iodination programme was a complete success and could serve as a model for other countries with a high prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders.

Brazil↗
PubMed1988

The Medicare and Clinical Laboratories Improvement Act of 1967 proficiency testing requirements and its relationship to the private sector.

The Health Care Financing Administration of the US Department of Health and Human Services is the federal agency that has the responsibility for the administration of the Medicare and Clinical Laboratories Improvement Act of 1967 programs, including the promulgation of standards for clinical laboratories. The Health Care Financing Administration has been working with the Centers for Disease Control of the US Public Health Service to develop uniform standards for proficiency testing programs for the two regulatory programs. The current standards were developed on the premise that a combination of factors, including personnel standards, record-keeping, management requirements, quality control standards, and external quality assurance measures such as proficiency testing, could be used to make decisions on reimbursing facilities for tests or to allow a facility to test in interstate commerce. These programs were regulatory in nature and provided punitive actions for failure to comply with the standards established for participation or licensure. The provision of consultation and training was not the primary focus of the program, even if it was a desirable outcome. The private sector organizations and the regulated industry, on the other hand, viewed their programs as designed for educational and self-improvement purposes rather than for any regulatory or punitive functions. Therefore, the approaches for the regulatory agencies and the professional community have differed.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1987

[Farmers in biotechnology].

Biotechnology experienced a stormy development during the past decade. The development of r-DNA technology was of major importance both to the world of science and to that of commerce. Biotechnological developments in the field of veterinary medicine will be commented upon and illustrated in a number of instances in which animals are central. Products which could so far only be obtained from animals, can be isolated from microorganisms on an unlimited scale today. The essential advantages of the biotechnological production of these products will be illustrated in the examples. In addition, it will be possible to use a large number of other products in the field of veterinary science. Both the current results of biotechnological studies and the rapidly increasing prospects for the future will be elaborated.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1987

Quality assurance in changing times: proposals for reform and research in the clinical laboratory field.

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recently commissioned a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness and appropriateness of federal clinical regulations. The analysis found that many federal regulations are technically obsolescent and many may be operationally unnecessary as a result of changing laboratory technology and changed federal reimbursement policies. Among changes recommended by the HHS-funded analysis are: the regulatory classification system based upon physical location of laboratories is no longer appropriate and should be replaced with a classification system reflecting laboratory functions; a single, uniform set of federal regulations should be developed that covers all civilian laboratories receiving federal reimbursement or operating in interstate commerce; a revised federal regulatory system should emphasize measures of performance such as personnel and inspection requirements; and clinical laboratory regulations should be based upon objective data to the maximum extent possible.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1987

Constitutional background to the Social Security Act of 1935.

In June 1937, the Senate Judiciary Committee reported unfavorably on Roosevelt's Court-packing plan and the bill was effectively killed. In the same month, Justice Van Devanter retired and gave Roosevelt his first opportunity to make an appointment to the Supreme Court. Over the following 6 years, Roosevelt made seven more appointments to the Court, and in the years that followed the Court continued in the direction boldly advanced in the spring of 1937. A residual effect of the taxing-spending construction of the old-age insurance provisions of the Social Security Act of 1935 has been the Court's continued adherence to the view that social security programs consist of separate taxing and spending provisions and are not, constitutionally speaking, social insurance programs. The issue has arisen in both a due process context and an equal protection context. But it is unlikely that the decisions reached in these contexts would have been different had the old-age insurance program been drafted as an earned-benefits program pursuant to the commerce power. Of course, the Court's decisions in the social security cases represented a significant constitutional development in establishing the breadth of Congress' powers to tax and spend for the general welfare. The decisions not only cleared the way for other general welfare programs, but more fundamentally provided the Federal Government with the substantive power and institutional flexibility to respond to the changing needs of the Nation.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Marine fish as source of protein supplement in meat.

