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PubMed1965

EFFECT OF HIGH FAT DIETS ON INTESTINAL MICROFLORA AND SERUM CHOLESTEROL IN RATS.

Graber, C. D. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.), R. M. O'Neal, and E. R. Rabin. Effect of high fat diets on intestinal microflora and serum cholesterol in rats. J. Bacteriol. 89:47-51. 1965.-Differential bacterial counts of feces and total plasma cholesterol determinations were performed on 60 Wistar rats fed several high lipid diets for a period of approximately 6 months. Fecal flora remained relatively stable irrespective of diet, but cholesterol levels rose in animals fed butter and sodium cholate. The six most commonly cultured organisms in all diets were enterococci, Proteus, lactobacilli, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and other micrococci. No enteric pathogens which did not ferment lactose or fermented it slowly were grown. Fungi and yeasts were rare. Aerobes generally outnumbered anaerobes in proportions which were sometimes as high as 300:1. Clostridium perfringens isolations were consistently high in animals given the butter diets, particularly when sodium cholate was added. Evidence is reviewed which indicates that this organism may play a role in bile salt and cholesterol metabolism. This experiment would seem to demonstrate that differences in plasma-cholesterol levels among the various dietary groups of rats were the result of dietary factors rather than alteration in intestinal flora.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Influence of dietary fat on nutritive utilization of protein in intestinally resected rats.

The effects of different types of dietary fat on the digestive and metabolic utilization of protein were studied in rats with 50% resection of the distal small intestine and in sham-operated controls one month after surgery. The digestive utilization of protein was not significantly affected in intact animals when olive oil was replaced by butter as the dietary source of fat. In resected rats given either type of diet the apparent digestibility coefficient of protein declined significantly in comparison to intact controls. Intestinal resection decreased the retention of nitrogen significantly in rats given olive oil. The replacement of 2/3 of the dietary supply of olive oil with 1/3 medium chain triglycerides and 1/3 sunflower seed oil improved the metabolic utilization of protein in comparison to resected rats fed olive oil or butter as the only source of dietary fat. However, the addition of ursodeoxycholic acid to the diet containing equal parts of olive oil, medium chain triglycerides and sunflower seed oil failed to improve the metabolic utilization of protein in comparison to that seen in rats given olive oil only. Serum concentrations of total protein, urea and creatinine, albeit with slight changes in the first, remained within normal limits. Despite the lower retention of nitrogen in resected rats, these animals maintained homeostasis without resorting to muscular protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Dietary factors and breast cancer risk.

As part of a case-control study in northern Alberta, Canada, 577 women aged 30-80 with breast cancer diagnosed during 1976-77 and a population-based age-stratified random sample of 826 disease-free female controls were questioned about certain aspects of their diet. Computing relative risks (RRs) by tertiles, significant increasing trends were found with more frequent consumption of beef (RRs of 1.0, 2.3, 1.5; test for trends, p less than 0.001), pork (RRs of 1.0, 1.6, 2.2; test for trend, p less than 0.001), and sweet desserts (RRs of 1.0, 1.3, 1.5; test for trend, p = 0.01). Elevated risks were also noted for use of butter at the table and for frying with butter or margarine, as opposed to vegetable oils. The association of total beef and pork consumption with breast cancer was not materially affected by controlling for age at first birth, family history of breast cancer, previous benign breast biopsy or socioeconomic status. Nor was the association reduced by controlling for ages of menarche and menopause, even though within the control series the intake of beef and pork reported in adult life was higher among those with a lower age at menarche or a older age at natural menopause.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Quantitative analysis of auto-oxidation products of cholesterol in food of animal origin].

After extraction with methylene chloride, isolation of the unsaponifiable lipid fraction and enrichment by two-step column chromatography, the oxycholesterols were gas chromatographically separated in the form of their trimethylsilyl ethers on a thin film capillary and identified by mass spectrometry. The three major products of cholesterol autoxidation were cholest-5-en-3 beta, 7 alpha-diol(I) its 7 beta-epimer(II) and 5,6-epoxy-cholestan-3 beta-ol(III). In addition, traces of cholestan-3 beta, 5 alpha, 6 beta-triol and cholest-5-en-3 beta,25-diol were detected in some samples. Quantitative analysis was performed with cholest-5-en-3 beta,19-diol as internal standard. The highest concentrations of I-III were found in spray dried egg powders (total amount 15-60 micrograms/g). Parmesan cheese, butter oil and sausages contained significantly lower levels of I-III (total amount 0.1-2.6 micrograms/g). The concentrations of I-III increased strongly when butter oil and beef tallow were heated at 170 degrees C in the presence of air for a longer period.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Ribonucleosides as minor milk constituents.

