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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the feedlot.

It could be argued that bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most economically significant infectious pathogens of feedlot cattle. Although the direct economic losses caused by this virus have not been well quantified, the role it plays as an immunosuppressive agent and as a potentiator for other diseases, most notably bovine respiratory disease, have been well documented. It is also a difficult disease for the feedlot veterinarian to control effectively. Individual cattle persistently infected with BVDV often serve as the source of infectious virus within a group of feedlot cattle, and the ultimate responsibility for preventing persistent infections in cattle rests with the cow-calf producer and not with the feedlot owner. The enormous impact of the virus on the livestock industry has led the Academy of Veterinary Consultants to draft a position statement that resolves that the beef and dairy industries adopt measures to control and target eventual eradication of BVDV from North America.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Concentration of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in canine matrices of the locomotor system.

Due to its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, the use of enrofloxacin may be indicated in canine osteomyelitis, but there is insufficient data on its distribution within the musculoskeletal tissues. The dogs used in this study were 31 regular veterinary orthopaedic patients. Four hours after their oral or subcutaneous treatment with 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin (Baytril; Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) once daily for 1 or 3 days, the concentration of enrofloxacin and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin was quantified in plasma, bone, musculature and other matrices of the locomotor system by high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence-detection after homogenization and solid phase extraction of the samples. By oral or subcutaneous administration of enrofloxacin once daily for 3 days, higher concentrations of the active constituents in the samples were achieved than by single treatment. Nevertheless, even after single injection, minimal inhibitory enrofloxacin concentrations of up to 0.5 microg ml or microg/g sample against most pathogens of osteomyelitis were exceeded. In the musculature, on average, higher concentrations of active constituents were detected than in less perfused matrices (bones and synovial membranes) at sampling time. The enrofloxacin diffusion into inflamed bone was higher compared with mechanically damaged bone, whereas for ciprofloxacin it was lower. In conclusion, a dosage of 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin is sufficient to exceed the minimal inhibitory concentrations in osteomyelitic bone against most pathogens that are sensitive in vitro, but clinical efficacy remains to be evaluated.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Escherichia coli O157 infection associated with a farm visitor centre.

During the summer of 1994, four cases of bloody diarrhoea and/or haemolytic uraemic syndrome were reported to the consultants in communicable disease control in Nottingham and Leicester. One case was an adult, and there were three children aged 2 to 4 years. The initial investigation failed to reveal any common foodstuff as the cause of the outbreak, but all four cases had attended a farm visitor centre in Leicestershire in the three weeks before they became ill. A further three cases were found who had visited the same farm. A joint investigation took place with environmental health officers and the local veterinary investigation centre of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. A questionnaire designed to ascertain possible sources of infection was sent to all cases. Several of the animals on the farm were sampled for Escherichia coli O157 and the farm's facilities for food preparation and hygiene were assessed. The pattern of infection did not suggest a point source for the outbreak. Analysis of responses to the questionnaires failed to reveal any common factor other than the visit to the farm, and all but one case remembered stroking and feeding the animals. Food preparation in the farm restaurant appeared to be satisfactory and there was no evidence of contamination of food with pathogenic bacteria. E. coli O157: H7, PT2, VT2 was isolated from four of the seven human cases and also from four cattle and six goats. Further analysis using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) showed that the four human strains were indistinguishable from nine of the 10 animal strains. It was concluded that the most likely cause of this outbreak was direct contact with the animals. This was further supported by poor handwashing facilities and lack of information for the visitors on the importance of personal hygiene.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis in 11 dogs with a history of phenobarbital administration (1995-2002).

The clinical records of 11 dogs with histologically confirmed superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND) and a history of phenobarbital (PB) administration (SND/PB) were evaluated retrospectively (1995-2002). Historical, clinical, clinicopathologic, ultrasonographic, and pathologic findings were compared with those in dogs with SND without prior PB exposure (SND/No PB; n = 9) and with those dogs with PB-associated hepatotoxicity without skin disease (PB/hepatotoxicity). Dogs in the SND/PB group accounted for 44% of all histologically confirmed cases of SND that were evaluated at The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1995 and 2002. Median age of dogs in the SND/PB group was 10 years, and median duration of PB therapy was 6 years. Mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was 239 U/L, and median duration of abnormally high ALT activity was 6.25 months before SND diagnosis. Plasma amino acid concentrations measured in 1 dog were severely decreased. Ultrasonographic findings of hypoechoic nodules with hyperechoic borders corresponded to pathologic findings of nodular areas of normal hepatic tissue surrounded by zones of collapsed parenchyma with vacuolated hepatocytes. Clinical, clinicopathologic, ultrasonographic, and pathologic features of SND/PB and SND/No PB were similar. PB-associated cirrhosis and overt hepatic failure were not features of SND/PB. Different pathogenic mechanisms might induce SND in dogs. Chronic administration of PB requires further examination as a potential risk factor for the development of SND.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1996

[Clinical, morphologic and immunophenotypic data based on 10 cases of canine muco-cutaneous epidermotropic T-lymphoma (analogous to Mycosis Funcgoïde). Important of an animal model of spontaneous pathology].