For the past 2 decades, a great deal of research has been done in fish technology, particularly in the area of mechanically deboned minced fish. Minced fish is the edible muscle flesh of fish that has been mechanically separated from the bones and skin. Ideally, the product is prepared from a high quality fish and resembles hamburger meat. In its final form, minced fish is used either as an ingredient or as an extender in seafood or in food products that require further processing. On the basis of technological advancements, the National Marine Fisheries Service of the U.S. Department of Commerce and the National Fisheries Institute jointly petitioned the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1980 to add minced fish at a level of 15% in the meat formulation of frankfurters. This paper explores certain aspects of processing, production, acceptance, and hazard assessment of minced fish ingredients as possible protein supplements in meat and poultry food products relative to this request.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pesticide confirmation by triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometry: etrimfos and dimethoate.

The production of a protonated molecular ion, MH+, for a pesticide under investigation is often preferred for primary identification purposes. However, the lack of fragment ions under such chemical ionization conditions can place the burden of proof on a single ion species for confirmation. Although a single ion representing the molecule at the correct retention time on a packed column or high-resolution capillary column might seem to have furnished sufficient evidence for unambiguous confirmation, in a number of cases additional specificity can improve the analytical result. With the introduction into commerce of triple stage quadrupole (TSQ) instruments, the possibility of improving the degree of specificity by chemical ionization has emerged for practical pesticide residue confirmation analysis. Use of collision-activated dissociation (CAD) experiments to form daughter ions from the protonated molecular ion of 2 representative organophosphorus pesticides has provided a second dimensional plane of characterization for confirmatory purposes at incurred residue levels.

Dimethoate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Carcinogenesis by N2-[gamma-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-carboxyphenylhydrazine of Agaricus bisporus in mice.

N2-[gamma-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-carboxyphenylhydrazine (GCPH), an ingredient of the cultivated mushroom of commerce Agaricus bisporus (AB), was administered as 52 weekly intragastric instillations of 1.4 mg/g body weight to randomly bred Swiss mice. In comparison with the untreated controls, the subcutaneous tumor incidences rose from 0 to 26% in the males, while in the females the corresponding tumor incidences were 6 and 2%, respectively. Histopathologically the tumors were fibrosarcomas, fibromas and myxomas. The study is part of a long - range objective to reveal the biological effect of N-N-bond-containing hydrazines and related chemicals of AB.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The tobacco problem in Denmark and the difficulties in implementing an organized plan of action.

In Denmark tobacco consumption has increased considerably during the last few decades. Almost 2 million people of a population of 5 million are smokers. Of the male population 48% are smokers, of the female population 46%. From 1981 to 1982 the cigarette consumption increased from 7,300 million to 8,000 million. Consumption of pipe tobacco increased slightly, whereas cigars and cigarillos were considerably reduced. The tobacco tax amounts to 6,500 million Dan. kr. annually (700 million US$). The tobacco industry's cost of marketing tobacco products are unknown, but advertising, for one thing, amounts to 25 million Dan.kr. annually (3 million US$), which is only a small fraction of the total cost of marketing. For comparison: On health information some 2 million Dan.kr. is spent annually by private associations. In 1970 and 1981 efforts were made to have a tobacco bill passed in the Danish Parliament-but with no success. Since 1972 there has been a gentleman's agreement between the ministry and the tobacco branch concerning the size and the content of tobacco advertising. The agreement was an evasive action initiated by the tobacco branch. During the tobacco bill debate in the Danish Parliament in 1981 the tobacco industry launched an aggressive and misleading advertising campaign in the large newspapers against the Minister of Interior. It says in the International Codes of Marketing Practice 1973 set forth by the International Chamber of Commerce: "all advertising should be legal, decent, honest and truthful" and "the advertisements should be prepared with due sense of social responsibility..".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Synthetic fuels: production and products.

