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PubMed1995

Comparative localization of serotonin1A, 1C, and 2 receptor subtype mRNAs in rat brain.

Serotonin (5-HT) mediates its effects on neurons in the central nervous system through a number of different receptor types. To gain better insight as to the localization of 5-HT responsive cells, the distribution of cells expressing mRNAs encoding the three 5-HT receptor subtypes 1A, 1C, and 2 was examined in rat brain with in situ hybridization using cRNA probes. 5-HT1A receptor mRNA labeling was most pronounced in the olfactory bulb, anterior hippocampal rudiment, septum, hippocampus (dentate gyrus and layers CA1-3), entorhinal cortex, interpeduncular nucleus, and medullary raphe nuclei. 5-HT1C receptor mRNA labeling was the most abundant and widespread of the three 5-HT receptor subtypes examined. Hybridization signal was densest in the choroid plexus, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex, septum, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, claustrum, accumbens nucleus, striatum, lateral amygdala, paratenial and paracentral thalamic nuclei, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and reticular cell groups. 5-HT2 receptor mRNA was localized to the olfactory bulb, anterior hippocampal rudiment, frontal cortex, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, claustrum, pontine nuclei, and cranial nerve motor nuclei including the oculomotor, trigeminal motor, facial, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and hypoglossal nuclei. The distributions of mRNAs for the three different 5-HT receptor subtypes overlap with regions that bind various 5-HT receptor-selective ligands and are present in nearly all areas known to receive serotonergic innervation. The results of this study demonstrate that neurons which express these 5-HT receptor subtypes are very widespread in the central nervous system, yet possess unique distributions within the rat brain. Moreover, previously unreported regions of 5-HT receptor subtype expression were observed, particularly with the 5-HT2 receptor riboprobe in the brainstem. Finally, several brain areas contain multiple 5-HT receptor subtype mRNAs, which leads to the possibility that individual cells may express more than one 5-HT receptor subtype.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Subtyping binge eating-disordered women along dieting and negative affect dimensions.

OBJECTIVE: Because etiologic and maintenance models of binge eating center around dieting and affect regulation, this study tested whether binge eating-disordered (BED) individuals could be subtyped along dieting and negative affect dimensions and whether subtypes differed in eating pathology, social functioning, psychiatric comorbidity, and response to treatment. METHOD: Three independent samples of interviewer-diagnosed BED women (N = 218) were subtyped along dieting and negative affect dimensions using cluster analysis and compared on the outcomes of interest. RESULTS: Cluster analyses replicated across the three independent samples and revealed a dietary subtype (63%) and a dietary-depressive subtype (37%). The latter subtype reported greater eating and weight obsessions, social maladjustment, higher lifetime rates of mood, anxiety, and personality disorders, and poorer response to treatment than did the dietary subtype. DISCUSSION: Results suggest that moderate dieting is a central feature of BED and that affective disturbances occur in only a subset of cases. However, the confluence of dieting and negative affect signals a more severe variant of the disorder marked by elevated psychopathology, impaired social functioning, and a poorer treatment response.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Hereditary subtypic patterns detected in the Ba fragment of complement factor B: occurrence of four common alleles in Japanese.

A procedure which can detect subtype-specific minor bands of factor B (BF) by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing is presented. After zymosan-mediated fragmentation of BF in serum via alternative pathway for complement activation, serum samples are subjected to isoelectric focusing in a narrow pH range (4.2-4.9). The Ba fragments are detected by using immunoblotting. In addition to the previously reported minor bands with subtypic specificities, heterogeneities are observed in other minor band group, where a single minor band corresponds exclusively to a subtype in a regular combination with the previously announced subtypic patterns. A one-to-one correspondence of a single band to each subtype provides an unambiguous determination for three subtypic phenotypes deduced from the two divided BF*F alleles, BF*FA and BF*FB. An autosomal codominant heredity is confirmed through segregation analysis. A population survey reveals that four common alleles, BF*S, BF*FA, BF*FB, BF*Fb1, occur in a Japanese population and the former three alleles, except BF*Fb1, occur in a Cambodian population. The presence or absence of a single anodal minor band was found to be the only difference after neuraminidase treatment of FA and FB, implying that an amino acid substitution responsible for the FA-FB subtypic difference is involved in an additional acquisition in FA of an oligosaccharide unit with a charged sialic acid.