Our serie of ten canine cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphomas (CTCL), is found in old dogs, belonging mainly to the Boxer breed. Site on the mucous membranes (especially buccal), the muco-cutaneous junctions, their clinical expression is polymorphous. Lesions, follow on one after another (erythema, plaques, nodules) and are diversely associated in a given animal, the borders between the different stages often being difficult to establish. Adenopathies noted at the time of the diagnosis or during the course of the condition are accompanied by an involvement of the blood and organs (analogous to Sézary's disease). The progression of the disease can be very rapid in the buccal forms, which are generally aggressive, and in cases of violent, uncontrollable pruritus, which may be disturbing for the owner (with requests for euthanasia). The neoplastic infiltrate is constituted of small lymphocytes with hyperchromatic, convoluted nuclei (incipient stages), then large cells with a "histiocytic" appearance for the nodules. Epitheliotropism, which is maximal for the infiltrated plaque stage, shows up either in the form of a flux of totally epitheliotropic isolated cells (Ketron-Goodman type) or in that of Pautrier abscess-like collections. THe veterinary literature is in agreement that the CTCL cell expresses CD3, but two recent studies are in contradiction as regards its membership of helper or cytotoxic/suppressor populations. For our 10 cases, all the cells of lymphocytic morphology were, without exception, CD3+ and CD45+, irrespective of their situation within the epithelium or the chorion. The CD3+ cells in the epithelium were systematically CD8+, CD4- (confirming P.F. Moore's observations), expressing CD5 in a variable way, and, mostly, the Ki-67 nuclear proliferation Ag. The CD3+ cells of the chorion were exclusively, or mainly, CD8+, and occasionally CD4+. They expressed CD5 in a variable way, and, for a minority, the Ki-67 nuclear proliferation Ag. On the pathogenic level, it may be suggested that a T clone, CD8+, undergoes the "homing" phenomenon within the epithelium, enters the cell cycle, then manifests a tropism towards the chorion, which it infiltrates. Despite some particularities, which may be clinical (serious mucous attacks), cytological (the "histiocytic" appearance of the nodule cells) or immunophenotypic (expression of CD8, similar to what is observed in man in a considerable number of Pagetoid reticulosis), CTCL constitutes an interesting model of spontaneous pathology, and could prove useful in: - identifying various etiological factors (given that the dog, as a close commensal of man, is subject to the same environmental factors).

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular dose of amikacin in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis).

The pharmacokinetic parameters of amikacin were determined in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) following the i.m. administration of a single 20 mg/kg dose. After a rapid absorption phase, mean amikacin serum concentrations peaked at 65 +/- 12 micrograms/ML 30-45 min following injection. The serum amikacin concentrations decreased to 2.3 +/- 2 micrograms/ml at 12 hr postinjection. Amikacin was eliminated with first-order kinetics characteristic of a single-compartment model with a half-life of 2.02 +/- 0.63 hr. The volume of distribution was estimated to be 0.28 +/- 0.03 L/kg. Forty-two isolates of gram-negative bacteria and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species were cultured from birds of prey presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California-Davis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of amikacin ranged from 0.5 to 8.0 micrograms/ml (mean = 2.5 micrograms/ml). The 20 mg/kg dose used in this study resulted in serum concentrations at or above the MICs for > 12 hr for most of the isolates examined. The heaviest birds had the lowest peak serum amikacin concentrations, and the lightest birds had the highest, despite exact volume replacement for each sample drawn. This observation suggests that doses should be based on factors other than weight alone. Amikacin administered at 15-20 mg/kg/day, either as a single dose or divided into two or three doses, is effective in treating sensitive pathogens of the red-tailed hawk.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1975

[For the benefit of man and animals (author's transl)].

