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PubMed2005

The impact and patterns of hazardous drinking amongst male industrial workers in Goa, India.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to describe the impact and patterns of drinking in hazardous drinkers in a male industrial worker population in India. METHOD: A case-control design was used, and 234 subjects (75 hazardous drinkers, 78 casual drinkers and 81 abstinent workers) were randomly selected from a population of male workers who had participated in a survey of drinking behaviour. The definition of these categories was based on the scores of subjects on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Subjects were interviewed with a semi-structured social and health impact questionnaire, Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CISR) and Brief Disability Questionnaire (BDQ). A total of 184 spouses of consenting workers were also interviewed with a semi-structured interview, the CISR,BDQ and AUDIT. A sub-group of 55 hazardous drinkers participated in a descriptive study of patterns of drinking, recording drinking behaviour using a daily drink diary over a 1-month period. FINDINGS: Hazardous drinkers have significantly poorer physical and mental health and show trends for adverse social outcomes such as violence. Casual drinkers, on the other hand, were no different from abstinent subjects on any of the key outcomes. As compared to casual drinkers, hazardous drinkers tend to drink alone, in bars, and prefer non-commercial alcoholic beverages which are cheaper and have high alcohol concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Hazardous drinking has a significant adverse impact on drinkers and their families. Hazardous drinkers display unique drinking patterns suggesting the role of stigma and preference for higher alcohol-containing, but cheaper, drinks available in India.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Naltrexone effects on alcohol consumption in a clinical laboratory paradigm: temporal effects of drinking.

BACKGROUND: This clinical laboratory study evaluated how the timing of drinking and subjective responses to alcohol are effected by the opioid antagonist naltrexone. METHODS: Forty non-treatment seeking alcoholics were randomly assigned to treatment with 50 mg naltrexone or matching placebo for 7 days. On day 7, they were administered an "initial drink" of alcohol (blood alcohol levels of between 20 and 30 mg%) in a bar-like setting. In a random fashion, half of the subjects in each group (naltrexone and placebo) had either immediate or delayed (40 min) access to up to 8 additional mini-drinks over a 2-h period. In the delayed group subjective reactions to alcohol were measured prior to access to more drinks. RESULTS: In the immediate access condition, subjects had similar drinking patterns, irrespective of whether they were taking naltrexone or placebo. However, in the delayed condition, naltrexone-treated subjects consumed fewer drinks and had a slower progression of drinking. There was a positive relationship between alcohol-induced stimulation and the number of drinks consumed in the placebo subjects but a negative correlation in the naltrexone subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the effectiveness of naltrexone on alcohol consumption may be somewhat dependent on pattern of consumption. Since naltrexone seems to disrupt the connection between alcohol-induced stimulation and further alcohol consumption, there may be a time-critical period between drinks necessary for alcoholics to benefit from its effects. These findings are consistent with clinical trial data that suggest a potential synergistic effect between relapse prevention therapies and opiate antagonist pharmacotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effect of manipulation of the renin-angiotensin system in control of drinking in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in fresh water and after transfer to sea water.

Drinking in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) juveniles was investigated in fresh water and following transfer to sea water. There was a significant effect of fish size on drinking, and smolts (20-30 g) imbibed about ten times less water than alevins of 0.2-0.3 g. Freshwater smolts drank at a rate of 0.15 +/- 0.03 ml.kg-1.h-1 and administration of doses of 10 or 20 mg.kg-1 of papaverine (stimulator of the renin-angiotensin system RAS) or [Asn1, Val5]-Angiotensin II (0.4 mumol.kg-1) resulted in significant increases in drinking, while administration of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril (50 mg.kg-1) had no effect on drinking. Transfer of Atlantic salmon smolts to 1/3, 2/3 and full strength sea water resulted in significant increases in drinking to 1.06 +/- 0.12, 1.24 +/- 0.0.16 and 3.89 +/- 0.28 ml.kg-1.h-1, respectively. In sea water, stimulation of the endogenous RAS by administration of papaverine (20 mg.kg-1) resulted in a 20% increase in drinking, while administration of enalapril to doses of 50 and 200 mg.kg-1 lowered drinking to 1.99 +/- 0.48 and 0.32 +/- 0.06 ml.kg-1.h-1, respectively. All treatments were without effect on blood plasma levels of Na+ and Cl- in fresh water, while in sea water smolts both stimulation and inhibition of drinking resulted in hemoconcentration of Na+ and Cl-. The role of the renin angiotensin system in control of drinking and hydromineral balance in Atlantic salmon is discussed.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2001

Water drinking causes a biphasic change in blood composition in humans.