Ribonucleosides are minor milk constituents and show a typical pattern which is assumed to be species-specific. As well as the unmodified components adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine, and uridine, modified compounds such as Nl-methyladenosine and N6-carbamoylthreonyladenosine--products of the transfer RNA catabolism--have been identified and quantified in individual and bulk herd (race: German black pied) milk samples throughout a whole lactation period. The results of our longitudinal study have shown that--with the exception of the colostral phase--the levels of these minor constituents vary only slightly throughout lactation. These findings imply that ribonucleosides are useful for characterizing milk of different species and technological treatment. Ribonucleosides were determined and balanced, for example, in the course of the churning process, showing that the pattern of these minor milk constituents is useful as a "fingerprint" that allows differentiation between the three butter types defined in the German Federal Butter Ordinance.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Trans fatty acid contents in spreads and cold cuts usually consumed by children.

A high intake of trans fatty acids in children may be disadvantageous because of untoward effects on lipoprotein metabolism and a possible impairment of arachidonic acid synthesis. We measured the trans fatty acid content of different brands of spreads and cold cuts typically consumed by German children because these foods may contribute a considerable portion of total trans fatty acid intake. The highest trans fatty acid contents were found in regular margarines (4.5, 0.0-10.6; median %-wt/wt of fatty acids, minimal-maximal), chocolate spreads (5.5, 0.7-11.1), butter (4.7, 3.7-5.2) and cheese (3.6, 1.8-4.0), while lower values were present in diet margarines (0.2, 0.0-0.4), vegetarian spreads (0.2, 0.1-0.4), peanut butter (0.0, 0.0-0.3) and sausages (1.7, 0.6-6.4). Calculations of typical dietary plans for young children show that food selection and variations in trans fatty acid contents may lead to marked differences in daily trans intake of > 100% (3.1 g/d vs. 1.5 g/d). We propose that trans fatty acid content should be declared on labels of fatty food products to enable the consumer to choose, and further attempts should be made to lower trans fatty acid formation during technical hydrogenation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Significance of nonsaponifiable constituents of dietary fats on the bioactivity of vitamin E].

In experiments with male Wistar rats the influence of the non-saponifiable constituents of dietary fats: dl-alpha-tocopherol (60 ppm), dl-gamma-tocopherol (480 ppm), ubiquinone (96 ppm) and beta-sitosterol (3035 ppm) on the tocopherol status was investigated, considering the fatty acid composition of the tested fats. For a test period of eight weeks the animals were fed isoenergetic diets containing three types of dietary fats: corn oil (60% PUFA), a kind of "stripped corn oil" (60% PUFA) and butter (nearly 5% PUFA). Independent of the PUFA-content of the diet, the tocopherol supplementations were able to stabilize the erythrocyte membrane; the calculated hemolysis rates were about 2%. The absence of tocopherols in the diets ("stripped corn oil", butter) caused an increase of the hemolysis rate up to 70% after two weeks. The original amounts of tocopherols in corn oil tended to minimize the hemolysis. Ubiquinone and beta-sitosterol did not reduce the hemolysis rates when they were applied without tocopherols. With respect to creatine-phosphokinase activity, creatine and creatinine excretion the results were similar. Plasma and erythrocyte levels of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol were determined in all groups and discussed in connection with the other examined parameters of tocopherol status. The ultimate result of this experiment is that the content of tocopherols in dietary fats is not always adequate to keep vitamin E status normal, especially if polyunsaturated fatty acid content is high in the diet. Reflecting the vitamin E adequacy of dietary fats, not only alpha-tocopherol but also gamma-tocopherol should be much more considered than previously.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Evaluation of chromic oxide, glycerol triether, and beta-sitosterol as fecal flow markers in two species of nonhuman primates.