Alleles↗
PubMed1999

Interferon alfa subtypes and levels of type I interferons in the liver and peripheral mononuclear cells in patients with chronic hepatitis C and controls.

Viral infections stimulate the transcription of interferon type I, which includes IFN-alfa (IFN-alpha) (13 subtypes) and IFN-beta (a single substance). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is remarkable by its ability to evade host antiviral defenses; however, there is little information as to whether endogenous IFN is activated or not in this disease. Additionally, despite the fact that the various IFN-alpha subtypes may differ in biological activity, there are no data concerning the IFN-alpha subtypes specifically expressed in normal and diseased liver tissue. Thus, we have analyzed the IFN-alpha subtypes and the mRNA levels of type I IFNs in samples of normal liver tissue and in liver from patients with chronic hepatitis C. Similar studies were performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients and controls. After amplification and cloning of IFN-alpha cDNA, we observed that 98 of the 100 clones from normal liver tissue corresponded to the IFN-alpha5 subtype. However, in livers with chronic hepatitis C and in PBMC from controls and patients, a variety of subtypes, in addition to IFN-alpha5, were detected, suggesting a participation of infiltrating leukocytes in the production of IFN-alpha in livers with chronic hepatitis C. As compared with controls, patients with chronic hepatitis C showed a significant increase in IFN-beta mRNA in both the liver and PBMC, while IFN-alpha mRNA was significantly increased in PBMC but markedly reduced in liver tissue. In conclusion, IFN-alpha5 is the sole IFN-alpha subtype expressed in normal liver tissue. The hepatic levels of IFN-alpha are reduced in chronic hepatitis C, an event that may favor viral persistence.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Subtypes of betaglycan and of type I and type II transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptors with different affinities for TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 are exhibited by human placental trophoblast cells.

Transforming growth factor-beta is likely to be an important factor controlling placental activities, including growth, differentiation, invasiveness, hormone production, and immunosuppression. We have used a chemical cross-linking technique with either 125I-TGF-beta 1 or 125I-TGF-beta 2 and bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) to characterize TGF-beta binding components on human placental cells in primary culture. Trophoblast-enriched primary cultures exhibited a predominant affinity-labelled complex characteristic of membrane-anchored betaglycan (formerly termed the Type III TGF-beta receptor) and relatively low levels of the Type I and Type II TGF-beta receptor complexes. The results from affinity labelling saturation and competition experiments with TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 suggest the existence of two distinct subtypes of betaglycan: one subtype has a lower capacity and higher affinity, binds both TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2, yet has a preferential affinity for TGF-beta 2; the second subtype has a higher capacity and lower affinity and binds TGF-beta 1 exclusively. In contrast, mesenchymal cell-enriched placental primary cultures possessed only one subtype of the betaglycan component that binds the two TGF-beta isoforms with similar affinities and capacities as observed on most cell lines. These experiments demonstrate that the betaglycan component which exhibits a higher affinity for TGF-beta 2 than for TGF-beta 1, that we had observed previously on term placental membranes, is actually present on trophoblast cells. In addition to the two distinctive betaglycan subtypes, subtypes of the Type I and II TGF-beta receptors were detected on the trophoblast-enriched cultures. In competition experiments, when 125I-TGF-beta 1 was used as the radiotracer, the Type I and II TGF-beta receptors show a much higher affinity for TGF-beta 1 than for TGF-beta 2, as observed with other cell types. However, when 125I-TGF-beta 2 was used, low abundance subtypes of both the Type I and II receptors that show similar affinities for TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 were also revealed.

Cell Separation↗
PubMed2026

Genetic Variation and Evolutionary Characteristics of Coxsackievirus B1: F3 Subtype Associated With Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in China.

