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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Determining bone and total body mineral content from body density and bioelectrical response spectroscopy.

We hypothesized that one could assess total body mineral (TBM) and bone mineral content (BMC) from measurements of body density and bioelectrical response spectroscopy (BRS)-determined total body water by using a three-compartment (3C) model. We compared TBM and BMC computed from measurements of water (2H2O dilution or BRS) and body density (underwater weighing) with [4-compartment (4C)] and without (3C) mineral (dual X-ray absorptiometry) in 15 women and 16 men. BRS used multifrequency or single-frequency estimates of water. Mean differences between the 3C and 4C models ranged from -6.1 to 2.2%. Correlations between models were 0.82-0.91. Standard errors of the estimate of 8.5-9.3% were within the range of those previously reported, i.e., 4.9-13%. Use of BRS did not significantly decrease the strength of the correlations between the models. A significant mean difference (only in women) was found only with 3C single-frequency BRS estimates of TBM and BMC. We concluded that investigators can assess TBM and BMC 3C multifrequency BRS estimates in men and women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Associations between repression, general maladjustment, body weight, and body shape in older males: the Normative Aging Study.

We examined relationships between repression, general maladjustment, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The participants were 1,081 healthy older men from the Normative Aging Study. Repression and General Maladjustment Scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were composite measures of personality. Repression was associated with lower BMI and WHR, and maladjustment with higher BMI and WHR. However, associations between WHR and personality dimensions were no longer significant when controlling for BMI, but associations between BMI and personality dimensions remained significant when controlling for WHR. These effects were explained by differing relationships between WHR, repression, and maladjustment for normal weight, overweight, and obese individuals. Specifically, associations between repression, maladjustment, and body shape were significant for normal weight and overweight individuals, but not for obese individuals. Health behaviors including smoking did not mediate relationships between repression, maladjustment, and body shape, but might be considered in future studies as mechanisms underlying links between personality and body shape.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Overweight in urban schoolchildren assessed by body mass index and body fat mass in Dalian, China.

In order to assess overweight in urban schoolchildren (298 boys and 298 girls) aged 9-16 years in Dalian, China, their body height, weight, skinfolds at triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac, and body circumferences of mid-upper arm, waist and hip were measured. The results showed that the prevalence of overweight, based on the United States Centers for Disease Control 2000 reference values using body mass index (BMI), was 22.9% in boys and 10.4% in girls, which was higher than that of indicated in Chinese national surveys of recent decades. More boys were overweight than girls due to excessive increase in body fat, although the prevalence of overweight in girls prevalence increased from 13 years. Discussion here focuses on the effects of behavioral patterns on overweight in Dalian schoolchildren, paying attention to gender difference.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Body weight, body condition score, and wither height of prepartum Holstein cows and birth weight and sex of calves by parity: a database and summary.

Measurements of body weight (BW), body condition score, wither height, calf birth weight, and calf sex were recorded by parity from 728 Holstein cows and heifers at the Purina Research Center during the 8-wk prepartum period. Data were compiled over 5 yr. Mean daily BW gain was 0.93 kg. Loss of BW at parturition was 11.1%. Mean body condition score was 3.35 (five-point scale where 1 = thin to 5 = obese) and did not change during the 8-wk period. However, body condition score was lower for second parity cows than for heifers or cows in third or greater parity. Wither height averaged 138 cm at first parity and increased 3 cm from first to second parity. During fifth and sixth parities, wither height peaked at an additional 2 to 3 cm. Birth weights for all calves averaged 41.4 kg. Male calves were 8.5% heavier than female calves. Calves born to cows in second or greater parity had increased BW by 7 to 8%. Mean BW of twin calves was 15% less than that of single calves.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Two remarkable events in the field of intraocular foreign body: (1) The reversal of siderosis bulbi. (2) The spontaneous extrusion of an intraocular copper foreign body.