Food hygiene continues to be based on inspection of the "basic materials" which are consumed as such or after processing. In the meat sector, the work of the hygienist should continue to be based on clinical inspection before slaughter as well as on morbid-anatomical and laboratory inspection after slaughter. In recent years, however, new duties have become more clearly apparent, such as care for the welfare of the animal which is to be slaughtered (improvement of transport, improvement of treatment prior to slaughter), ensuring hygienic conditions of slaughter, the problem of slaughtered animals harbouring pathogenic micro-organisms, examination of the meat for residues of foreign substances such as pesticides, antibiotics and growth-stimulating agents, supervision of the product by the hygienist on its road from the place of production to that of consumption, promoting a minimum use (which is nevertheless justifiable from the point of view of hygiene) of water, detergents and disinfectants in the food line and drainage of the cleanest possible waste water. In the field of food hygiene, more attention should be paid to other foods such as poultry, fish and game, and increasingly close checks should be maintained on the quality of those products which are offered for sale to the consumer. In doing so, the veterinary hygienist should be prepared to co-operate. On the one hand, with those fellow-veterinarians whose activities take place at an earlier stage in the process of food production, i.e. in veterinary practice and particularly in the veterinary supervision of large fattening farms. And, on the other, with experts in a large number of other disciplines, who are in a better position to deal with the technological, chemical and toxicological aspects and, last but not least, the medical sector. The veterinary practitioner attending to productive livestock actually is also employed in the production of foods of animal origin and has to co-operate with his fellow in the public health sector to ensure the production of sound and wholesome foods.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1986

Antifungal activity of ketoconazole with emphasis on zoophilic fungal pathogens.

The antifungal activity of ketoconazole was studied against fungal pathogens associated with various mycotic infections in animals. A concentration of 10 micrograms of ketoconazole/ml of medium proved fungicidal to Trichophyton verrucosum. The same concentration acted as a strong fungistat against the majority of the tested dermatophytes. Yeasts were generally more sensitive than yeast-like pathogens. Ketoconazole also proved fungicidal against Pityrosporon canis and strongly inhibitory on Cryptococcus neoformans and Torulopsis famata at the lowest used concentration. Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Aspergillus fumigatus required a higher concentration in order for the drug to demonstrate some gross changes. However, variable serious microscopic effects were detected. The most marked effect of ketoconazole was in connection with the dimorphic fungi. The action was fungicidal or strongly inhibitory on both the mycelial form and the tissue phase, respectively. The effect of the drug involved both gross morphologic and microscopic changes of the fungi. The mechanism of action of the drug is described in detail. The results are promising and encouraging for the use of ketoconazole in veterinary medicine.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Attaching and effacing E. coli. Microscopic and ultrastructural observation of intestinal infections in pigs.

Pigs aged from neonate to 8 weeks with naturally occurring diarrhoea were submitted to a Veterinary Investigation Centre for routine diagnosis. They were retrospectively found to be infected with "attaching and effacing" E. coli (AEEC) on histological and ultrastructural examination of the intestinal tract. Subcultures of E. coli isolated from some of the affected pigs were tested against standard anti-sera and probed for the presence of verotoxin (VT) and "cae" genes. One strain of E. coli was positive for the VT gene and three VT-negative strains possessed the "cae" gene. This preliminary report suggests that in naturally occurring diarrhoea of suckling and weaned pigs, AEEC infection can be identified by histological examination of the intestinal mucosa and confirmed by electron microscopy, in the abscence of infection by recognised enteric pathogens on microbiological examination.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed2005

Ethnoveterinary medicine in the search for antimicrobial agents: antifungal activity of some species of Pterocaulon (Asteraceae).

Based on informal interview, ethnoveterinary information about plants used in the treatment of skin diseases were obtained. Plants from the genus Pterocaulon (Asteraceae) known as "quitoco" are used to treat problems popularly diagnosed as "mycoses", which can have both fungic and bacterial etiology. In order to validate this traditional practice, the crude methanolic extracts and fractions from the aerial parts of three species of Pterocaulon (Pterocaulon alopecuroides (Lam.) D.C., Pterocaulon balansae Chodat. and Pterocaulon polystachyum D.C.) grown in southern Brazil were analyzed for the in vitro antifungal activity against a panel of standardized and clinical opportunistic pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi including dermatophytes by the agar dilution method. The crude methanolic extract of Pterocaulon alopecuroides was the most active followed by the extract of Pterocaulon polystachyum. Pterocaulon balansae crude methanolic extract was the less active but its lipophilic fractions showed remarkable activity mainly against the dermatophytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Streptococcus suis: past and present.