Recovery of beta-sitosterol, glycerol triether (1-hexadecyl-2,3-didodecyl glycerol triether), and chromic oxide was studied in African green monkeys and stumptail macaques consuming diets containing 0.75 mg/Cal cholesterol and 38% of calories as safflower oil or butter. Following oral administration of these compounds, feces were collected daily for 9 days. For all animals, excretion of beta-sitosterol and glycerol triether paralleled one another almost exactly. Except for two animals, this was also true for chromic acid. Essentially 100% of the administered beta-sitosterol and 90-95% of the glycerol triether were recovered; excretion of these markers virtually was complete by day 3. Ninety-two percent of the beta-sitosterol was isolated in the nonsaponifiable lipid extract of the feces with less than 6% in the remaining aqueous phase. A maximum of 3.1% of the beta-sitosterol and 1.8% of the glycerol triether were found in the blood. For stumptail macaques, the major excretory form of beta-sitosterol was the 5 beta-derivative. African green monkeys were more variable; one animal excreted the bulk of the beta-sitosterol unchanged while others excreted greater than 80% as the ring-saturated 5 beta-derivative. Animals consuming the safflower oil containing diet consistently excreted a greater percentage of the beta-sitosterol unchanged, compared with those animals eating the butter containing diet. There was no evidence for steroid ring degradation in any of the animals used in this study.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Lipid and fatty acid profiles in rats consuming different high-fat ketogenic diets.

High-fat ketogenic diets are used to treat intractable seizures in children, but little is known of the mechanism by which these diets work or whether fats rich in n-3 polyunsaturates might be beneficial. Tissue lipid and fatty acid profiles were determined in rats consuming very high fat (80 weight%), low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets containing either medium-chain triglyceride, flaxseed oil, butter, or an equal combination of these three fat sources. Ketogenic diets containing butter markedly raised liver triglyceride but had no effect on plasma cholesterol. Unlike the other fats, flaxseed oil in the ketogenic diet did not raise brain cholesterol. Brain total and free fatty acid profiles remained similar in all groups, but there was an increase in the proportion of arachidonate in brain total lipids in the medium-chain triglyceride group, while the two groups consuming flaxseed oil had significantly lower arachidonate in brain, liver, and plasma. The very high dietary intake of alpha-linolenate in the flaxseed group did not change docosahexaenoate levels in the brain. Our previous report based on these diets showed that although ketosis is higher in rats consuming a ketogenic diet based on medium-chain triglyceride oil, seizure resistance in the pentylenetetrazol model is not clearly related to the degree of ketosis achieved. In combination with our present data from the same seizure study, it appears that ketogenic diets with widely differing effects on tissue lipids and fatty acid profiles can confer a similar amount of seizure protection.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of the effects of diets rich in stearic acid versus myristic acid and lauric acid on platelet fatty acids and excretion of thromboxane A2 and PGI2 metabolites in healthy young men.

The present study compared the effects of diets rich in stearic acid (C18:0) versus one high in lauric and myristic acid (C12:0, C14:0) on platelet phospholipid fatty acid levels and concentrations of urinary thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, which are stable metabolites of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and PGI2 and indicators of cardiovascular hemostasis. A diet high in dairy butter (B) was the source of C12:0 and C14:0; C18:0 was provided by diets high in cocoa butter (CB), milk chocolate (CHOC) or CB+B in a 4:1 ratio (MIX). A randomized, crossover double-blind experimental design was used. Experimental subjects (n = 15) consumed each diet for 26 days, with a 1-month washout period between each experimental period. Urine and blood were collected from each subject at the beginning and end of each dietary period. Urinary TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). There were no effects of diet on the 24-hour excretion of either metabolite or on the ratio of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/TXB2, even though there were significant changes in the eicosanoid precursor, arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6), in platelet phospholipids. C20:4n-6 levels increased (44.8% +/- 1.0% to 47.1% +/- 1.3%; P < .05) in the phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipid subclass in subjects on the B diet and decreased in the phosphatidylcholine subclass on the CB diet (16.5% +/- 1.0% to 14.2% +/- 1.1%; P < .05) compared with baseline values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1983

Response of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) to oral administration of nutrients in normal and pancreatectomized dogs.

In order to clarify the response of plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) to various nutrients and to investigate the relationship between the pancreas and GIP secretion, an experimental study was performed using normal and pancreatectomized dogs. Oral administration of glucose (2 g/kg) or butter (2 g/kg) resulted in an increase of plasma GIP in five normal dogs. In contrast, oral administration of arginine (1 g/kg) did not produce any discernible changes in plasma GIP in normal dogs. In a group of nine pancreatectomized dogs, the fasting level of plasma GIP did not differ from that of the control group. Furthermore, glucose ingestion in the pancreatectomized group resulted in the same pattern and the same degree of change in plasma GIP as it did in the normal controls. In contrast, plasma GIP did not change at all following fat loading in the pancreatectomized group. However, butter with pancreatic enzymes elicited a significant rise of plasma GIP in the pancreatectomized dogs. The present study indicates that plasma GIP increases following oral administration of glucose or fat but not arginine. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that GIP secretion following fat ingestion occurs only after fat digestion by pancreatic enzymes. In addition, the findings observed in the present study do not support the existence of feedback effect of insulin on GIP secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Quantitative determination of triacylglycerols separated on capillary columns according to acyl carbon number and level of unsaturation.

