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PubMedDate not supplied

[Immune humoral response in epilepsy].

In 68 epileptics in serum immunoglobulin level, antibodies against Kunin CA antigen, S. typhi O and viruses parainfluenzae type I, II and III were determined. The serum IgA leeel (-/x = 106.27, SE = 8.14) was lower than in controls (-/x = = 155.55, SE = 8.12). In 25% of epileptics the IgA level had raised IgG and low IgM levels in the serum. In epileptics the level of antibodies to parainfluenza virus III (-/xg = 71.52) was lower than in the control group (-/xg = 92.29). The investigations gave results which could not answer the question whether disturbances of immune humoral response in epileptics are primary or are due to immunosuppressive action of anticonvulsants.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Review of the present status of prevention, prophylaxis and therapy of pertussis and parapertussis].

Whooping cough is endemic throughout the world. It becomes epidemic every 4-5 years (Yugoslavia 3-4 yrs). In Europe its incidence ranges from 0.4 (Hungary) to even 59/100.000 inhabitants (Rumania; Yugoslavia 28), with a general letality of 0.1% (infants: 1%; 75% children who die are younger than one yr). Only 5-10% cases are supposed to be registered. A low socioeconomic status is more and more emphasized as the principal risk factor. Its transmission rate is high (home contacts: 80-100%); infectivity lasts five weeks, disease from the beginning of incubation to the sanation lasts 50-60 days. Female children are more frequently affected. The term "Pertussis syndrome" is more end more used because a similar disease can be caused by various agents (B. pertussis; B. parapertussis: 5%-20%-30% cases; B. bronchiseptica rarely; adenoviruses, RS virus, parainfluenza virus, influenza A and B virus, HSV, CMV, EBV, entero-, adeno-, corona-, rota-viruses; chlamydiae and mycoplasmae). Prior to introducing vaccination, 95% of population have had a typical or atypical form of pertussis. Its differential diagnosis includes pneumonias of various etiology, bronchitis, bronchiolitis during an acute respiratory infection, bronchial asthma, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis and lymphadenopathy. Morbidity in USA was reduced by vaccination from 157 to 0,5-1,5/100,000 inhabitants; in SR Croatia it was six times reduced in period 1959-1970. According to the official sources 81% of children in Croatia and Yugoslavia get primovaccinated; the 80% level is generally accepted as a rational goal. Immunization schedules differ from country to country. Local and general reactions after combined vaccines are mostly caused by pertussis component.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[Serum antibody titers against various viruses in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia].

As the first step to investigate a possibility that viral infection is involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), serum antibody titers against various viruses were studied in 98 IIP patients. The patients were positive for herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, parainfluenza virus 3, EBV-VCA IgG and adeno virus 1, which were also assessed in 45 normal subjects. As results, IIP patients showed higher titers of EBV-VCA IgG (p less than 0.01). When the frequency of positive populations for each of the 6 viral antibodies was calculated, the values of the frequency in all the 6 viruses were found to be very high in both patients and normal subjects, and there was no significant difference between IIP patients and normal controls. In conclusion, a specific relationship between IIP and a certain viral infection was not observed by studying serum antibody titers against various viruses in IIP patients. It might be worthwhile studying why EBV-VCA IgG titers were shown to be significantly higher in IIP patients than in normals.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Viruses and bacteria associated with acute respiratory illnesses in young children in general practice.

The results obtained and the laboratory methods used for the isolation of viruses and bacteria from Malaysian children with acute respiratory illnesses seen in a private clinic are described. Of the 65 children studied virus isolations were obtained from 26 children, bacteria from 10 and both virus and bacteria from another 5. The agents isolated were influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus pyogenes.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

Epidemiology of acute respiratory illness during an influenza outbreak in a nursing home. A prospective study.

We observed an influenza epidemic caused by influenza A/Arizona/82 (H3N2) in a nursing home during 1982 to 1983. A survey indicated that 59% of the residents were immunized before the outbreak. The outbreak was observed to begin in November, peak in February, and disappear in April. A significant level of herd immunity may have accounted for the slow progression through the nursing home. In addition, serologic evidence of concurrent infection with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae was present in many residents. Epidemics of influenza in a closed, partially immunized population in a nursing home may proceed at a slower rate than in an open, largely unimmunized community. By monitoring for infection with other respiratory agents, the complex nature of the outbreak in this nursing home became evident.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Viral respiratory infections and their role as public health problem in tropical countries (review).