Two unusual events concerning intraocular foreign bodies are presented. The first patient had an occult or unsuspected intraocular foreign body. He showed iridoplegia with mydriasis, siderosis iridis, and an intraocular piece of iron lying posteriorly near the retina. The foreign body was removed and the patient regained normal iris color and pupillary activity. His vision remains 20/15 six years postoperatively dispite ensuing retinal detachment one year after removal of the foreign body. The second patient was a young boy injured by a blasting cap explosion. He lost one eye from the injury and had a piece of intraocular brass in his left eye. In spite of the development of chalcosis and a mature cataract the lens gradually shrank in the pupillary space permitting a clear aphakic area and 20/25 vision. The brass fragment migrated forward and inferiorly and was finally extruded under the conjunctiva five years later, where it was removed and chemically analyzed by x-ray diffraction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effects of a six-week, low-fat diet on serum cholesterol, body weight, and body measurements.

This study was done to determine if significant weight loss, decrease in body measurements, and lowering of serum lipids and blood pressure could be shown in people on a low-calorie, low-fat, high-fiber diet over a period of six weeks. Forty-one people (33 females and 8 males) between the ages of of 37 and 55 years old participated in a six-week calorie-controlled, low-fat, low-sodium, high-fiber diet using foods available in supermarkets. Participants also exercised moderately. The average weight loss was 10.3 pounds, or 5.8% of the original average weight. The body mass index decreased 1.7-a 6.0% decrease for women and a 5.3% decrease for men. The average of five body measurements decreased 4.9%. Total cholesterol decreased 16%, LDL-C decreased 12%, and HDL-C decreased 18%. All of these decreases were statistically significant at P < .001. No significant difference was noted in blood pressures at the start and completion of the study, as both values were in the normal range. This relatively short period of dieting using 1200 calories for women and 1500 calories for men, along with moderate exercise, shows that reasonable weight loss and a tendency toward lowering lipid values can be obtained. Weekly monitoring by physicians and their office staffs can enhance this process. Continued accountability and support for lifelong behavior changes are probably necessary to maintain reasonable body weight in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Skinfold thickness, body fat percentage and body mass index in obese and non-obese Indian boys.

Childhood obesity is presently increasing worldwide and has created enormous concern for researchers working in the field of obesity related diseases with special interest in child health and development. Selected anthropometric measurements including stature, body mass, and skinfolds are globally accepted sensitive indicators of growth patterns and health status of a child. The present study was therefore aimed not only at evaluating the body mass index (BMI), skinfolds, body fat percentage (%fat) in obese school going boys of West Bengal, India, but also aimed to compare these data with their non-obese counterparts. Ten to sixteen year old obese boys (N = 158) were separated from their non-obese counterparts using the age-wise international cut-off points of BMI. Skinfolds were measured using skinfold calipers, BMI and %fat were calculated from standard equations. Body mass, BMI, skinfolds and %fat were significantly (P<0.001) higher for the sample of obese boys when compared to their non-obese counterparts. The obese group also showed progressive age-wise increments in all recorded anthropometric parameters. Stature (cm) showed no significant inter-group variation except in the 10 year age group (P<0.001). All data for the non-obese group were comparable with other national and international studies, but those collected for the obese group could not feasibly be compared because the availability of data on obese children is limited. Current data and prediction equations will not only serve as a reference standard, but also be of vital clinical importance in order to identify or categorize obese boys, and to take preventative steps to minimise serious health problems that appear during the later part of life.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Comorbidity of body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders: severity of psychopathology and body image disturbance.

