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PubMed1996

The theory of and experimentation into respiratory gas exchange--Carl Ludwig and his school.

Investigations of respiratory functions progressed considerably in the middle of the 19th century. Motive forces for this were the improvement of basic medical sciences due to the progress in science politics, the evolution of exact measuring methods owing to the improvement of natural sciences and the origin of the ideology of antivitalism and organic physics, revealed by the striving of their leading scientists including Carl Ludwig. Formerly, exchange of O2 and CO2 was related merely to the lungs without exact knowledge of data or mechanisms. Ludwig and his pupils improved the analytical methods of G. Magnus and L. Meyer and applied various experimental conditions thus obtaining data allowing the interpretation of the respiratory gas exchange in the organism according to physical laws. It was found that respiratory gases are transported in a chemically bound state; that the binding mechanisms for O2 and CO2 interact; that body tissues extract O2 and release CO2 depending on metabolism, and that partial pressures justify purely physical theories of the gas exchange. These results enabled the investigation of the transporting substance, haemoglobin, by F. Hoppe-Seyler and of the binding and dissociation dynamics by C. Bohr, J.S. Haldane and A. and M. Krogh. Thus Ludwig bridged the gap from qualitative gas analysis to quantitative research into the kinetics of gas binding.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Childhood functional status, family stressors, and psychosocial adjustment among school-aged children with disabilities in the United States.

BACKGROUND: During the last 30 years, several studies have indicated that children with disabilities are at increased risk for emotional and behavioral morbidity. Population-based studies are needed to understand the relationship between functional status, family stressors, and the psychosocial adjustment of children with disabilities. METHODS: Using data from the 1994 and 1995 National Health Interview Surveys, Disability Supplement, this study examines the associations between children's functional status, family stressors, and the psychosocial adjustment of school-aged children with disabilities. RESULTS: Regression analyses indicate that children's functional impairments in the areas of communication or learning, poor maternal health and mental health, family burden, and poverty are significantly and positively associated with psychosocial maladjustment among children with disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Children's functional activity limitations and family stressors are significant correlates of psychosocial adjustment among children with disabilities. These data indicate a need for routine screening for mental health problems among children with disabilities, as well as a family-oriented approach to their medical care.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Lung function measures and their relationship to respiratory symptoms in 7- and 8-year-old children.

Abnormal pulmonary function in childhood is a well-known risk factor for lung function impairment in adult life. It is therefore of clinical interest to recognize lower pulmonary function in childhood. We investigated the association between asthma-like respiratory symptoms and the lung function parameters FVC, FEV1, and FEF(25-75) in a population-based sample of 402 schoolchildren, aged 7 and 8 years, using linear regression analyses. Without accounting for other respiratory symptoms, wheeze, exercise-induced wheeze, chronic cough, and history of wheezy bronchitis or lower respiratory infections in early childhood were significantly associated with reduced lung function. After stepwise elimination of symptoms from the regression models, only exercise-induced wheeze (FEV1, -15%pred, FEF(25-75), -21%pred) and a history of chronic cough (FEV1, -5%pred; FEF(25-75), -11%pred) remained significant predictors of decreased lung function. After adjustment for different variability, no significant differences were seen between the effects of symptoms on the flow measurements FEV1 and FEF(25-75). We conclude that children who report exercise-induced wheeze and/or chronic cough may have a considerable deficit in lung function at early school age.

Asthma↗
PubMed1980

Pemoline, methylphenidate, and placebo in children with minimal brain dysfunction.

An eight-week double-blind comparison between pemoline (Cylert), methylphenidate (Ritalin) hydrochloride, and placebo was carried out on 60 hyperactive children. Measurements of home, school, achievement, cognitive function, and global clinical status were made at baseline, midtreatment, end of treatment, and posttreatment. Both drugs produced improvement in all areas except the achievement measures. One major difference between drugs was the apparently longer action of pemoline, since its effects at home and school tended to persist when the drug was withdrawn, whereas the patients receiving methylphenidate tended to regress to their baseline levels.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1996

Teaching preschool age autistic children to make spontaneous initiations to peers using priming.