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Data from the World Health Organization indicate that there are at least 2.2 million deaths from ARI throughout the world each year. A considerable number of study have been performed in different countries to assess the etiological role of viruses in ARI and is now clear that the majority of infections of the respiratory tract are caused by viruses. In tropical countries information on the viral etiological agents of ARI is rather scanty. Nevertheless data from Papua New Guinea, Polynesia, India, Pakistan and Singapor show that influenza occurs frequently in tropical countries. The other respiratory viruses especially respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses and adenoviruses also play significant role as etiological agents in many tropical countries as Panama, Jamaica, Brazil, Colombia, Trinidad, Uganda, India and Nigeria. The data concerning seasonal prevalence of viral ARI in tropics are contradictory.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

[The pathogenetic therapy of acute respiratory diseases by aprotinin inhalations].

Inhalations of natural protease inhibitor aprotinin in the form of finely divided aerosol against acute respiratory infections caused by influenza virus, parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, and mixed infections produced subjective effect as early as the treatment day 1. Objectively, aprotinin therapy was associated with a 1.5-2-fold reduction in the duration of systemic and respiratory symptoms compared to placebo. As a rule, the inhalations were well tolerated and caused neither local irritation nor allergy. No hepatic, hematopoietic toxicity has been documented. Aprotinin inhalations are thought promising against influenza and acute respiratory infections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

[Application of the time-resolved immunofluorometric assay in the detection of viruses].

Two systems of time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (TR-IFMA), i.e., LKB system detection of viruses. The viruses detected were mainly adenovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus rotavirus, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, rubella virus, etc. Compared with methods of ELISA and RIA, TR-IFMA has the merits of high sensitivity, specificity and consistency with clinical diagnosis. The low detection limit of virus antigen by TR-IFMA is between 10-100 pg. The application of dual-label TR-IFMA also showed good effect. TR-IFMA can also be used in the detection of viral nucleic acids. The target region detected may reach the level of pg.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1993

Incidence of episodes of acute asthma and acute bronchitis in general practice 1976-87.

The incidence of episodes of acute asthma and acute bronchitis was analysed for an 11-year period and studied in relation to epidemiological data on viral illness and virus isolation data. Between 1976 and 1987, the weekly returns service estimates of the incidence of acute asthmatic episodes in England and Wales increased from 10.2 to 27.1 per 100,000 patients per week (all ages). The increase was most marked in children up to the age of 14 years. Acute bronchitis attack rates (all ages) increased from 78.7 to 111.9 per 100,000 patients over the same period. Because of this rise in rates of acute bronchitis, it is unlikely that labelling shifts contributed to the increase in reported episodes of asthma. These data support the belief that the rise in the prevalence of asthma is real, and also that in the United Kingdom this rise may even be underestimated by partial concealment in the rates of acute bronchitis. In 1987, if 10% of attacks of acute bronchitis were attacks of asthma, this would represent a 41% underestimation of asthma attack rates. Rates for other respiratory illnesses showed a fall over the same period, apart from the common cold which showed an increase. The winter increase in acute bronchitis coincided with viruses with strong seasonal patterns (respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses 1 and 2 and influenza A and B), but there was no evidence that these viruses were related to the overall increase in acute asthma attacks over this 11 year period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of WHO monoclonal antibody kit for diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infections.

In 1990 and 1991, six laboratories located in the WHO Western Pacific Region (WPR) and South East Asian Region (SEAR) were selected, based on their experience in the immunofluorescence antibody technique (IFAT), to participate in the evaluation of a WHO monoclonal antibody (Mab) kit to detect respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. Despite differences in the initial standardization procedures, the WHO monoclonal antibodies were found to be of high quality, sensitivity and specificity when tested on clinical specimens. The constant supply of affordable high quality reagents from WHO would enable their use in clinical virological laboratories in the developing countries as well as promote the utilization of IFAT as an adjunct to cell culture isolation in the diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infections.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1996

[Epidemiology of acute bronchopulmonary infections in children].