To investigate precisely the fluid shifts associated with water drinking in humans, we measured continuously blood density and plasma electrolyte concentrations using the mechanical oscillator technique and ion-selective electrodes, respectively, in healthy young volunteers before (10 min) and after (48 min) water drinking for a period of 2 min. Beat-by-beat blood pressure was also monitored throughout the experiment. Drinking 1 l tap water caused a transient increase in blood density immediately after the drinking episode (from 1051.1+/-0.5 g/l before drinking to 1051.8+/-0.5 g/l 4 min after the start of drinking, P<0.05), followed by a gradual reduction (1050.1+/-0.5 g/l at 31 min). This drinking-induced change paralleled those of haematocrit, plasma density and plasma volume. Plasma [Na+] and [Cl-] and osmolality decreased after drinking without transient increases and reached minima at about 30 min. A transient increase in mean arterial blood pressure was observed prior to the increase in blood density. These findings suggest that water drinking causes a biphasic change in plasma volume: initial haemoconcentration, probably due to sympathetic acceleration, followed by haemodilution due to the post-absorptive effect, and further suggest that the fluid shift associated with the initial haemoconcentration is isosmotic.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Histamine and serotonin independently elicit drinking in the rat.

Drinking elicited by SC histamine or serotonin (5-HT) was studied in Sprague-Dawley male rats following 0.9% NaCl or combined antagonism of H1 and H2 histamine receptors using dexbrompheniramine (DXB) and cimetidine (C), or following antagonism of 5-HT receptors using methysergide (M). Histaminergic antagonism using IP 1 mg/kg DXB plus 16 mg/kg C abolished drinking elicited by SC 2.5 mg/kg histamine, but it failed to inhibit drinking elicited by the ED50 or by the ED100 for SC 5-HT in the same rats. Serotonergic antagonism using IP 3 mg/kg M abolished drinking elicited by SC 0.63 mg/kg 5-HT, but it failed to inhibit drinking elicited by the ED50 or by the ED100 for SC histamine in the same rats. These findings demonstrate that activation of peripheral 5-HT receptors is not necessary for SC histamine to elicit drinking and that activation of peripheral histamine receptors is not necessary for SC 5-HT to elicit drinking. This demonstrates that histamine and 5-HT activate different receptors to elicit drinking in the rat. The finding that the ED50 for histamine and the ED50 for 5-HT are not additive in their effects on drinking is consistent with the notion that a single mechanism mediates the dipsogenic effects of SC histamine and SC 5-HT in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Sham drinking in rats: osmotic and volumetric manipulations.

Male rats, fitted with indwelling gastric fistulas, were tested with either a closed fistula (normal drinking) or an open fistula (sham drinking) following either intracellular dehydration (with NaCl), extracellular dehydration (with PEG), or the combination of the two stimuli. In normal drinking tests, the combined stimulus induced an intake of water that was the sum of the individual effects. In sham-drinking tests, both NaCl- and PEG-treated rats drank up to twice that of their normal drinking counterparts, but those given NaCl + PEG showed no such increase. Various body fluid measurements confirmed the persistence of the respective dehydration states at the end of sham-drinking sessions. The relatively poor or absent sham drinks after these stimuli are contrasted with vigorous sham drinking following fluid deprivation. In a second experiment, sham drinking following NaCl injections did not improve with repeated testing, but intake after intravenous infusion of NaCl did show some increase but was still modest and slow compared with that after fluid deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Endogenous histamine contributes to drinking initiated without postprandial challenges to fluid homeostasis in rats.

A role for endogenous histamine and its receptor subtypes for mediating drinking elicited by eating was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in two experimental paradigms in which drinking was initiated without accompanying change in systemic fluid balance: (a) nondeprived rats eating a small (0.57 g) salted cracker; (b) nondeprived rats receiving IG infusion (through a chronic gastric catheter) of 2 ml 900 mOsm/kg NaCl. The ability of i.p., s.c., or ICV (through a surgically implanted chronic cannula in a lateral ventricle) injections of antagonists to H1, H2, or H3 receptors for histamine to inhibit drinking was examined. For rats ingesting a small cracker: systemic injection of H1 antagonists dexbrompheniramine (DXB) or pyrilamine (PYR) delayed the latency to initiate drinking. Systemic injection of H1 antagonists DXB, PYR, or terfenadine (TER; which fails to penetrate the blood-brain barrier) and ICV injection of DXB or PYR inhibited water intake. The H2 antagonist cimetidine (C) given i.p. or ICV failed to affect drinking. The H3 antagonist thioperamide (Th) given s.c. or ICV delayed the latency to drink and inhibited water intake. For rats receiving IG NaCl: systemic injection of H1 antagonists DXB or PYR or the H3 antagonist Th inhibited water intake, but the H2 antagonist C failed to inhibit drinking. Our findings extend the evidence for the involvement of endogenous histamine in drinking elicited by eating in rats by suggesting roles for peripheral and brain H1 and H3 receptors for drinking initiated by postprandial gastrointestinal osmotic consequences that are subthreshold for changes in systemic fluid balance.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Adolescent drinking behaviour and family socialization factors: a meta-analysis.