Children with autism rarely initiate social interactions with their peers. Currently available interventions have not increased autistic children' spontaneous initiations in natural settings without extensive teacher involvement. A "priming" strategy consisting of a low demand, high reinforcement session prior to the regular school activity was used to increase the spontaneous social initiations of 2 preschool age autistic boys to typically developing peers in a regular preschool classroom. Peers were also trained to independently respond to initiations. Implications for developing practical ways to improve autistic children's social functioning in regular school settings are discussed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The functioning of single women with breast cancer and their school-aged children.

Although there are significant numbers of single women with breast cancer who are rearing children, there is no known study of their own or their school-aged children's adjustment to the illness. The purposes of this study are: 1) to describe the adjustment of single women to early stage breast cancer; 2) to contrast their responses to a comparable sample of married/partnered women; 3) and to document the psychosocial functioning of school-aged children when their single mother has breast cancer. Results obtained from questionnaire data from 22 single and 101 married/partnered women revealed that single women had significantly higher rates of depression; reported significantly higher numbers of illness-related pressures on their family; had a significantly higher proportion of young children scoring in the abnormal range on measures of self-worth and social acceptance; and reported lower quality in parenting their children. Interviews with single women revealed that many were burdened by feelings of self-deprecation because of their breast cancer, and many felt alone with the disease through the initial diagnosis period, during treatments, and through recovery. Evidence from this pilot study suggests that single women need early and immediate linkage into an informational and educational network and a viable adult support network.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Respiratory function in childhood following repair of oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula.

AIM: To determine the relation between respiratory function in infancy and at school age in children who have undergone oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula repair, and assess the value of infant respiratory function testing; and to examine the effect of bronchodilators. METHOD: Fourteen children (6 girls, and 8 boys) who had undergone respiratory function testing in infancy were retested at school age (7-12 years). Measurements included lung volume, airways resistance, peak flow, and spirometry. Clinical problems were investigated by questionnaire. Twelve children had repeat measurements after taking salbutamol. RESULTS: Predominant complaints were non-productive cough and dysphagia, but even those children with major problems in infancy reported few restrictions at school or in sport or social activities. Respiratory function and clinical findings at school age appeared unrelated to status in infancy, such that even the patients with severe tracheomalacia requiring aortopexy did not have lung function testing suggestive of malacia at school age. Most patients showed a restrictive pattern of lung volume which would appear to result from reduced lung growth after surgery rather than being a concomitant feature of the primary congenital abnormality. Although six children reported wheeze and four had a diagnosis of asthma, only one responded to salbutamol. This suggests that a tendency to attribute all lower respiratory symptoms to asthma may have led to an overdiagnosis of this condition in this patient group. CONCLUSION: Respiratory function testing in infancy is of limited value in medium term prognosis, but may aid management of contemporary clinical signs. In children respiratory function testing is valuable in assessing suspected asthma and effects of bronchodilators.

Albuterol↗
PubMed2006

Overt and relational victimization among children with frequent abdominal pain: links to social skills, academic functioning, and health service use.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic abdominal pain is linked with school absenteeism and diminished social competence; yet, little is know about the extent to which negative peer encounters contribute to symptoms and functioning in youth with abdominal pain. This study compared children with frequent abdominal pain with a pain-free control group on measures of overt and relational victimization and examined the link between abdominal pain and school-related functioning. METHODS: Participants were 60 children with frequent abdominal pain and 60 gender- and age-matched peers. Child, peer, and teacher reports were used to assess abdominal pain, peer victimization, use of school medical services, social skills, and academic competence. RESULTS: Children with frequent abdominal pain experienced higher levels of victimization than their pain-free peers, with boys in the pain group rated highest in overt victimization. For children in the pain group, overt and relational victimization made incremental contributions to outcomes and moderated the link between pain- and school-related functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Overt and relational victimization may increase risk of concurrent adjustment problems among youth with frequent abdominal pain; thus, it may be useful to assess peer relationships when working with this population.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1981

Family environment and its relation to adolescent personality factors.

Investigated the relationship between family social climate characteristics and adolescent personality functioning. The High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ) was administered to 80 high school students. These students and their parents also completed the Family Environment Scale (FES). Results of a stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that one or more HSPQ scales had significant associations with each FES scale. Significant variance in child behavior was attributed to family social system functioning; however, no single family variable accounted for a major portion of the variance to the exclusion of other factors. It was concluded that child behavior varies with total system functioning, more than with separate system factors.

Journal Article↗