In infants and young children acute lower respiratory infection is the most common cause of morbidity and death especially in developing countries. Factors that contribute to the increased susceptibility to respiratory pathogens include young age, season, sex, indoor pollution, large family size, malnutrition, low immunocompetence, socioeconomic disadvantage. The epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in childhood seems similar worldwide. In all countries, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenzae virus 1 and 3 influenzae A and B viruses and adenovirus are reported to be the main causes of acute respiratory infections. Six microorganisms are responsible of 90% of documented acute bacterial pulmonary infections, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus. Mixed viral and bacterial infections occur frequently (30%). The role of respiratory viruses in predisposing to colonization and invasion of bacterial organisms has often been suggested. In recent years acquired resistance against antibiotic for H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae has emerged.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Immunological interrelationships among human and non-human paramyxoviruses revealed by immunoprecipitation.

Antigenic interrelationships among paramyxoviruses were examined by immunoprecipitation of isotope-labelled virus-infected cell lysates with specific antisera against virions or virus components. Sendai virus, human parainfluenza virus type 1 (Pa-1) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (Pa-3) belonged to one antigenic group, and human parainfluenza virus type 2 (Pa-2), human parainfluenza virus type 4 (Pa-4), mumps virus (MuV) and simian virus 5 to a second group. Furthermore, the human paramyxoviruses Pa-1, Pa-2, Pa-3, Pa-4 and MuV formed a single antigenic group which overlapped the above groups. Although Newcastle disease virus (NDV) belonged to a separate group it showed some cross-reaction with the human paramyxoviruses. In particular, certain batches of anti-NDV antisera reacted with the fusion (F) polypeptide of Pa-2 and the reciprocal reaction of anti-Pa-2 antiserum with NDV F was also found. The nucleoprotein showed the broadest cross-reactions among these paramyxoviruses, whereas the matrix polypeptide exhibited antigenic individuality. The nucleoprotein of MuV was most cross-reactive. Pa-2 haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and anti-MuV HN serum showed cross-reactivity with various antisera and antigens.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bronchiolitis in Abha, Southwest Saudi Arabia: viral etiology and predictors for hospital admission.

BACKGROUND: Bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in children less than 24 months of age and the most frequent cause of hospitalization in infants under 6 months of age. OBJECTIVES: To determine the viral etiology and predictors for hospital admission of children with bronchiolitis in Abha city, southwest Saudi Arabia. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Children five years old or younger diagnosed with bronchiolitis were enrolled in the study as a study-group of admitted cases (n=51) and a control-group of non-admitted cases (n=115). Clinical features and risk factors of bronchiolitis were recorded at the time of presentation and the clinical course was monitored during the hospital stay. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) for respiratory virus isolation were obtained from each of the admitted cases at the time of hospital admission. RESULTS: Prematurity, chronic lung diseases, atopic dermatitis, pure formula feeding, passive smoking and age = one year were significant predictors of admission. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was isolated in 40% of the admitted cases. Eighty percent of brochiolitis due to RSV were in children less than six months of age. Adenovirus was isolated in 22% of cases. Other viruses isolated were: Influenza virus A (11%), influenza virus B (7%), Parainfluenza viruses (18%), parainfluenza virus type 1 (4%), parainfluenza virus type 2 (2%) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (13 %). CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory syncytial virus was the most frequent cause of admitted-cases of bronchiolitis, followed by adenovirus, parainfluenza virus and influenza virus, respectively. Prematurity, history of atopy, chronic lung disease, passive smoking, age = one year and lack of pure breast-feeding were significant predictors for admission of bronchiolitis cases.

Bronchiolitis↗
PubMed1975

Detection of cellular hypersensitivity among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients to 6/94 virus; a parainfluenza type 1 isolate from MS brain tissue.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and normal subjects were tested for cellular hypersensitivity, using the leukocyte migration inhibition test LMI), to a parainfluenza-1-virus (6/94), previously isolated from brain biopsy tissue of an MS patient. The response of MS patients as a group was not greater than that of normals to 6/94, but a significant increase in the response was observed among selected patients in the early active and chronic advanced stages of the disease. MS patients, however, did not differ from normal subjects in their cell response to Sendai virus, a similar parainfluenza type 1 virion used for comparison.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Isolation and characterization of a naturally occurring parainfluenza 3 virus variant.