Coxsackievirus B1 (CV-B1) is primarily associated with meningitis but can also cause localized outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). This study analyzed the genetic diversity of the VP1 gene in 39 strains of the CVB1 virus isolated from HFMD children across 15 provinces in China between 2010 and 2024, as well as 179 strains from 17 countries. Based on the average nucleotide difference of VP1 gene, we classified CVB1 virus into six genotypes A to F, Notably, genotype F is newly classified. Since 2010, genotype F guadually replaced genotype E as the dominant genotype in China and has further subdivided into three subtypes: F1, F2, and F3, with F3 being the most prevalent subtype in China currently. We specifically study the mild and severe cases within the F3 subtype. Temperature-sensitivity experiments revealed no differences between mild and severe cases of the F3 subtype, and they all belong to temperature-sensitive strains. Interestingly, we found that mild cases of the F3 subtype did not involve recombination, whereas all severe cases of the F3 subtype showed recombination with Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4). CVB4 has consistently been the primary pathogen responsible for severe neonatal illnesses, suggesting that recombination between the F3 subtype and CVB4 may be associated with the development of severe HFMD. These findings provide fundamental scientific data for further investigation into the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of variants of Coxsackievirus B1 in China.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Expression of sodium channel subtypes during development in rat skeletal muscle.

This study contrasts the developmental patterns of expression of 2 subtypes of the voltage-dependent sodium channel in rat muscle that are differentiated by their immunoreactivity with monoclonal antibodies raised to the purified muscle sodium channel protein. One subtype is found in the transverse tubular (T) system of slow twitch fibers as well as the plasma membrane of fast and slow twitch fibers in the anterior tibial and soleus muscles. The second is present in the plasma membrane in all fibers of both muscles. The transverse tubular subtype exhibits 2 immunocytochemical staining patterns within muscle fibers, reticular and homogeneous, which may represent labeling of the developing T tubular system and of a cytoplasmic pool of alpha subunits of the sodium channel respectively. The reticular pattern eventually disappears in fast twitch fibers but persists into the adult stage in slow twitch fibers. The homogeneous pattern is also seen with antibodies to the plasma membrane subtype and disappears in early development as immunoreactivity to both subtypes gradually appears in the surface membrane. A reticular pattern is never seen with the plasma membrane subtype. The factors that modulate the expression of these subtypes is unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The alpha-adrenoceptor subtype mediating the tension of human prostatic smooth muscle.

We have characterized the alpha 1 adrenoceptor subtypes in the human prostate using radioligand receptor binding studies. The objective of the present study was to determine the alpha 1 subtype mediating the tension of prostatic smooth muscle. Fresh human tissue was obtained from 9 males between 50 and 80 years of age undergoing prostatectomy for BPH. The incubation of prostatic tissue with the irreversible antagonist chlorethyclonidine (CEC) resulted in an 80% reduction of the maximal contractile response produced by phenylephrine. However, the alpha 1A-selective antagonists WB-4101 and 5-methylurapidil (5-MU) competitively inhibited the contractile response induced by phenylephrine, with KB = 2.64 and 4.46 nM, respectively, consistent with their affinity at the alpha 1A receptor subtype. The pharmacological profile of the alpha 1-receptor-mediated contractile response of prostate smooth muscle is inconsistent with their classification as either an alpha 1A or alpha 1B subtype. Alternatively, when compared with the properties of the cloned alpha 1 receptors, our results suggest that the alpha 1 receptors involved in the contraction of prostate smooth muscle have some pharmacological properties similar to those encoded by the gene of the bovine alpha 1C receptor subtype. The findings of the present study suggest that efforts should be made to confirm the identity of the alpha 1-receptor subtype expressed by prostate smooth muscle, in order to develop subtype-selective alpha 1 antagonists, and to evaluate their safety and efficacy in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1998

The estrogen receptor beta subtype: a novel mediator of estrogen action in neuroendocrine systems.

The recent discovery that an additional estrogen receptor (ERbeta) subtype is present in many rat, mouse, and human tissues has advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying estrogen signalling. Ligand-binding experiments have shown specific binding of 17beta-estradiol by ERbeta with an affinity similar to that of ERalpha. The rat tissue distribution and/or the relative level of ERalpha and ERbeta expression seems to be quite different, i.e., moderate to high expression in uterus, testis, pituitary, ovary, kidney, epididymis, and adrenal for ERalpha and prostate, ovary, lung, bladder, brain, bone, uterus, and testis for ERbeta. Within the same organ it often appears that the ER subtypes are expressed in different cell types, supporting the hypothesis that the ER's may have different biological functions. The cell type-specific expression of ERalpha and ERbeta in rat prostate, testis, uterus, ovary, and brain and the distribution of ERbeta mRNA in the ERalpha knock-out mouse brain are discussed. The discovery of ERbeta suggests the existence of two previously unrecognized pathways of estrogen signalling; via the ERbeta subtype in tissues exclusively expressing this subtype and via the formation of heterodimers in tissues expressing both ER subtypes. The existence of two ER subtypes, their differential expression pattern, and different actions on certain response elements could provide explanations for the striking species-, cell-, and promoter-specific actions of estrogens and antiestrogens. The challenge for the future is to unravel the detailed physiological role of each subtype and to use this knowledge to develop the next generation of ER-targeted drugs with improved therapeutic profiles in the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis, cardiovascular system disorders, Alzheimer's disease, breast cancer, and disorders of the urogenital tract.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Gag-derived proteins of HIV-1 isolates from Indian patients: cloning, expression, and purification of p24 of B- and C-subtypes.