OBJECTIVE: The current study examined comorbidity and clinical correlates of eating disorders in a large sample of individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). METHOD: Two hundred individuals with DSM-IV (4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994) BDD completed reliable interviewer-administered and self-report measures, including diagnostic assessments and measures of body image, symptom severity, delusionality, psychosocial functioning, quality of life (QOL), and history of psychiatric treatment. RESULTS: A total of 32.5% of BDD subjects had a comorbid lifetime eating disorder: 9.0% had anorexia nervosa, 6.5% had bulimia nervosa, and 17.5% had an eating disorder not otherwise specified. Comparisons of subjects with a comorbid lifetime eating disorder (n = 65) and subjects without an eating disorder (n = 135) indicated that the comorbid group was more likely to be female, less likely to be African American, had more comorbidity, and had significantly greater body image disturbance and dissatisfaction. There were no significant group differences in BDD symptom severity, degree of delusionality, or suicidal ideation or attempts. Functioning and QOL were notably poor in both groups, with no significant between-group differences. However, a higher proportion of the comorbid eating disorder group had been hospitalized for psychiatric problems. This group had also received a greater number of psychotherapy sessions and psychotropic medications. CONCLUSION: Eating disorders appear relatively common in individuals with BDD. BDD subjects with a comorbid eating disorder differed on several demographic variables, had greater comorbidity and body image disturbance, and had received more mental health treatment than subjects without a comorbid eating disorder. These findings have important implications for the assessment and treatment of these comorbid body image disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Human-herpesvirus-8-encoded K8 protein colocalizes with the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) bodies and recruits p53 to the PML bodies.

Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) bodies are nuclear sites for both input viral genome deposition and immediate-early (IE) gene transcription during infection with certain human DNA viruses, such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus type 1, and adenovirus. In this study, we showed that the K8 (K-bZIP) protein, an early protein encoded by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), colocalized with the PML bodies in HHV-8-infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. Cotransfection of two plasmids expressing the K8 protein and green-fluorescence protein (GFP)-PML fusion protein into 293T cells revealed that the K8 protein colocalized with PML in cells with high PML expression. Overexpression of the K8 protein in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with stable GFP-PML expression did not induce the dispersion of the PML bodies, unlike the IE1 protein of HCMV. Transfection of a truncated K8 gene revealed that the leucine zipper domain of the K8 protein was required for the colocalization with PML. We also demonstrated that the K8 protein bound to p53 in vivo and in vitro, and that high expression of the K8 protein caused the accumulation of p53 to the PML bodies in CHO cells, suggesting that the K8 protein functions in the recruitment of p53 to the PML bodies. These data suggest that the K8 protein may be associated with the functional modulation of p53 in the nucleus during the lytic phase of HHV-8.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Online steering: coordination and control of body center of mass, head and body reorientation.

Steering is an integral component of adaptive locomotor behavior. Along with reorientation of gaze and body in the direction of intended travel, body center of mass must be controlled in the mediolateral plane. In this study we examine how these subtasks are sequenced when steering is planned early or initiated under time constraints. Whole body kinematics were monitored as individuals were required to change their direction of travel by varying amounts when visually cued either at the beginning of the walk or one stride before. The analyses focused on the transition stride from one travel direction to another. Timing of changes (with respect to first right foot contact) in trunk roll angle, head and trunk yaw angle, and right foot displacement in the mediolateral plane were analyzed. The magnitude of these measures along with right and left foot placement at the beginning and right foot placement at the end of the transition stride were also analyzed. The results show the CNS uses two mechanisms, foot placement and trunk roll motion (piking action about the hip joint in the frontal plane), to move the center of mass towards the new direction of travel in the transition stride, preferring to use the first option when planning can be done early. Control of body center of mass precedes all other changes and is followed by initiation of head reorientation. Only then is the rest of the body reorientation initiated.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Is the supply of axoplasmic proteins a burden for the cell body? Morphometry of sensory neurons and amino acid incorporation into their cell bodies.