A parainfluenza 3 virus variant which failed to react with parainfluenza 3 virus-specific monoclonal anti-bodies from two commercial sources was isolated from a 14-month-old boy. Analysis of the coding region of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene identified 36 nucleotide changes and 4 amino acid changes compared with a consensus sequence derived from strains isolated from 1957 through 1983. Two unique amino acid changes occurred at positions 174 and 283, which are close to identified epitopes in the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein. Ongoing viral surveillance to detect variants is important, particularly in regard to vaccine development.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1994

[Etiology of epidemic parotitis].

Blood samples of 204 acute parotitis patients in a fifteen month period (1991-1992) were systematically examined for IgM, IgA, IgG antibodies of mumps and parainfluenza-virus 1, 2, 3 (PIV) by immunofluorescent test (IFT) and, in special cases several other virological examinations have been done. The etiological role of mumps-virus, parainfluenza-virus 1, 2, 3, one of the other viruses was confirmed in 76.0%, 1.5%, 6.3%, 1.5%, 4.9% of the cases, respectively. The etiology remained unknown in 9.8%. There were clinical symptoms of meningitis or orchitis in some and lymphadenopathy in several of the parainfluenza-virus caused parotitis patients. The authors conclude, that the parainfluenza-viruses are the second most frequent etiological agents of parotitis next to mumps-virus. They found that the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) also play etiological role in parotitis. This observation should be confirmed in the future by some other kind of virological tool too. The authors call attention to the difficulties and pitfalls of the virological serology in the infections caused by paramyxoviruses (PMV).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Prevalence of antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, and bovine parainfluenza-3 virus in sheep and goats in Quebec.

Serum samples were collected from 1,075 clinically normal sheep and goats from 77 flocks in 7 agricultural regions of Quebec from June to August 1982. Sheep and goats were tested for antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and bovine herpes-virus-1 by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique and for parainfluenza-3 virus by the hemagglutination inhibition test. The prevalence of antibodies in animals to respiratory syncytial virus was 31%; to bovine viral diarrhea virus, 22.2%; to bovine herpesvirus-1, 10.8%; and to parainfluenza-3 virus, 23.2%. Antibodies prevailed in similar proportions in young (less than 1 year) and adult (greater than 1 year) animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Studies on parainfluenza-3 virus neuraminidase.

Various parainfluenza-3 virus (PIV-3) strains differ in neuraminidase (NA) activity, some being neuraminidase strong (NAS) and some neuraminidase weak (NAW). No difference in the ability of these strains to elicit antibody activity to hemagglutinin (HA) or NA of PIV-3 was observed. Samples of formalin-treated PIV-3 released more N-acteylneuraminic acid (NANA) than samples of Piv-3 not treated with formalin when these samples were incubated with the substrate sialolactose for 16 h at 37 degrees C. The initial activity of PIV-3 NA, and the Km-value, were similar for a NAS strain whether it was treated with formalin or not. The results suggest that formalin stabilized the NA structure of PIV-3. A NAS strain of PIV-3 dialyzed against distilled water showed an increased initial neuraminidase activity as compared to virus dialyzed against isotonic NaCL or to non-dialyzed virus. The increased enzyme activity indicates an increased affinity of NA tothe substrate sialolactose as an increased Km-value was also obtained. It is suggested that PIV-3 neuraminidase facilitates the penetration of the virion through the mucociliary barrier of the respiratory tract by releasing the virus from inhibitors in the gel phase. It has been found that antibody in the gel phase of nasal secretion inhibits the NA activity of PIV-3 Following exposure of a gel phase of bovine tracheal secretion to a NAS strain of PIV-3 an increased initial viscosityof this phase was observed. The gel phase of bovine nasal secretion showed a structural change in scanning electronmicroscopy following exposure to a NAS strain. Stimultaneously an increased amount of free N-acetylneuraminic acid was found in the gel.

Animals↗