Rupture of gall-bladder associated with intraperitoneal rupture of urinary bladder.
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Inhibitory effects of 1,3-diaminopropane, an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, on rat two-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis initiated by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine.
Overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) has been shown to be characteristic of tumor development and progression in humans and experimental animals. Therefore, we have examined the effects of 1, 3-diaminopropane dihydrochloride (DAP), a potent inhibitor of ODC, on rat two-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis initiated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN). In experiment 1 (36 weeks), 6-week-old F344 male rats were administered 0.05% BBN in drinking water for 4 weeks and then divided into four groups. Animals of groups 1 and 2 received basal diet and drinking water supplemented with or without DAP (2 g/l). Groups 3 and 4 were given diet containing 5% sodium L-ascorbate (NaAsA), a typical urinary bladder tumor promoter, and drinking water with or without DAP. Administration of DAP to group 1 significantly reduced tumor size, multiplicity and incidence, particularly of papillomas, when compared with group 2 values. DAP together with NaAsA (group 3) also decreased tumor size relative to the group 4 case. To determine the effects of DAP on the early stages of bladder carcinogenesis and its mechanisms, a similar protocol was conducted (experiment 2) with death after 20 weeks. DAP treatment caused complete inhibition (0% incidence) of papillary and/or nodular hyperplasia in group 1 but was without influence in group 3, as compared with the respective controls. Moreover, the ODC activity, bromodeoxyuridine labeling indices and mRNA expression levels of cyclin D1 in the urinary bladder mucosa, determined by northern blotting, were markedly lower in group 1 than in group 2, but values were comparable for both groups administered NaAsA. Assessment of mRNA expression levels of the angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor suggested no involvement in the inhibitory effects of DAP on urinary bladder carcinogenesis. The results indicate that inhibition of ODC could reduce urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats, particularly in the early stages, through antiproliferative mechanisms.
Acetyltransferases↗
Radiation-induced impairment of urinary bladder function. Assessment of micturition volumes.
PURPOSE: The present investigation was initiated in order to study the feasibility of repeat micturition volume measurements for the determination of acute variations in urinary bladder function in radiotherapy patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven consecutive patients with malignancies of the prostate (11), rectum (9), corpus uteri (11), or cervix uteri (6) were included in this pilot study. All patients were treated according to standard irradiation protocols. All patients were asked to present with maximum bladder filling for each radiation treatment. After irradiation, patients were weighed before and after micturition, and the weight difference was assumed to reflect the micturition volume. RESULTS: No systematical variations in bladder capacity could be assessed during treatment for uterine tumors. In rectum carcinoma patients, a decrease in micturition volume by about 20% was observed between weeks 2 and 5 which, however, was not statistically significant; subsequently, normal to supra-normal values were measured. In patients treated for prostate cancer, volumes were reduced from week 2; in weeks 5 to 6, minimum values of approximately 70% of the control volumes were seen, which represent a significant reduction (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Functional changes represent the majority of side effects of radiation therapy in the urinary bladder. The assessment of urinary bladder function by pre- and post-micturition weighing is a feasible and sensitive method to objectively determine radiation-induced changes. This method may be applied for the documentation of acute radiotherapy side effects.
Documentation↗
[Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder].
Pheochromocytoma is a very rare tumor of the urinary bladder. In this report two pheochromocytomas are shown with symptoms of a typical vesical tumor and without typical pheochromocytoma symptoms.
Aged↗
Activation of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents in the rat urinary bladder by compound 48/80: a direct action on sensory nerves?
We have assessed the ability of compound 48/80, a mast cell degranulating agent, to activate the sensory and efferent function of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents in the rat urinary bladder. Compound 48/80 produced a calcium-dependent release of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity from the superfused rat urinary bladder. This effect was prevented by in vitro capsaicin desensitization, but was not affected by indomethacin, methysergide, ondansetron, chlorpheniramine or cimetidine, nor by systemic pretreatment with compound 48/80 at a dose regimen which prevented lethality produced by intravenous administration of it in anesthetized rats. Compound 48/80 also produced a contraction of the rat isolated bladder which was not reduced by methysergide, indomethacin or in vitro capsaicin desensitization. In vivo, topical application of compound 48/80 on the serosal surface of the rat urinary bladder activated a series of high amplitude rhythmic bladder contractions which were hexamethonium-sensitive (micturition reflex). This effect was prevented by systemic capsaicin desensitization while it was unchanged by chlorpheniramine, methysergide, indomethacin or ondansetron. Administered intravenously, compound 48/80 produced a plasma protein extravasation (Evans blue leakage technique) in the rat urinary bladder which was abolished by systemic capsaicin pretreatment or chlorpheniramine while it was unaffected by methysergide or indomethacin. The present findings provide direct neurochemical evidence that compound 48/80 activates the peripheral endings of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferent neurons, leading to a stimulation of their sensory and efferent functions in the rat urinary bladder. The possibility of a direct action of compound 48/80 in producing excitation of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves should be considered.