Since the perikaryon is considered to be the source of all axoplasmic proteins, we estimated the amount of protein synthesized in cell bodies and axoplasmic volumes of sensory neurons of two anuran species (Xenopus and Caudiverbera) to detect a correlation between these variables. The range of cell body volumes was 1:28 and 1:38 in Xenopus and Caudiverbera, respectively, while that of axoplasmic volumes was 1:5000-6000. The protein synthesis in glial and neuronal cell bodies was assessed with pulses of labeled amino acids followed by radioautography. No obvious correlation was found between axoplasmic volume and either rate or amount of amino acid incorporated into cell bodies. The rate of amino acid incorporation into glial and neuronal cell bodies was of the same order of magnitude. Results suggest that the maintenance of the axoplasm does not seem to be a burden for the perikaryon.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimation of vertebral body strength by dual photon absorptiometry in elderly individuals: comparison between measurements of total vertebral and vertebral body bone mineral.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the predictive value of bone mineral measurements by dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) in vitro for strength and ash weight of lumbar vertebral bodies in elderly, otherwise nonselected individuals. The material comprised 46 individuals: 26 males (43-95 years) and 20 females (63-95 years) without malignant diseases. Spinal segments, including L2, L3, and L4, were removed en bloc at autopsy. Bone mineral content (BMC) measurements imitating the normal DPA procedure were performed on the segments suspended in a water bath. The segments were measured in toto (BMCT) and remeasured after removal of the posterior elements (BMCB). The second lumbar vertebral body (L2) was then dissected and sawed below the endplates to obtain samples with planoparallel ends before compression in a materials testing machine. Finally, the bone specimens were incinerated for ash weight estimations. BMCT showed significant correlations to vertebral body ash weight (r = 0.79), compressive strength (load, r = 0.69), and stress (load per unit area, r = 0.47). The correlations were improved by removing the posterior elements (BMCB-ash weight, r = 0.86, BMCB-load, r = 0.74, BMCB-stress, r = 0.49). Correction of BMC for differences in vertebral body height (BMC/cm) further increased the correlation coefficients (BMCB/cm-ash weight, r = 0.92, BMCB/cm-load, r = 0.78, BMCB/cm-stress, r = 0.55). We conclude that lumbar BMC is predictive for lumbar vertebral body compressive strength in vitro and ash weight. The correlation coefficient is improved by removing the posterior non-weight-bearing element.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2006

Decrease in visceral fat following diet-induced weight loss in upper body compared to lower body obese premenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with numerous metabolic disturbances, such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. An excess of fat within the abdomen, so-called visceral adiposity, confers a greater and independent health risk of metabolic and cardiovascular complications than does adipose tissue accumulation elsewhere. The present study aimed to investigate a possible differential effect of diet-induced weight loss in visceral fat mass and metabolic parameters in obese individuals with the upper body (UBO) and lower body (LBO) obese phenotype. METHODS: The obese subjects were prescribed a liquid, very-low calorie diet to reduce 50% of their overweight (15% body weight loss). Specific body fat measurements (MRI, BIA), anthropometrics, and fasting metabolic parameters were obtained in control subjects and two groups of obese subjects (UBO and LBO) before and after weight loss. RESULTS: Weight loss was accompanied by significant decreases in total, subcutaneous, and visceral fat in both UBO and LBO women. The largest reduction in visceral fat mass was found in the UBO women (absolute decrease 223+/-32 cm(2) vs 122+/-91 cm(2) in LBO women; P=0.01), while the amount of visceral fat was reduced to normal levels in LBO women (155+/-25 cm(2) after weight loss vs 143+/-17 cm(2) in controls; P=NS). Furthermore, weight loss significantly lowered fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol concentrations in UBO women. CONCLUSION: The obese phenotype is preserved after body weight loss. UBO women have to lose a larger amount of overweight in order to bring the amount of fat in the visceral depot down to normal levels and to obtain normalization of their cardiovascular risk profile.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Calmodulin activity in whole body and fat body tissue extracts of Heliothis virescens larvae.

Calmodulin is an activator of many enzymatic activities. Total calmodulin activity in tissue extracts of Heliothis virescens larvae (5th instar), assayed by cyclic phosphodiesterase activation, was 0.48 unit/gm for whole body and 22.2 units/gm for fat body. Specific calmodulin activity was 0.1 unit/mg protein for whole body and 3.0 units/mg protein for fat body. The larval fat body is therefore the main site of calmodulin activity in this lepidopterous larva.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1977

Chromosome aberrations in the leukocytes of pigs after half-body or whole-body irradiation.