The quantitative determination of triacylglycerols separated according to acyl carbon numbers and level of unsaturation was studied on two 10-m immobilised SE-54 columns. The fat samples were silylated before on-column injection. The 0.2 mm I.D. column showed higher resolving power and the 0.32 mm I.D. column better repeatability. The application to real quantitations was investigated with analyses of butter-fat solid and liquid fractions and of untreated and interesterified 70-30 mixtures of butter-fat solid fraction and hydrogenated rapeseed oil. Changes in the triacylglycerol composition induced by interesterification and fractionation are so pronounced that analysis on capillary columns can be recommended, in spite of only fair repeatability.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Study on PCDDs/PCDFs and co-PCBs content in food samples from Catalonia (Spain).

The results of a surveillance programme on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and co-planar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs) determination in 70 foodstuffs samples produced all over the four provinces of Catalonia is presented. The study included the analyses of raw milk, pure virgin olive oil, butter, chicken. pork and mussel samples collected between November 1999 and January 2000. Milk, virgin oil, pork or butter presented a variable dioxin and co-PCBs content, even though the limits proposed in the draft of the EC Regulation for its commercialization in the European countries were not reached. The levels of PCDDs/PCDFs and co-PCBs determined in chicken samples varied between 0.36-3.59 pg I-TEQ/g fat chicken (0.4--3.8 WHO-TEQ/g fat). Just one case presented remarkable content of dioxins (about 30 pg I-TEQ/g fat) with a complex congener-specific profile which indicates the presence of an external contamination. On the other hand, a congener-specific profile dominated by 2,3,7,8-TCDF and OCDD was observed in mussel samples from Catalonia. This fact was also observed in mussel samples from other sites in Spain.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Cholesterol oxides in Indian ghee: possible cause of unexplained high risk of atherosclerosis in Indian immigrant populations.

Two populations of immigrants to London and to the West Indies from the Indian subcontinent have higher than expected morbidity and mortality from atherosclerosis but do not show the commonly accepted major risk factors. This study investigated the hypothesis that ghee, a clarified butter product prized in Indian cooking, contains cholesterol oxides and could therefore be an important source of dietary exposure to cholesterol oxides and an explanation for the high atherosclerosis risk. Substantial amounts of cholesterol oxides were found in ghee (12.3% of sterols), but not in fresh butter, by thin-layer and high-performance-liquid chromatography. Dietary exposure to cholesterol oxides from ghee may offer a logical explanation for the high frequency of atherosclerotic complications in these Indian populations.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed2004

Effect of the type of frying culinary fat on volatile compounds isolated in fried pork loin chops by using SPME-GC-MS.

The effect of the type of frying culinary fat (olive oil, sunflower oil, butter, and pig lard) on volatile compounds isolated from fried pork loin chops (m. Longissimus dorsi) was measured by SPME-GC-MS. Frying modified the fatty acid composition of lipids from pork loin chops, which tended to be similar to that of the culinary fat used to fry. Volatile compounds formed from the oxidation of fatty acids increased, such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. Besides, each culinary fat used modified the volatile profiles in fried meat differently. Sunflower oil-fried pork loin chops presented the highest aldehyde aliphatic content, probably due to their highest content of polyunsaturated acids. Hexanal, the most abundant aldehyde in fried samples, presented the most elevated content in sunflower oil-fried pork loin chops. In addition, these samples presented more heterocyclic compounds from the Maillard reaction than other fried samples. Volatiles detected in olive oil-fried pork loin chops were mainly lipid-derived compounds such as pentan-1-ol, hexanal, hept-2-enal, nonanal, decanal, benzaldehyde, and nonan-2-one. Butter-fried pork loins were abundant in ketones with a high number of carbons (heptan-2-one, nonan-2-one, undecan-2-one, tridecanone, and heptadecan-2-one). Pig lard-fried pork loin chops presented some Strecker aldehydes isolated in only these samples, such as 2-methylbutanal and 3-(methylthio)propanal, and a sulfur compound (dimethyl disulfide) related to Strecker aldehydes.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2003

Effect of fat sources on satiety.