Animals↗
The role of sensory neuropeptides in motor innervation of the hamster isolated urinary bladder.
In this study we have characterized the role of sensory fibers and of the sensory peptides, neurokinin A (NKA) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), on the contractile responses evoked by single pulse electrical field stimulation (EFS) in the hamster urinary bladder. EFS of the hamster isolated urinary bladder produced twitch contractions which were unaffected by atropine but abolished by tetrodotoxin. The P2 purinoreceptor antagonist PPADS (30 microM) inhibited twitches by 66+/-4% on its own and by 78+/-3% in the presence of atropine. The selective tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist nepadutant produced a slight but consistent reduction of twitch amplitude (-21+/-3%) at 1 microM. Addition of nepadutant to atropine and PPADS did not further increase their inhibitory effect. The application of hCGRP (10-300 nM) produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of twitches (Emax -38+/-3%, EC50=12 nM) and a small reduction of tone (0.5+/-0.09 mN). Similar effects were obtained with capsaicin (0.1-10 microM) which inhibited EFS-evoked contractions with an EC50 of 100.0 nM and a maximal effect of 34+/-4% inhibition at 1 microM. Under submaximal parameters of stimulation NKA (10 nM) increased the amplitude of twitches by 45+/-6% and produced a concentration-dependent tonic contraction (EC50=55.9 nM). The CGRP1 receptor subtype antagonist, hCGRP(8-37), increased by 29+/-8% the EFS-evoked contractions and significantly reduced the response to 0.1 microM CGRP. Capsaicin (10 microM) increased both CGRP-LI and NKA-LI release from superfused slices of hamster urinary bladder by about sixfold and by about 70%, over baseline, respectively. A second application of capsaicin was ineffective, indicating a complete desensitization of sensory nerve efferent function. In the hamster urinary bladder the sensory neuropeptides NKA and CGRP are co-released by sensory fibers after stimulation either by EFS or capsaicin. However, the role of CGRP appears functionally predominant.
Animals↗
K-channel opening activity of dihydropyridine ZM244085: effect on 86Rb efflux and 3H-P1075 binding in urinary bladder smooth muscle.
Zeneca ZM244085, 9-(3 cyanophenyl)hexahydro-1,8 acridinedione, is a novel dihydropyridine (DHP) which relaxes KCl precontracted urinary bladder smooth muscle in vitro. The effect of ZM244085 on low and high KCl induced contractions, 86Rb efflux and [3H]-P1075 binding in guinea pig bladder strips was investigated to characterize the K-channel opening properties of this compound. Since ZM244085 is a dihydropyridine its effect on DHP binding sites on Ca2+ channels was also investigated. ZM244085 was found to be more potent in relaxing detrusor strips precontracted with 15 mM KCl than strips precontracted with 80 mM KCl (Li et al., 1995). This functional profile of ZM244085 is similar to that exhibited by typical K-channel openers (PCO). In addition, inhibition of ZM244085 induced relaxation of detrusor strips by glibenclamide suggests that ZM244085 opens ATP sensitive K-channel (KATP) in urinary bladder (Li et al., 1995). Since the glibenclamide sensitive smooth muscle relaxation activity of ZM244085 could still be an indirect effect of this compound on KATP channels we carried out 86Rb efflux studies and [3H]-P1075 binding studies to further confirm these findings. The 86Rb efflux assay is a direct method for monitoring the movement of K+ ions across the cell membranes. Displacement of [3H]-P1075 binding to bladder membranes supports a direct action of the compound on the KATP channel. The present study demonstrates that ZM244085 in a concentration dependent manner increases the rate of 86Rb efflux from guinea pig bladder strips. This effect was inhibited by glibenclamide (30 microM), a known KATP channel blocker. In addition, interaction of ZM244085 with KATP channels was also confirmed in human bladder smooth muscle cells using a 42K efflux assay. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that ZM244085, structurally distinct PCO, inhibited the binding of 3H-P1075 to urinary bladder strips in a manner similar to other KATP openers such as cromakalim and pinacidil. Inhibition of 3H-P1075 binding by ZM244085 and other PCO's correlates well with increases in 86Rb efflux and bladder muscle relaxation studies. Finally, ZM244085 did not exhibit any significant affect on VSCC as evidenced by very weak inhibition of [3H]-PN200,110 binding to bladder membranes by ZM244085. It is concluded that Zeneca ZM244085 is a PCO which activates KATP channels in urinary bladder.
Acridines↗
Morphologic classification of inflammatory, nonspecific, and proliferative lesions of the urinary bladder of mice.
