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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

The effects of scopolamine on the temporal control of behavior.

Pigeons were provided access to food once every 75 sec independently of their behavior. The effects of scopolamine hydrobromide on the temporal distribution of locomotor activity during the interfood interval were evaluated on the basis of a recently developed model. Drug-induced changes in activity, as evaluated by the model, showed that scopolamine (a) decreased the effect of postfood inhibition, (b) decreased the effect of terminal behaviors that occur late in the interfood interval and compete or interfere with general activity, (c) decreased the total amount of activity engendered by the appetitive schedule of reinforcement, (d) and appeared to produce an underestimation of time intervals. These effects were systematically related to drug dosage.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Stimulus control of behavioral inhibition in the preweanling rat.

Previous studies demonstrate that 14-day-old rats reduce their emission of ultrasonic vocalizations and freeze when exposed to an unfamiliar adult male rat. This study sought to identify the stimulus characteristics of conspecific males that potentiate the display of behavioral inhibition. In Experiment 1, day 14 rats were isolated from the nest and exposed to either an unfamiliar prepubescent male rat or an unfamiliar adult male rat. Pups exposed to the unfamiliar adult male rat exhibited significantly elevated levels of freezing and reduced their emission of ultrasounds. In Experiment 2, pups were exposed to either a familiar or an unfamiliar adult male rat. Although several pups exposed to the familiar adult male rat exhibited freezing, pups tested with the unfamiliar adult rat showed a reliably higher duration of freezing and made fewer vocalizations. Results suggest that neither the unfamiliar factor nor cues associated with male adulthood are sufficient to account for the occurrence of behavioral inhibition when presented separately. However, the combination of unfamiliarity and adult male stimuli are highly potent stimulus features that elicit behavioral inhibition in preweanling rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Control of behavior by intravenous nicotine injections in human subjects.

Results are summarized from a series of studies in which procedures used to assess the reinforcing and aversive properties of drugs in animals, were extended to a human paradigm. Human volunteers were tested using drug self-administration and avoidance procedures, whereby pressing a lever under a fixed-ratio schedule resulted either in the IV injection of nicotine or in the avoidance of programmed IV injections of nicotine, respectively. Nicotine was found to maintain responding that produced its injection under certain conditions, and to maintain responding that avoided its injection under other conditions. Nicotine produced the same constellation of stimulus properties whether functioning as a positively or negatively reinforcing event. These functional properties of nicotine may be determined by schedule of access to nicotine, dose of nicotine, and past history of the subject.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Isodirectional conditioning effects of d-amphetamine and pentobarbital on schedule-controlled operant behavior in pigeons.

Pigeons were trained to peck a key on a multi FR30-FI3' schedule. Presession injections of d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (7.5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) were paired with presentation of a red light on the ceiling of the operant chamber. After the five pairings separated by two saline sessions in which a white light was lit, the red light was presented without drug injection. The red light came to cause an isodirectional (drug-like) effect on operant behavior. When the red light was paired with drug injections and operant behavior was prevented from occurring, the light did not acquire isodirectional conditioned effect. Thus, responding in the presence of the drug effect is necessary to establish the conditioning.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

An extracellular chemical signal controlling phototactic behavior by D. discoideum slugs.

Developing cells of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum release a low molecular weight metabolite (Slug Turning Factor, STF) which, at high uniform concentrations, interferes with phototaxis and thermotaxis by D. discoideum slugs. D. discoideum slugs migrating in darkness are repelled by (exhibit negative chemotaxis to) crude STF exudates. Dose-response curves relating the accuracies of phototaxis and negative chemotaxis to STF concentration indicate that, in both phototaxis and chemotaxis, slugs "measure" the ratios of STF concentrations on their opposite sides. Net STF release is enhanced by light. We propose that light, focused onto the slug's distal side by its convex surface, generates a lateral STF gradient in response to which the slug turns toward the light source.

Chemotactic Factors↗
PubMed1995

Doctor-patient communication: a review of the literature.

Communication can be seen as the main ingredient in medical care. In reviewing doctor-patient communication, the following topics are addressed: (1) different purposes of medical communication; (2) analysis of doctor-patient communication; (3) specific communicative behaviors; (4) the influence of communicative behaviors on patient outcomes; and (5) concluding remarks. Three different purposes of communication are identified, namely: (a) creating a good inter-personal relationship; (b) exchanging information; and (c) making treatment-related decisions. Communication during medical encounters can be analyzed by using different interaction analysis systems (IAS). These systems differ with regard to their clinical relevance, observational strategy, reliability/validity and channels of communicative behavior. Several communicative behaviors that occur in consultations are discussed: instrumental (cure oriented) vs affective (care oriented) behavior, verbal vs non-verbal behavior, privacy behavior, high vs low controlling behavior, and medical vs everyday language vocabularies. Consequences of specific physician behaviors on certain patient outcomes, namely: satisfaction, compliance/adherence to treatment, recall and understanding of information, and health status/psychiatric morbidity are described. Finally, a framework relating background, process and outcome variables is presented.

Communication↗
PubMed1992

Inhibition and the control of behavior. From Gall to Freud via Phineas Gage and the frontal lobes.

In his On the Functions of the Brain and Each of Its Parts, Franz Joseph Gall proposed that significant behaviors resulted from certain independent, irreducible, and fundamental faculties or propensities. There seems to be nothing in his system for explaining how two or more faculties interact, especially how one comes to predominate over another, other than the implicit notion that the stronger will be manifested. This peculiarity of Gall's system is consistent with the predominately "excitatory" physiology of his time in which there was no place for an independent inhibitory process. Despite the experimental demonstration of inhibitory phenonema, the sensory-motor physiological theories in the last three quarters of the 19th century were similarly deficient. The lack is seen most clearly in the experimental and clinical literature on frontal lobe function, especially in relation to the kinds of changes seen in the Gage case. The deficiencies of sensory-motor physiology are also to be found in Freud's model of the mental apparatus and in his concept of inhibition via a lateral cathexis. In the paper an attempt is made to trace the historical sequence of these ideas and to make their experimental and theorectical basis explicit.

Austria↗