Steptococcus suis is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic coccus that has been implicated as the cause of a wide range of clinical disease syndromes in swine and other domestic animals. In swine, the disease has spread worldwide but is more prevalent in countries with intensive swine management practices. The disease syndromes caused by S. suis in swine include arthritis, meningitis, pneumonia, septicaemia, endocarditis, polyserositis, abortions and abscesses. S. suis has also been implicated in disease in humans, especially among abattoir workers and swine and pork handlers. In humans, S. suis type 2 can cause meningitis, which may result in permanent hearing loss, septicaemia, endocarditis and death. The pathogenic mechanism of S. suis is not well defined. Several virulence factors have been identified, but their roles in pathogenesis and disease have not been well elucidated. Much work is in progress on characterization of virulence factors and mechanisms, with emphasis on the control of the disease. Because of the non-availability of suitable immunoprophylaxis, control of S. suis infection has depended mainly on the use of antimicrobials.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2004

From lethal virus to life-saving vaccine: developing inactivated vaccines for pandemic influenza.

Over the past eight years, cases of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have raised international concern that we could be on the brink of a global influenza pandemic. Many of these human infections have proved fatal and if the viruses had been able to transmit efficiently from person to person, the effects would have been devastating. How can we arm ourselves against this pandemic threat when these viruses are too dangerous to use in conventional vaccine production? Recent technological developments (reverse genetics) have allowed us to manipulate the influenza virus genome so that we can construct safe, high-yielding vaccine strains. However, the transition of reverse-genetic technologies from the research laboratory to the manufacturing environment has presented new challenges for vaccine manufacturers as well as veterinary and public health authorities.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2006

[Travel medicine of parasitic diseases in the dog].

Companion animals are increasingly brought along by their owners to foreign countries. Thus, small animal travel medicine is becoming more important. The field includes both prophylaxis and metaphylaxis against various infectious diseases, as well as their diagnosis and treatment. Dogs returning from Southern Europe, but also from more tropical regions, may be infected with exotic pathogens. In addition, imported pedigree or working dogs, and especially stray dogs imported through welfare organisations, are at high risk. The present overview summarises the clinical and practical aspects of exotic parasitic diseases that may affect such dogs, and the risk of such diseases becoming autochthonously transmitted in Switzerland. Furthermore, the zoonotic potential of these infections will be considered.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2026

The black aspergilli (Aspergillus niger complex) and their role in human, animal, and plant diseases.

SUMMARYThe Aspergillus niger complex, also known as the black aspergilli or section Nigri, comprises a diverse group of filamentous fungi with wide-ranging ecological, industrial, and pathogenic significance. While traditionally associated with food spoilage and industrial fermentation, black aspergilli have emerged as opportunistic pathogens affecting humans, animals, and plants. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the taxonomy, ecology, pathogenicity, and antifungal resistance of the A. niger complex. Advances in phylogenetics and whole-genome sequencing have clarified the taxonomy of section Nigri, now comprising six core species in series Nigri. Clinically, A. niger complex is implicated in various conditions, including otomycosis, keratitis, cutaneous infections, onychomycosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, and, less commonly, invasive aspergillosis. In animals, black aspergilli have been isolated from respiratory, cutaneous, and systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised or stressed hosts. Plant pathogenicity is significant, with A. niger complex contributing to pre- and post-harvest spoilage and producing mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A and oxalic acid. The common finding of elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to triazoles, particularly in both environmental and clinical isolates, raises concern, with underlying mechanisms differing from those characterized in A. fumigatus. Reduced susceptibility is potentially driven by efflux pumps and environmental exposure to azole fungicides. Due to commonly higher MICs, antifungal therapy with itraconazole and isavuconazole may have reduced efficacy, and alternatives such as voriconazole or posaconazole should be considered, guided by susceptibility testing where available. This review emphasizes the need for a One Health approach to managing black aspergilli, integrating surveillance, diagnostics, and targeted interventions across human, veterinary, and agricultural sectors.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Laryngotracheitis in chickens: the length of the preinfectious and infectious periods.

Transmission studies to measure the length of the infectious period and the interval between virus inoculation and infectiousness were conducted using the standard National Veterinary Services Laboratory laryngotracheitis (LT) challenge virus (Log 10(6.7) EID50 per ml). Previously unexposed sentinel chickens were placed in contact with chickens inoculated intratracheally with LT virus. Transmission of virus to the sentinel birds was assessed by studying clinical signs and results of virus isolation and challenge. Chickens began to shed infective quantities of virus 2-4 days postinoculation and continued until day 6.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Current status and potential application of ISCOMs in veterinary medicine.

