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Implementing computer-based patient records for American Indian/Alaskan Native populations.
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FEDERAL HEALTH SERVICES FOR INDIANS AND ALASKAN NATIVES.
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TUBERCULOSIS MENINGITIS AMONG ALASKAN NATIVES.
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Status of mental health for Alaskan natives.
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Diving seals: are they a model for coping with oxidative stress?
The diving lifestyle of seals depends upon cardiovascular adjustments that result in frequent vasoconstriction of numerous organs. With the first post-dive breath, reperfusion allows for eliminating accumulated carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and reloading oxygen (O(2)) stores. Reintroduction of oxygenated blood raises the potential for production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the possibility that they may overwhelm the antioxidant defenses. This study addresses the question of possible adaptive responses that allow ringed seal (Phoca hispida) tissues to tolerate repeated cycles of ischemia and reperfusion, and thus protect them from oxidative insult. We obtained samples of ringed seal heart, muscle and kidney through the cooperation of native subsistence hunters at Barrow, Alaska. Samples were subjected to oxidative stress by addition of xanthine oxidase. Production of superoxide radical (O(2)(.-)), lipid peroxidation (as determined by the presence of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and antioxidant capacity (AOX) were quantified by spectrophotometric analysis. Similarly treated pig tissues were anticipated to be more susceptible to oxidative stress. Contrary to expectations, pig tissues revealed less O(2)(.-) and TBARS compared with ringed seal tissues. These results show that ringed seal muscle, heart and kidney can be induced in vitro to generate ROS, and suggest that the living seal's protective defenses may depend upon O(2)(.-) production, similar to the protective effect of experimental preconditioning, or on enhanced intermediate scavenging, as evidenced by the larger AOX found in ringed seal tissues.
The story of the Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense's North American activities (1958-1970).
Of the 48 nutrition surveys conducted by the ICNND/Office of International Research/CDC Nutrition Programs during the years 1956-1970, 20 were performed in North America. Native Americans were surveyed in Alaska in 1958 and in Montana in 1961. In partnership with INCAP (Institute for Central America and Panama), six Central American countries were surveyed in 1965 through 1967. As mandated by Congress, 10 American states and one major city were surveyed during 1968-1970. Civilian and some military populations were included in these surveys. Teams of health, agriculture, and nutrition specialists drawn from academic institutions and from national and international agencies conducted each survey. We followed the methodology, standards, and definitions developed by ICNND in its Manual for Nutrition Surveys. Detailed findings, results and recommendations were published in a series of reports printed by the U.S. Government Printing Office. All 20 of the North American surveys found similar groups at risk of nutrition problems, including dental caries, goiter, growth retardation, female obesity, and "low" levels of hemoglobin, vitamin A, thiamin, and riboflavin. Survey recommendations followed common themes: nutrition education, nutrient fortification of food or water, expanded supplemental food programs, provision of safe water supplies, proper sanitation and food safety, and enhanced nutrient content of basic foods.
Six new DR52-associated DRB1 alleles, three of DR8, two of DR11, and one of DR6, reflect a variety of mechanisms which generate polymorphism in the MHC.
We have sequenced DNA from six new DR52-associated DRB1 alleles initially detected by PCR/SSOP analysis. Three DR8 associated alleles differed from previously known alleles by single nucleotide substitutions. DRB1*0807 and DRB1*0811 both vary from DRB1*08021 at codon 57 resulting in two different amino acids at this residue. DRB1*0807 was identified in samples of Brazilian origin while *0811 was identified among samples from the Tlingit Native American population of Southeast Alaska. DRB1*0814, identified in a family of Chinese origin, differed from DRB1*08032 at codon 12 at both the nucleotide and the amino acid level. In addition, two alleles of DR11, DRB1*1113 and *1119, were each detected in Caucasian individuals. DRB1*1113 differs from other DR11 alleles at codons 37, 67, 70 and 74, while DRB1*1119 differs from *1101 by a single nucleotide substitution at codon 67. Finally, DRB1*1418 was detected in a sample from an Asian or Pacific Islander and shares sequences with several other DR52-associated DRB1 alleles. These six DRB1 alleles appear to have been generated by either gene conversion events, DRB1*1113 and *1418, or by point mutations, DRB1*0814, *0807, *0811 and *1119, although the single nucleotide substitutions found in the latter three alleles are also present in at least one other DRB1 allele and, therefore, could have been the product of gene conversions.