A simple and efficient method for hyperexpression in Escherichia coli and purification of capsid protein, p24, of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) of both B- and C-subtypes is described. DNA-encoding p24 of C-subtype was cloned from C-subtype gag sequence which was obtained by PCR amplification using DNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes (PBMLs) of an HIV-1-infected patient from India. DNA-encoding p24B protein was amplified directly by two-step PCR using genomic DNA obtained from PBMLs of an HIV-infected individual. A T7 promoter-based expression system was optimized for hyperexpression of p24 in the soluble form. Both p24 (B- and C-subtype) were purified to near homogeneity using conventional chromatographic techniques. Purification of p24 (C subtype) was described for the first time with yield of 53 mg from 1 liter of culture. The yield of p24 (B-subtype) was 67 mg from 1 liter of culture, which was severalfold better than reported earlier. The immunoreactivity of both types of p24 to sera from HIV-infected individuals was comparable. This report describes a simple, highly efficient, and reproducible method for obtaining large quantities of highly pure p24 of both B- and C-subtype, which can be used for structural, biochemical, and immunological characterization and, eventually, for diagnostic and prognostic applications.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Pulmonary surfactant subtype metabolism is altered after short-term ozone exposure.

Rats were exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone for 2 or 12 hr. The latter condition resulted in lung damage and inflammation while the former did not. Directly after exposure surfactant was isolated and two morphologically and functionally different surfactant subtypes were obtained by differential centrifugation. Surfactant subtypes isolated from rats exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone for 2 and 12 hr showed an increase in the amount of heavy subtype and a decrease in light subtype. These results suggest that acute ozone exposure of rats can alter surfactant subtype composition. The conversion in vitro of heavy to light subtype was increased in ozone-exposed rats. Degradation of surfactant protein A (SP-A) was observed during in vitro conversion of heavy subtype isolated from ozone-exposed rats. This suggests that oxidation of SP-A may lead to enhanced susceptibility for degradation. The observed effects were more pronounced in rats exposed for 12 hr than those exposed for 2 hr, indicating that proteolytic enzymes from inflammatory cells may aggravate the observed effects. We conclude that extracellular surfactant metabolism is altered by short-term exposures to ozone and that oxidation of SP-A may contribute to the observed alterations.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Characterization of a novel influenza hemagglutinin, H15: criteria for determination of influenza A subtypes.

Two viruses with a novel hemagglutinin (HA), A/duck/Australia/341/83 and A/shearwater/West Australia/2576/79, have been isolated from a duck and a shorebird in Australia. Hemagglutination inhibition and double immunodiffusion assays failed to reveal cross-reactivity with any of the known subtypes (H1 to H14). We therefore propose that these viruses constitute a new HA subtype, H15. Sequence analysis of the HA genes confirmed the serologic findings. When compared at the amino acid level, the HA1 region of the H15 subtype differs from those of the other subtypes by 30% and more. This degree of heterogeneity is also found among HA genes of other subtypes. Thus we propose that amino acid sequence data should be evaluated when determining the HA subtypes of influenza A viruses. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the HA subtype H15 is most closely related to the H7. Compared to the H7 HA, the H15 acquired a 30-nucleotide insertion within HA1 at position 253 which is located in the globular head of the molecule. This finding suggests that RNA recombination, although a rare event in nature, may play an important role in the evolution of influenza viruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Primary infections with HIV-1 of women and their offspring in Rwanda: findings of heterogeneity at seroconversion, coinfection, and recombinants of HIV-1 subtypes A and C.