A brief primer on synthetic fuels is given. The paper includes brief descriptions of generic conversion technologies that can be used to convert various raw materials such as coal, oil shale, tar sands, peat and biomass into synthetic fuels similar in character to petroleum-derived fuels currently in commerce. Because the subject is vast and the space is limited, references for additional information on synthetic fuel processes and products are also given in the paper.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Freeman-Samuelson total arthroplasty of the knee.

Experience with cementless fixation over the last six years indicates that the technique offers greater opportunities for bone conservation. Thus, when cement is used, and especially if it is forced into the skeleton under pressure, the amount of bone incorporated into the implant is considerable. Conversely, if no cement is used, grafting techniques to fill defects are becoming increasingly routine, so that today no bone may be removed from the replaced knee or hip--all fragments that are excised are repositioned as grafts in defects. Thus, cementless fixation meets the fundamental orthopedic maxim of the conservation of bone stock. Given that an implant can be fixed with satisfactory clinical results without cement and without bone ingrowth, it becomes difficult to demonstrate a clinical advantage for the latter. Nevertheless, bone ingrowth is possible both experimentally and (with less confidence) in man. Thus, it is clearly a technique that should be evaluated. However, it is not, in the senior author's view, a technique that should as yet be generally used. Hopefully, investigations of this problem will take place in a restrained scientific way rather than by the current method, which is in response to the dictates of fashion and commerce.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Services for the aged in the new world. Comments on 'Our future selves: research-plan towards understanding aging'].

A comment is given on the report 'Our future selves; a research-plan towards understanding aging', concerning the human services and delivery systems. The title of the report seems to promise a picture of the aged in the future. It is regretted that the contents of the report only gives some ideas to improve the current services for the elderly. About the procedure in which the report was achieved is said, that the use of a panel of experts requires a very careful choice of the experts. Next to that, you cannot use the saying of a panel as they are, but you have to work them up, if you want to make a research-lan. As it seems that this is not sufficiently done, the results is not a plan, but a mere collection of subjects. Out of this collection five subjects are described (cultural factors, religion-ethics, nutrition, legal services, commerce), on which in the Netherlands little or no research is done. Participation in geronotology by anthropologists, theologians, and jurists is pleaded.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

['Our future selves'. Comments on "Human services and delivery systems'].

A description is given of the recommended research topics on Human Services and Delivery Systems for the Aging. Fifteen different fields of research attention are described. It is stated that there is a lack of a frame of reference for the different attention fields. This frame of reference is necessary for a more systematic approach towards the age specific problems and the age specific services, needed to solve those problems. The systematic approach can be found in a three-dimensional scheme in which the fifteen attention fields have their logical place. The recommanded research topics have to be assessed in this frame: 1. Socio-cultural aspects. Culture, religion, ethics, communication, education, recreation, civic participation. 2. Socio-economic aspects. Economic support, employment, legal services, commerce. 3. Physical environment. Physical Environment, nutrition, transportation. 4. Human environment. This aspect is not mentioned in the report. 5. Psychological aspects. 6. Physical aspects. These aspects are not explicitly mentioned in the report, but implicitly in the chapter about Health. Some of the recommendations are also relevant for the situation in the Netherlands. The recommended research on the health care system is critisized, because the items are too complex. For the Netherlands it is more worthwhile to do fundamental research on the age-specific vulnerability in relation to social, psychological and physical aspects. The results of that research can be used for a reconstruction of the whole health care system for the aged.

Aged↗
PubMed1970

A collaborative study of heparins from different sources.