Chromosome aberrations were scored in 48-h leukocyte cultures from pigs subjected to whole-body or half-body gamma irradiation with 100, 150, 200, 300, or 400 R. Half-body irradiation resulted in the recovery of approximately half as many aberrations as did equivalent whole-body exposures at levels of 200 R or less. Higher exposures yielded proportionally fewer anomalies in half-body irradiated subjects. These lower levels apparently resulted from the selective disadvantage of irradiated cells in coming to mitosis but did not seem to be related to the amount of chromosome damage sustained by the cell. When adjustments were made for effective dose to the in vivo cells, the dose-response pattern showed good agreement with published values for mixtures of normal and in vitro-irradiated human lymphocytes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of ADL status, dementia and body mass index on normal body temperature in elderly nursing home residents.

A subset of seniors might demonstrate a lower body temperature compared with younger subjects. However, data on normal body temperature in seniors are sparse. The aim of the study was to study normal body temperature with a view of predicting factors of low body temperature in non-febrile seniors. Elderly women (n=159) and 78 men, aged > or =65 years, living in community resident homes were included in the study. Data on chronic diseases and medication were collected from medical records. Tympanic and rectal temperature was measured twice daily; once at 7-9 AM and then at 6-8 PM. In addition, body mass index (BMI), activities of daily living (ADL) status, as well as details regarding dementia and malnutrition were recorded. The variation in tympanic and rectal temperatures ranged from 33.8 to 38.4 degrees C and 35.6 to 38.0 degrees C, respectively. ADL status, dementia and BMI were significantly related to lower and analgesic to higher tympanic temperature. Dementia was significantly related to lower rectal temperature. Therefore, dementia, BMI, ADL status and analgesic shall not be overlooked when assessing temperature in seniors. More research is needed to further clarify the influence of these predictive factors, as well as the impact of BMI and malnutrition.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Purification and characterization of oil-bodies (oleosomes) and oil-body boundary proteins (oleosins) from the developing cotyledons of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Oil-bodies, from the immature cotyledons of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), were difficult to purify to homogeneity using conventional techniques. The major protein contaminants were albumin and globulin storage proteins. A protocol has been developed, therefore, based upon the stringent washing of the oil-body fraction in 9 M urea, which effectively removed almost all the contaminating protein as judged by SDS/PAGE. The urea-washed oil-bodies were enriched in two major proteins of M(r) 19000 and 20000. These proteins were oleosins as demonstrated by their amino acid compositions and the sequence analysis of peptides produced by CNBr cleavage. Far-UV CD spectra of the oleosins in trifluoroethanol, trifluoroethanol/water mixtures and as mixed micelles in SDS, were typical of alpha-helical proteins with alpha-helical contents of some 55%. The phospholipid content of the urea-washed preparations was less than 0.1% of that required to form a half-unit membrane surrounding the oil-body. The oil-body surface therefore appears to be an unusual and novel structure, covered largely by an oleosin protein coat or pellicle rather than a conventional fluid membrane, half-unit or otherwise.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Molecular characterization of proteins in protein-body membrane that disappear most rapidly during transformation of protein bodies into vacuoles.

During the post-germination growth of seeds, protein bodies fuse with one another and are converted to a central vacuole. To investigate this transition, protein-body membranes from dry seeds of pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.) were prepared and their protein components characterized. Five major proteins (designated MP23, MP27, MP28, MP32 and MP73) were detected in the protein-body membranes. A cDNA clone encoding both MP27 and MP32 has been isolated. The deduced precursor polypeptide was composed of a hydrophobic signal sequence, MP27 and MP32, in that order. A putative site of cleavage between MP27 and MP32 was located on the COOH-terminal side of asparagine 278, an indication that the post-translational cleavage may occur by the action of a vacuolar processing enzyme that converts proprotein precursors of seed proteins into the mature forms. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis showed that MP27 and MP32 were associated with protein-body membrane of dry pumpkin seeds. Among the five membrane proteins, MP27 and MP32 disappeared most rapidly during seedling growth. The degradation of MP27 and MP32 starts just after seed germination and proceeds in parallel with the transformation of the protein bodies into a vacuole.

Amino Acid Sequence↗