A morphologic classification of inflammatory, nonspecific, and proliferative lesions of the urinary bladder of mice has been developed. The system was developed over a period of several years in order to tabulate and summarize the lesions for review. The classification has successfully met the needs of the National Center for Toxicological Research and has also provided useful information in understanding the biologic significance of urothelial lesions in mice.
Animals↗
Permeability of pig urinary bladder wall: time and concentration dependent effect of chitosan.
Chitosan in 0.5% w/v concentration enhanced the permeability of the isolated pig urinary bladder wall by desquamation of the urothelium as ascertained in our previous study. The aim of the present work was to determine the time and concentration dependence of chitosan's effect on the permeation of a model drug into the bladder wall and to establish if the mechanism of permeation enhancement depends on the concentration of chitosan used. In the permeability studies performed by the use of diffusion cells, transport of a model drug moxifloxacin into the isolated pig urinary bladder wall was determined. For morphological observations of the urothelium in response to chitosan treatment scanning and transmission electron microscopy were applied. Within 90 min the effect of chitosan on the tissue amounts of moxifloxacin gradually increased and approached its plateau. In one hour even 0.0005% w/v dispersion of chitosan significantly enhanced the permeability of the pig urinary bladder wall for the model drug and at 0.001% w/v concentration the maximal effect on the tissue permeability was achieved. All concentrations of chitosan that significantly enhanced the permeability of the bladder wall triggered necrosis of superficial cells or desquamation of the urothelium. However, at lower concentrations and shorter exposure times the damage of the urothelium was limited to the changes in tight junctions. Chitosan was ascertained to increase the permeation of moxifloxacin into the urinary bladder wall in a time and concentration dependent manner.
Animals↗
Peptide-containing nerves in the urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus.
The distributions of peptide-containing nerves in the urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus, were studied by means of fluorescence immunohistochemistry of whole-mount preparations. The bundles of smooth muscle in the bladder are well supplied by varicose nerve fibres displaying somatostatin-like immunoreactivity; these fibres probably arise from intrinsic perikarya. The urinary bladder also has a well-developed plexus of nerves containing substance P-like immunoreactive material; these elements probably represent sensory nerves of extrinsic origin. Nerve fibres showing immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or enkephalin are rare within the urinary bladder of the toad. It is considered unlikely that any of these peptides directly mediates the hyoscine-resistant excitatory response of the smooth muscle to nerve stimulation in the toad bladder.
Animals↗
Cytokine-mediated antitumor effect of OK-432 on urinary bladder tumor cells in vitro.
Fatal complications from the intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for the treatment of superficial urinary bladder tumors have been reported. OK-432, an immunomodulating agent like BCG, may be an effective and safe agent for the treatment of urinary bladder tumors. We investigated the cytokine-mediated antitumor effect of OK-432 on established human bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and KK-47) in vitro. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a healthy volunteer were cultured with OK-432 for various periods, and the culture supernatants were used as conditioned media. Cytokines in the culture supernatants were quantified. The antitumor effect of OK-432 was evaluated by colony-forming assays, using the conditioned media as the culture media. The colony survival of T24 and KK-47 cells was significantly inhibited by conditioned media from 24-h cultures of PBMCs incubated with OK-432 at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 Klinische Einheit (KE)/ml. Conditioned media from PBMCs cultivated with OK-432 for 7 days at 0.01 and 0.05 KE/ml also significantly inhibited the colony survival of both cell lines. Higher concentrations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) were detected in conditioned media cultivated with OK-432 for 24 h than in media from PBMCs alone. However, higher concentrations of interferon gamma (IFN gamma) were detected in conditioned media cultivated with OK-432 for 7 days. Approximately 90% of the inhibition of KK-47 cells by the 24-h conditioned media was neutralized by an anti-TNF monoclonal antibody. The inhibition of T24 cells was neutralized approximately 50% by the same antibody. The inhibition of T24 and KK-47 cells by 7-day conditioned media was completely neutralized by an anti-IFN gamma monoclonal antibody. The cultivation of PBMCs with OK-432 inhibited the production of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) by PBMCs. The inhibition may play a role in the mechanism of the antitumor effect of OK-432. Urinary bladder tumor cell lines have different sensitivities to cytokines. The cytokines induced by OK-432 vary with the concentration of OK-432 and the culture period. It is suggested that in intravesical instillation of OK-432 for treatment of urinary bladder tumor, the optimal dose and interval of instillation should be considered.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Efficacy of the urinary bladder for isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from naturally infected, wild Peromyscus leucopus.
The efficacy of culturing urinary bladder tissue for Borrelia burgdorferi from naturally infected, wild Peromyscus leucopus mice was determined. The urinary bladder cultures were as efficient as spleen, kidney, and blood tissue cultures. The rapid B. burgdorferi isolation (mean, 6 days) from mouse urinary bladders should aid in defining new Lyme disease foci.