Variation in HIV-1 genomic RNA was studied in seroconversion samples from mother-child pairs from a Rwandan cohort. The mothers (n = 8) were heterosexually infected and their children (n = 6) were vertically infected by breast milk. Five of the children seroconverted within the same 3-month period as did their mothers. Highly homogeneous subtype A V3 and p17gag sequence populations were observed in three mother-child pairs, one of the two nontransmitting mothers, and one child (mean nucleotide distances 0 to 0.9%). Heterogeneous populations of subtype A V3 and p17gag sequences were found in one mother and a mother-child pair (1.4 to 2.8% for V3, 1.0 to 1.9% for p17). The second nontransmitting mother was infected with a heterogeneous AV1-V3/Cp17-p24 recombinant virus population (3. 8% for V3, 2.4% for p17). Finally, in one woman subtype C V3 sequences were observed, in addition to highly homogeneous subtype A V3 and p17gag sequence populations, also found in the child. Coexistence of subtype AV1-V3 and CV1-V3 env sequences in the mother was confirmed in a follow-up sample. The gag gene of both the maternal and the child's virus population represented an A/C recombinant sequence (Ap17/Cp24). An infection with subtype CV1-V3/p17-p24 was found upon testing of three additional participants of the mother-child cohort, indicating that subtype C is present in Rwanda. In conclusion, heterogeneity, coinfection, and intersubtype recombinants are not uncommon in primary HIV-1 infections in Rwanda.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Two new human T-lymphotropic virus type I phylogenetic subtypes in seroindeterminates, a Mbuti pygmy and a Gabonese, have closest relatives among African STLV-I strains.

Six new HTLV-I strains from seroindeterminate individuals were analyzed: four from Gabon, one from a Mbuti Efe pygmy in Congo (formerly Zaire), and one from a Congolese patient residing in Belgium. The LTR and env regions were sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were performed to characterize the new strains. Nucleotide divergence and phylogeny results showed that four of the new strains belong to the HTLV-Ib Central African subtype. The other two strains, one from the Efe pygmy and one from Gabon, lie on distinct branches of the LTR and env trees with respect to the four major HTLV-I subtypes. Despite the low bootstrap values, likelihood mapping analyses proved that these strains can be considered two new HTLV-I molecular subtypes, putatively named HTLV-Ie and HTLV-If. A relation exists in the phylogenetic trees and in the likelihood maps between the new subtypes and African STLV-I strains from Papio spp. and Cercopithecus spp., suggesting one or more interspecies transmission events in the past. This study demonstrates that the phylogenetic subtyping of HTLV-I in the African continent is far from being completed and that samples presenting an indeterminate serology can potentially belong to new subtypes in humans. In addition, present day serological tests do not reliably type strains within the HTLV-Ib Central African subtype.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of cloned and pharmacologically defined rat tissue alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes.

Multiple alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes have been defined by pharmacological and receptor cloning techniques, but the precise alignment of cloned and pharmacologically-defined subtypes is still unclear. We have compared the affinities of 8 subtype-selective compounds at three cloned alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes (rat alpha 1B, bovine alpha 1C, rat alpha 1A/D) with those previously determined by the same methods in rat spleen, cerebral cortex, and kidney (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 348: 385-395, 1993). Among all compounds tested to date at cloned alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes (+)-tamsulosin appears to be the most selective with a rank order of potency alpha 1C > alpha 1A/D > or = alpha 1B. Affinities for the alpha 1A-selective 5-methyl-urapidil, methoxamine, oxymetazoline, phentolamine and (-)- and (+)-tamsulosin and for noradrenaline and SDZ NVI-085 at the splenic alpha 1B-adrenoceptors and at their low affinity sites in cerebral cortex and kidney correlated best with those at the cloned alpha 1B-adrenoceptor. Affinities of these drugs at their high affinity sites in cerebral cortex (pharmacologically-defined alpha 1A-adrenoceptor) were matched best by those at the cloned alpha 1C-adrenoceptor. Rat kidney appears to contain two chloroethylclonidine-resistant alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes one of which is similar to the cloned alpha 1C- and one to the cloned alpha 1A/D-adrenoceptor. We conclude that the cloned alpha 1B-adrenoceptor is the genetic correlate of the pharmacologically-defined alpha 1B-adrenoceptor. An alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype corresponding to the cloned alpha 1A/D-adrenoceptor appears to exist in rat kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Structural and functional variability among DQ beta alleles of DR2 subtypes.