Substance abuse problems in the Magadan Region of the Russian Far East.
People in the Magadan Region are hopeful that citizens of Alaska will make contact with Native peoples, especially in the Magadan region. Right now, rates of alcohol-related problems are high and economic difficulties are leading to cutbacks in existing programs (see Chart 2). Alaskans have much good experience and information to share, and there is a lot that can be accomplished, as illustrated by the story of the recovering woman, and her influence upon people by example. Dynamics of the morbidity of alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis in regions of Siberia and the Far East. Chart 3 shows dramatic rises in alcoholism/alcoholic psychosis rates between 1965 and 1985. On the scale used, rates were about 20 per 10,000 in 1965, and in 1985 were about 250 per 10,000. Rates appear to be higher in the Far East, to be second highest in Western Siberia, and to be slightly lower in Eastern Siberia. Rates for Russia as a whole seem to have followed the same general trend towards rising, but are somewhat lower than the rates given for Siberia and the Soviet Far East. Two questions arise out of this data: 1. Why the increase since 1965? 2. Why worse in the Far East?
Alaska/Russian Far East behavioral health projects: a progress report on recent activities.
A number of "behavioral health" exchange activities between Alaska and the Russian Far East took place during 1992-93. These included visits by a psychiatrist running one of the first "private polyclinics" in Magadan and by a narcologist to discuss the latest developments in alcohol services; a Behavioral Health Conference where Native health workers from Russia and Alaska shared experiences; beginning a multi-year epidemiology project; and a project to assess needs for a fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) prevention program in Magadan.
The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes.
The Y chromosomes of 549 individuals from Siberia and the Americas were analyzed for 12 biallelic markers, which defined 15 haplogroups. The addition of four microsatellite markers increased the number of haplotypes to 111. The major Native American founding lineage, haplogroup M3, accounted for 66% of male Y chromosomes and was defined by the biallelic markers M89, M9, M45, and M3. The founder haplotype also harbored the microsatellite alleles DYS19 (10 repeats), DYS388 (11 repeats), DYS390 (11 repeats), and DYS391 (10 repeats). In Siberia, the M3 haplogroup was confined to the Chukotka peninsula, adjacent to Alaska. The second major group of Native American Y chromosomes, haplogroup M45, accounted for about one-quarter of male lineages. M45 was subdivided by the biallelic marker M173 and by the four microsatellite loci alleles into two major subdivisions: M45a, which is found throughout the Americas, and M45b, which incorporates the M173 variant and is concentrated in North and Central America. In Siberia, M45a haplotypes, including the direct ancestor of haplogroup M3, are concentrated in Middle Siberia, whereas M45b haplotypes are found in the Lower Amur River and Sea of Okhotsk regions of eastern Siberia. Among the remaining 5% of Native American Y chromosomes is haplogroup RPS4Y-T, found in North America. In Siberia, this haplogroup, along with haplogroup M45b, is concentrated in the Lower Amur River/Sea of Okhotsk region. These data suggest that Native American male lineages were derived from two major Siberian migrations. The first migration originated in southern Middle Siberia with the founding haplotype M45a (10-11-11-10). In Beringia, this gave rise to the predominant Native American lineage, M3 (10-11-11-10), which crossed into the New World. A later migration came from the Lower Amur/Sea of Okhkotsk region, bringing haplogroup RPS4Y-T and subhaplogroup M45b, with its associated M173 variant. This migration event contributed to the modern genetic pool of the Na-Dene and Amerinds of North and Central America.
HLA class II and HLA-B27 oligotyping in two Siberian native population groups.