The immune stimulating complex (ISCOM) is a 40 nm nanoparticle used as a delivery system for vaccine antigens, targeting the immune system both after parenteral and mucosal administration. The ISCOM is made up of saponin, lipids and antigen usually held together by hydrophobic interaction between these three components. The compulsory elements to form the ISCOM structure are cholesterol and saponin. When the antigen is omitted the ISCOM-MATRIX is formed. There are a number of saponins that can form ISCOMs, and many other substances (including antigens, targeting and immuno-modulating molecules) can be incorporated into the ISCOM provided they are hydrophobic or rendered to be hydrophobic. Thus, it is possible to create ISCOM particles with different properties. After parenteral immunisation of the ISCOM, the T cell response is first detected in the draining lymph node. Subsequently, the T cell response is localised to the spleen, while the B cell response is first found both in the draining lymph nodes and in the spleen. Up to 50 days later, the majority of the antibody producing cells is found in the bone marrow (BM). In contrast, antigens that have been adjuvanted in an oil emulsion, limit the T cell response to the draining lymph nodes while the B cell response is found in the draining lymph nodes and spleen, but not in the BM. The ISCOM efficiently evokes CD8+, MHC class 1 restricted T cell response. The deposit of antigens both to the endosomal vesicles and to the cytosol of antigen presenting cells (APCs) explains why both T helper cells (vesicles) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (cytosol) are efficiently induced by ISCOMs. The T helper (Th) cell response is balanced in the sense that both Th1 and Th2 cells are induced. Prominent IL-12 production by cells in the innate system is a characteristic reaction induced by ISCOMs, promoting the development of a strong Th1 response. After mucosal administration by the intranasal or the intestinal routes, the ISCOM induces strong specific mucosal IgA responses in local and remote mucosal surfaces. Also T cell responses are evoked by the mucosal administration. A large number of experimental ISCOM vaccines have been tested and protection has been induced against a number of pathogens in various species including chronic and persistent infections exemplified by human immune deficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), and 2 (HIV-2) and simian immune deficiency virus (SIV) in primates, and various herpes virus infections in several species. In contrast to a conventional rabies virus vaccine the ISCOM rabies formulation protected mice after exposure to the virulent virus. Recently, experimental ISCOM vaccines were shown to efficiently induce immune response in newborns of murine and bovine species in the presence of maternal antibodies, while conventional vaccines have failed. ISCOM vaccines are on the market for horses and cattle and several other ISCOM vaccines are under development. Since the ISCOM and the ISCOM-MATRIX can be blended with live attenuated vaccine antigens without hampering the proliferation of the live vaccine antigens, it opens the possibility to use the ISCOM adjuvant system in a mixture of live and killed vaccine antigens.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2005

Intestinal canine pythiosis in Venezuela confirmed by serological and sequencing analysis.

An 11-months-old mixed Terrier male originally from Venezuela, was referred to a Veterinary Hospital with signs of depression, anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea. The illness had begun 1 month earlier. Despite antibiotic chemotherapy and vitamins, the disease progressed. Radiological exams showed involvement of the small intestine. Histopathological studies of tissue samples taken during surgical intervention revealed eosinophilic areas in the center of which, abundant eosinophils, histiocytes and giant cells were observed. Silver stained cross-sections of the small intestine showed slender sparsely septate hyphae within the necrotic areas. Attempts to isolate the etiologic agent in pure culture were fruitless. The dog died without a definitive diagnosis. Fixed tissue samples of the small intestine were later investigated using specific fluorescent antibodies for pythiosis and molecular tools. These exams indicated that the hyphae in the infected tissues belong to the straminipilan pathogen Pythium insidiosum. This is the first confirmed case of dog pythiosis in Venezuela.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes and the significance for food hygiene].

Research on the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is a key issue both for the clinical and the food microbiologist owing to the unique pathway of infection and the exposure of humans via contaminated foods. Although, in Austria, the incidence of listeriosis is about 870-fold lower than the incidence for Salmonella infection, the food law manages both foodborne pathogens with a comparable stringency. The current risk management is based on the assumption that environmental L. monocytogenes isolates, from which the pool of "foodborne" isolates is recruited, are of similar pathogenicity compared to clinical and outbreak isolates. This verdict became doubted in the recent years. Characterization of L. monocytogenes by virulence gene sequencing, virulence studies in vivo and in vitro and by molecular typing was considerably stimulating the discussion on virulence variability in L. monocytogenes. This article provides insights in the value of epidemiological follow-up studies by presenting a typing study on 15 cases of listeriosis observed in a district hospital in Turkey. Furthermore results from typing L. monocytogenes either by virulence gene sequencing, mismatch amplification mutation assay or by pulsed field gel electrophoresis are discussed. The close interaction of molecular microbiology with food microbiology both in applied and basic science is currently creating a new discipline of molecular food microbiology. We are convinced that veterinary medicine will contribute to this exiting development in a fruitful way.

Animals↗