Homozygous lymphoblastoid cell lines representing various Dw subtypes of DR2 were examined for polymorphism at the DQ beta locus by molecular and cellular techniques. The subtypes studied included Dw2, Dw12, and a group heterogenous by cellular typing that we shall refer to as non-Dw2/non-Dw12. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of cell lines representing these subtypes revealed DQ beta-specific patterns consistent with cellular typing. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of DQ molecules from representative cell lines revealed a structural polymorphism of DQ beta among the three subtypes. The DQ beta chain migrated to a position that was unique to each subtype and was consistent among various representative cell lines of each subtype. Nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNA clones of DQ beta from Dw2, Dw12, and non-Dw2/non-Dw12 lines confirmed that the variability resided at the genetic level. Variability was found in the form of numerous scattered nucleotide substitutions throughout the first domain of these alleles. The DQ beta gene of the non-Dw2/non-Dw12 cell line AZH was further found to be almost identical with the DQ beta gene of a DR1 line (Bell et al. 1985b), implicating a common evolutionary origin of these alleles. The only difference between these two sequences was due to an apparent gene conversion event at amino acid 57. T-cell cloning experiments resulted in the derivation of Epstein-Barr virus-specific, DQw1-restricted clones that proliferated against only those cell lines that exhibited the DQ beta gene common to AZH and the DR1 cell line. Thus, the polymorphism among DQ beta alleles within DR2 results in subtype-specific restriction.

Alleles↗
PubMed1993

Psychosocial functioning of children: relations between personality subtypes and academic achievement.

Five hundred children from ages 6 to 12 who had been referred for neuropsychological assessment were clustered into six subtypes using a k-means technique applied to 10 PIC scales. Five of the six subtypes were virtually identical to subtypes identified in previous research (viz., normal, somatic concern, mild anxiety, externalized psychopathology, and internalized psychopathology). A sixth subtype (conduct disorder) was also found. Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) Reading and Spelling scores discriminated between normal, somatic concern, and conduct disorder subtypes on the one hand vs. the more disturbed externalized and internalized psychopathology subtypes on the other; the latter groups scored higher on these measures. The internalized psychopathology subtype also showed large discrepancies between reading vs. arithmetic and spelling vs. arithmetic. The results support the view that psychosocial functioning is related to assets and deficits in cognitive/academic functioning in children, and that particular patterns of such assets and deficits are related to particular forms of psychopathology.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1995

Structural, genetic and pharmacological identity of the rat alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtype cA2-47 and its molecular characterization in rat adrenal, adrenocortical carcinoma and bovine retina.

Subsequent to the first alpha 2-adrenergic receptor (alpha 2-AR) gene cloning of alpha 2-C10 from human platelet, cloning of the first rodent alpha 2-AR cDNA, cA2-47, was reported. Based on the structural and limited pharmacological comparison, it was concluded that the rodent receptor is a molecular and pharmacological analog of the human receptor, which is pharmacologically classified as the alpha 2A-AR. A later study slightly revised the structure of the human receptor. Thus, the precise structural comparison of the rat receptor to the human platelet receptor is no longer valid. Another rat alpha 2-AR gene, RG20, was then cloned and was also found to be a structural analog of the human alpha 2-C10. It, however, varied slightly from the alpha 2A subtype pharmacology, but matched the newly defined alpha 2D subtype pharmacology. It was, therefore, concluded that RG20 encodes the alpha 2D subtype. The structural and pharmacological relationship of RG20 with cA2-47 is not known, although it has been tacitly assumed that both are the identical alpha 2D receptor subtypes. The present study addresses this and other issues relating to the precise structural, genetic and pharmacological relationship of cA2-47 with the human platelet alpha 2-C10 receptor, and also the localization of cA2-47 transcript in certain rat tissues. The results show that the cA2-47 receptor shows a high degree of sequence identity to the alpha 2-C10 receptor, yet important differences exist between them. The sequence identity of cA2-47 receptor to the RG20 receptor is almost, but not quite complete. The cA2-47 gene is not present in the human and the human gene is not present in the rat; that cA2-47 receptor subtype is pharmacologically similar to the RG20 receptor subtype, both being of the alpha 2D subtype. The cA2-47 receptor transcript in addition to being found in the rat brain is present in the rat adrenal gland, testes, adrenocortical carcinoma and the bovine retina.

Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms↗