Animals↗
Interstitial cells of Cajal in the human normal urinary bladder and in the bladder of patients with megacystis-microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of c-kit-positive interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in normal bladder and bladders from patients with megacystis-microcolon-intestinal peristalsis syndrome (MMIHS, a rare congenital and generally fatal cause of functional intestinal obstruction in the newborn), the most characteristic feature of which is abdominal distension caused by a distended unobstructed urinary bladder. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Full-thickness bladder specimens were obtained from four infants with MMIHS and four controls, and processed as paraffin-wax and frozen sections. Sections were assessed using single immunohistochemistry with monoclonal and polyclonal anti-c-kit antibodies. Anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) antibody was used to investigate the contractile apparatus in smooth muscle cells of the urinary bladder. Specimens were examined using light and confocal scanning microscopy. RESULTS: There were many c-kit positive ICCs in the normal urinary bladder, appearing as small, long, bipolar cells with only two long and several short processes. In contrast, ICCs were absent in the MMIHS bladder. alpha-SMA immunoreactivity was lower in MMIHS urinary bladder than in control sections. CONCLUSION: This study shows for the first time the presence of c-kit-positive ICCs in the normal human urinary bladder. The lack of ICCs in the MMIHS bladder may contribute to the voiding dysfunction in this disease.
Colon↗
[Stage pT1 signet ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a case report].
A case of primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is described. A 59-year-old man presented with microscopic hematuria, and cystoscopy revealed a white nonpapillary tumor. Histopathological examination of the resected tumor revealed signet ring cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma. Histological depth of invasion was pT1. No adjuvant therapy was performed. Primary signet ring cell of the urinary bladder is a rare tumor with 37 cases reported to date in Japan. We investigated previously reported cases and discussed adjuvant therapies of superficial signet ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell↗
Surface characteristics of malignant human urinary bladder epithelium studied with scanning electron microscopy.
Biopsies were obtained from 28 male and seven female patients with cystoscopically and histologically confirmed urinary bladder carcionoma. Tissue specimens for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were obtained from the tumours as well as from cystoscopically tumour-free mucosa of the dome, the lateral walls and the trigone of the urinary bladder and also from the proximal urethra. Certain surface structural changes, which seem to represent malignancy, present in different regions of the urinary bladder were detected by SEM, although not visible by light microscopy.
Aged↗
Premictional volume and contractility of the urinary bladder in patients with systemic sclerosis.
Ultrasonographic measurements of the urinary bladder in 21 women with systemic sclerosis (SSc) revealed abnormal volume of the bladder in about 65% of patients; 6/21 had a smaller bladder and 7/21 had a larger bladder than the controls. The volume of the remaining urine after miction was higher in 7 patients. Fibrosis of the bladder wall leading to a small rigid bladder and ureteral obstruction resulting in a large bladder with low contractility are suggested as phenomena involved in disturbed function of the urinary bladder in SSc patients. Patients with symptoms lasting more than 14 yrs. were found to have larger premictional volume of the bladder than those with short-lasting disease. No correlation between age, number of deliveries and bladder volume was found.
Adult↗
Tumor necrosis factor alpha production in schistosomiasis with carcinoma of urinary bladder.
Schistosomiasis parasitic infection (Schistosoma haematobium) is associated in some patients with bladder cancer. The production of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) is a key event of inflammation in human infectious disease and malignancy. TNF alpha has not been previously investigated from schistosomiasis infection and bladder malignancy. In this report we demonstrate that serum levels of TNF alpha are highly elevated in patients with schistosomiasis of urinary bladder (SB), schistosomiasis with carcinoma of urinary bladder (SCB), and carcinoma of urinary bladder without schistosomiasis (CB). Purified monocytes from bladder malignancy (SCB and CB) cultured without exogenous stimuli release TNF alpha in the culture supernatants. However, lipopolysaccharides and concanavalin A stimulation of monocytes from these patients produced highly elevated levels of TNF alpha compared with normal controls. The findings that monocytes are the potent producers of TNF alpha in this malignancy may be a key observation implicating these cells in the pathophysiology of this disease. Furthermore, it was shown that serum TNF alpha levels correlated with the clinical staging of disease in both SCB and CB, with higher levels in T3 and T4 advanced-stage patients and low levels in T1 and T2 early-stage patients. These results suggest that monocyte abnormality and serum TNF alpha levels might be one of the factors contributing to the progression of disease.
Adult↗
Adenomatous polyp in defunctionalized colonic segment used as a urinary bladder.
For transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, an eighty-two-year-old man underwent cystoprostatectomy. His urine was diverted to a defunctionalized right colonic segment used to replace his bladder. Four months after the surgery, gross hematuria appeared; endoscopy disclosed an adenomatous polyp in the substitute bladder. We review the incidence and origin of neoplasia in colonic segments used for urinary diversion.
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