OBJECTIVE: There are inconsistent reports on the satiety value of different fatty acids. This study compared the appetitive effects of two fat sources rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (peanut oil and canola oil) with a source rich in saturated fatty acids (butter). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: After an overnight fast, lean participants completed a questionnaire eliciting information about hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption. They then consumed one of the preloads (muffins containing 40 g of each fat source or no fat) and 150 mL of water within 15 minutes. Questionnaires were completed again 30, 60, and 120 minutes after preload ingestion. Participants kept dietary records during the subsequent 24 hours. RESULTS: Canola and peanut oil muffins resulted in higher fullness, and butter, canola, and peanut oil muffins resulted in lower hunger ratings 30, 60, and 120 minutes after preload ingestion compared with the fat-free preload. No differences were observed among the fat-containing loads. Although energy intake 24 hours after consumption of the preloads was also comparable on days the three fat-containing loads were consumed, energy consumption after each study session was higher when the fat-free muffins were provided. However, total energy intake, including the calories provided by the preloads, was similar across treatments. DISCUSSION: These data do not support a differential satiety effect of fat sources rich in monounsaturated fatty acids relative to one rich in saturated fatty acids.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of moderate changes in dietary fatty acid profile on postprandial lipaemia, haemostatic and related CVD risk factors in healthy men.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of moderate changes in dietary fatty acid profile on postprandial risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). DESIGN: Double-blind, randomised, crossover, intervention trial. SETTING: : University of Auckland Human Nutrition Unit, New Zealand. SUBJECTS: A total of 18 lean healthy men. INTERVENTION: A dairy butter fat modified to reduce the saturated:unsaturated fatty acid ratio and a conventional high saturated butter fat were given on two separate occasions as a high-fat test meal (59+/-4 g fat; 71 en% fat) at breakfast. A fat exclusion lunch, dinner and snacks were also given. Blood samples were collected at 0 (baseline), 1, 3, 6, 10 and 24 h. RESULTS: Maximum peak in total triacylglycerol (TAG) occurred 3 h postprandially and was highest on modified treatment (diet, P<0.05) due predominantly to increased TAG within the chylomicron-rich fraction. Transient peaks in total-, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol occurred postprandially, but did not differ between dietary treatments (P>0.05). There were no differential effects of diet on postprandial free fatty acids, apo A, apo B, glucose, insulin, amylin or haemostatic clotting factors (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In a group of healthy young men, replacement of 16% of total saturated fatty acids by mono- and polyunsaturated fats within a dairy lipid did not induce postprandial changes in CVD risk that may be considered beneficial for health. SPONSORSHIP: Fonterra, Wellington; New Zealand.

Butter↗
PubMed1999

Attitudes towards food containing fats in subjects of different body size.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at verifying the hypothesis that individuals belonging to different classes of BMI could show diversities in attitudes and beliefs toward the consumption of food containing fat within the Fishbein and Ajzen framework. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Nine hundred and seventy-five families out of 1200 participated in a study aimed at assessing attitudes towards the consumption of foods containing fats. Only subjects over 17 years of age with BMI values over 18.5 kg/m2 were included in the present study. The recruited families were asked to record their food consumption for 7 days according to a mixed technique including the weighed inventory method and the individual daily record of food consumption. Each individual also completed a questionnaire containing questions on belief, attitude and intention items based on Ajzen and Fishbein's model. All questions were related to the consumption of eight foods containing fats. RESULTS: The main finding was an absence of differences in attitudes and beliefs towards foods containing fats between the two groups of normal weight and overweight subjects, obtained by the regression analysis. The subjective measure of habit outweighed attitude in the impact on intention of consuming. Evidence of something to be further investigated comes from the first Principal Component that showed the cognitive 'Beliefs on gaining weight and getting fat' was the best summary of information in relation to the choice of red meat for the group of normal weight subjects, whereas the same belief was the best summary of information in relation to the choice of butter and cheese for the group of overweight subjects. CONCLUSION: Attitudes and beliefs play a similar role in the choice of foods containing fats in the two groups of people considered. Habit was found to be an important predictor of behaviour for both the two groups of subjects. With attempts to modify diet, habit may serve as a barrier to change. Thus, elucidating the roles played by these variables is crucial to developing effective future intervention strategies. However, the slight difference found in the cognitive belief on gaining weight and getting fat for red meat, butter and cheese suggests that further investigations on opinions about the role of certain foods will be useful.

Adolescent↗