It was the purpose of this study to better define the frequency of HLA-B27 subtypes and HLA class II alleles among indigenous populations from the eastern tip of the Chukotka Peninsula of Siberia, Russia, which have higher frequencies of HLA-B27 (40%) and spondyloarthropathies (2%) than Caucasian populations and test the hypothesis that these populations are more closely related to Orientals. Siberian Eskimos and Chukchi residing in four coastal villages on the Chukotka Peninsula inhabited by Siberian Eskimos and Chukchi people were examined using oligotyping of the polymerase-chain reaction-amplified second and third exons of the HLA-B27 gene. HLA-class II alleles (DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1) were similarly determined. Of 88 HLA-B27 positive individuals from these villages, all had HLA-B*2705, including the four patients with Reiter's syndrome and the five ankylosing spondylitis, except one Eskimo control who had HLA-B*2702. None had HLA-B*2704, a frequent subtype in Orientals. HLA-class II typing in 70 Siberian Eskimos and 71 Siberian coastal Chukchi revealed HLA-DRB1*0401, DRB1*0802, *0901 and *1402 to account for nearly all the DRB1 alleles found in this population, similar to what has been described in Eskimos in Alaska, but different from Chinese or native Americans in the U.S. The overwhelming majority of the individuals examined had HLA-DQB1*0301, similar to what has been observed in Native Americans. The Siberian Eskimos differed from the coastal Chukchi only in the occurrence of HLA-DRB1*0701, DQA1*0201, DQB1*0201 alleles, which occurred only in the former group. These data suggest that the Chukotka population is genetically more closely related to Caucasians and native Americans and less to other Oriental populations.
The prevalence of baby bottle tooth decay among two native American populations.
Baby bottle tooth decay (BBTD) is a disease characterized by severe dental caries in the primary dentition that may have significant short-term and long-term implications for the health of children. Its prevalence and various etiologic factors have not been addressed fully in the dental literature. In 1985, 514 Native American Head Start children in Alaska and Oklahoma were screened to establish the prevalence of BBTD in those populations. The prevalence of BBTD ranged between 17 and 85 percent, with a mean of 53 percent. BBTD is clearly a significant health problem for this population group. Concerted intervention efforts to lower the prevalence of this preventable condition should be instituted and their effectiveness evaluated for potential utility among other affected groups.
Niche marketing. Case history I: Understanding why Native Alaskans crave moose nose.
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Collaborating with native healers.
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Pedestrian fatalities in Alaska, 1980-1984.
During 1980-1984, 94 pedestrians (15.6% of 601 total traffic-related fatalities) were killed and 1,293 were injured in Alaska. The pedestrian fatality rate for Alaskan Natives (10.95 per 100,000 population per year) was four times the rate for non-Natives (2.84 per 100,000 population per year), and in Anchorage was 13 times higher (37.98 per 100,000 per year compared to 2.89 per 100,000 per year, respectively). Alcohol use by adult pedestrians and drivers was strongly associated with pedestrian fatal events and was especially associated with Alaskan Native pedestrian fatalities (O.R. 8, 95% CI 1.95-32.78). This previously unrecognized epidemic needs to be controlled by attacking associated risk-factors and by modifying the environment to separate pedestrians from motor vehicles.
DNA profiling in two Alaskan Native populations using HLA-DQA1, PM, and D1S80 loci.
Two Native Alaskan populations were sampled and DNA profiles were generated for 201 individuals. Ninety two blood samples were collected from the North Slope Borough region of Alaska and the remaining 109 blood samples came from Native Alaskans in the Bethel and Wade Hampton areas. Allele and genotype frequencies were established for the HLA-DQA1, LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, Gc, and D1S80 loci. Native Alaskans are slightly less polymorphic than Caucasians at the HLA-DQA1 locus. In contrast, the PM loci appear to be nearly as informative in the Native Alaskan populations as in Caucasians for identity testing. The data clearly demonstrate that all the loci tested are highly informative for the Alaskan populations and fall well within Hardy-Weinberg expectations. There is little evidence for departure from expectation of independence of alleles across loci. The data demonstrate that estimates of multiple locus profile frequencies can be obtained from Native Alaskan populations using the product rule under the assumption of independence of loci. In addition, Native Alaskan databases were more similar to each other and to other Native American databases than they were to U.S. Caucasians and African Americans.
Elevated concentrations of plasma omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids among Alaskan Eskimos.
Eskimos living in rural southwestern Alaska depend on fish and marine mammals as major sources of subsistence food. Fatty acid concentrations in 80 Yupik Eskimos living in either a coastal or river village of southwestern Alaska were compared with those of non-Native control subjects. Concentrations of total plasma omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 omega-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 omega-3) were 4.3, 13, and 6.8 times higher, respectively, in Native participants than in non-Native control subjects. Concentrations of these fatty acids were higher in coastal-village than in river-village participants; concentrations paralleled consumption of marine mammal oil and marine fish. The ratios of eicosapentaenoic to arachidonic acid for adult coastal- and river-village participants were 1.16 and 0.70, respectively, 14 and 9 times those of non-Native adults, respectively. There was no increase in the mean bleeding times of Native participants of either village.