Until about 10 years ago heparin was prepared from ox lungs and was regarded as a homogeneous polymer (of a sulfated mucopolysaccharide) with a relatively constant biological activity of about 100 IU/mg. The mucus and mucosa of the intestine of hog, sheep and ox have now become the main industrial source of bulk starting material. Preparations from this new source have much higher specific biological activity and have been shown to consist of mixtures of components with a number of different chemical and physical characteristics. It had been variously reported that preparations of heparins from the 2 sources gave significantly different estimates when bioassayed by the 2 different pharmacopoeial assay methods which are in wide use. If this is in fact the case these discrepancies could cause trouble in commerce, national control and clinical usage.This paper describes an international collaborative study to investigate this and other problems in the assay of heparin. In this study preparations of heparin made from the intestinal mucosa of each of 3 species (hog, sheep and ox) were biossayed with the International Standard for Heparin (from ox lung) established in 1958. Two of these preparations were national standards.The results showed differences between the estimated relative potencies of heparins of lung and mucosal origin, but they were not so consistent as to necessitate a separate international standard for each, although the imprecision of the assays may have concealed significant heterogeneity arising from real differences between the preparations. A further problem brought to light in this study was that, with the 2 pharmacopoeial assay methods in wide use, simple replicate assays using the same substrate gave estimates so precise that an analysis of variance on them was meaningless, whereas estimates between laboratories or with different substrate batches could vary by as much as 40%-50%.It is suggested that estimates of the biological activity of heparin preparations should be based on several independent assays using different batches of substrate.The biological assay methods currently used were devised some 15-20 years ago and, in the light of modern knowledge of mechanisms of blood clotting, are regarded as unsatisfactory in a number of respects. It is hoped that research into the mechanism of action of heparin will lead to improved methods of assay.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Imitation of live and televised models by children one to three years of age.

The results of these studies indicated that children younger than 1 year possess the cognitive capability of translating a perception of a novel action into their own behavior. However, the likelihood of imitation varied as a function of the nature of the target behavior. For example, actions requiring direct social commerce with the examiner were imitated less frequently than simple motor behaviors with objects, and reproducing gestures was more common than vocalizations. Moreover, imitation seemed to depend upon the child's level of mental development--the imitation of coordinated sequences, which requires the child to associate two external events, lagged behind the imitation of single-unit behaviors. There was no evidence for individual traits of general imitativeness, at least not until symbolic relations were involved. Live models were imitated more than TV models but only prior to age 3. While children under 2 years of age were not facile at imitating sequences of behaviors or delaying performance at short time after modeling, older toddlers readily and accurately imitated televised sequences even after a 24-hour delay. Whereas socially extroverted and fearless children imitated live models more than shy children, TV imitation was not related to temperament, home TV viewing habits, or parental education. Finally, the experience of being imitated may facilitate the social cognition of influencing another person.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

[Tobacco abuse in adolescents].

The existing literature on smoking among young people in the Federal Republic of Germany is reviewed. Smoking is spread differently among the German youths, varying from place to place. Smoking is more widely spread in the cities than in the country. It is spread more widely in the commerce schools than in other schools. The boys smoke more often and more heavily than the girls. The difference between the two sexes is greater in the country than in the cities. As a rule, the young people smoke filter cigarettes with medium strong tobacco. The majority of the school students smoke less than five cigarettes per day.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The epidemiology of brucellosis in animals.

The Brucella spp. may infect a wide variety of both domesticated and feral animals. However, classic symptoms are usually limited to hosts typically associated with singular bacterial species. The host-parasite relationship is influenced by many factors such as age, gestation, virulence and number of bacteria. Environmental conditions such as animal density affect exposure to infection. A diagnosis of herd infection is usually simple, but individual diagnoses can be complicated. Influences such as incubation period, vaccine titers, and heterospecific antigenic stimuli must be considered. A wide variety of test methods is available. The control of animal brucellosis is affected by many factors and is made difficult by modern agricultural practices such as increases in herd size and commerce. These and ancient practices such as nomadism may limit the effectiveness of organized programs. The use of vaccines will continue to play a major role in control in most countries. Research will hopefully lead to the development of more accurate and simple diagnostic methods, improved vaccines, and a better understanding of the host-parasite compatibility. New delivery mechanisms may prove beneficial in chemotherapy.

Animals↗