Family socialization processes are important influences on behaviour in childhood and adolescence. Two major dimensions of family socialization are Support and Control, and these two dimensions were assessed for their influence on adolescent drinking behaviour. Thirty recently published research studies, which reported the influence of (clearly identifiable) family socialization variables on (self-reported) adolescent drinking behaviour were selected for analysis. The results of these studies were subjected to meta-analysis using a sorting technique. Variables were sorted along the dimensions of Support and Control, and along a Family Structure dimension, which measured parental intactness. Results of the meta-analysis indicated a clear negative linear relationship between Support and adolescent drinking. There was also a negative linear relationship between Control and drinking behaviour. Thus low support and lax control were associated with increased drinking. However, there was some evidence of a possible curvilinear relationship between control and adolescent drinking. A negative relationship between Family Structure and adolescent drinking was also found, i.e. adolescents from non-intact families tend to drink more. The results were incorporated into a family systems perspective. It is suggested that extremes of Support and Control, when measured adequately, may be dysfunctional for adequate socialization into normal drinking behaviour, as defined by social and cultural norms, during adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Construct validity evidence for the interpretation of drinking restraint as a response conflict.

A style of control over alcohol consumption, termed restrained drinking, has been identified as an important predictor of drinking behavior and a possible risk factor for more serious alcohol problems. This control style is hypothesized to involve a cyclical pattern of drinking in which the specific phase (restraint or binging) depends on the balance between opposing response tendencies. A survey study of 429 college students supported the important predictions that restrained drinkers experience more response conflict, as evidenced by stronger impulses to drink (cravings and preoccupation with alcohol) as well as stronger inhibitions against drinking (social commitment to drinking goals, self-esteem threat of excessive consumption, and negative expectancies) compared to unrestrained drinkers. Restrained drinkers additionally reported more cyclical and extreme patterns of drinking, more reduction of alcohol consumption below preferred levels, and more costs of drinking reduction compared to unrestrained drinkers. This pattern of results occurred after controlling for habitual levels of alcohol consumption. These findings support important theoretical predictions concerning a restrained drinking style and provide further evidence of its importance in the early identification of the development of alcohol problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Alcohol expectancies, social and environmental cues as determinants of drinking and perceived reinforcement.

Increasing evidence suggests that outcome expectancies and environmental cues interact to influence post-drinking behaviors. Using an experimental methodology in a simulated social drinking setting, this research tested the potential influence of expectations for the effects of drinking, environmental cues, and beverage content on ad lib consumption and post-drinking self-perception. Eighty-eight moderate to heavy-drinking males were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental conditions in which beverage content (alcohol or placebo), social environment (friendly or unfriendly), and physical environment (simulated bar or residence) were varied. Subjects were further divided into high and low groups on three outcome expectancy factors. Unaffected by environmental cues, beverage self-administration increased when subjects strongly expected behavioral impairment from drinking but received placebo beverage. Post-drinking reports of disinhibition increased in response to friendly social cues but were not affected by beverage content or amount. Results therefore suggest that individual's beliefs about the effects of drinking influence the amounts of beverage they consume, whereas social cues more greatly affect post-drinking self-perception.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The social context of drinking scales: construct validation and relationship to indicants of abuse in an adolescent population.

A series of items that measure the social context of alcohol consumption among adolescents was administered in a questionnaire survey to over 1,300 high school students. Emerging from a factor analysis were five factors which suggested that drinking occurs in the following social contexts: drinking for social facilitation where adults are not present, drinking at school or during school-related activities, drinking for stress control, drinking for conformity or to be part of a group, and drinking under parental supervision at home. Scales based on these factors appeared to be reliable, free from social desirability bias, and able to discriminate problem drinkers from nonproblem drinkers. The most important of these factors was drinking for social facilitation that is not restrained by the presence of adults. These findings reinforce the validity of examining the social context of drinking (which involves situational as well as motivational reasons for drinking) to uncover important etiological contributors of alcohol abuse in an adolescent population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Relationship of family history of alcoholism to patterns of drinking and physical dependence in male alcoholics.

The occurrence of physical dependence, morning drinking and binge drinking was assessed in alcoholic men in relation to family history of problem drinking. The incidence of physical dependence, binge drinking and morning drinking was higher in men with a family history of problem drinking than in men without such a history. Physical dependence also developed earlier in family history positive subjects than in family history negative ones. The incidence of physical dependence was higher in subjects who reported binge drinking or morning drinking than in others. These results indicate that family history of problem drinking is associated with severe alcohol abuse resulting in early development of physical dependence.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1985

Experiences related to drinking as a function of annual alcohol intake and by sex and age.

On data from a representative mail survey of the adult population in Finland, generalized linear modelling was applied to express the probability of consequences of drinking as a function of annual intake of alcohol. Most experiences related to drinking could be predicted as a simple function of annual intake. Annual intake therefore should be retained as a basic variable describing involvement with alcohol. The slopes of the models indicated that particular behavioral concomitants of drinking and direct causal consequences of drinking grow less quickly with increasing consumption than the probability of social control reactions to drinking. Important differences between age groups in the incidence of hazardous drinking behaviours and of causal consequences of drinking prevailed, but, with the exception of drunken driving, sex differences practically vanished when annual intake was held constant. Contrary to the common view that women's drinking is more closely controlled than male drinking, men on each intake level more frequently reported control reactions by significant others.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Difficulty in demonstrating a risk from drinking pattern in fourteen years of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality: the Lung Health Study.

The health effects of a binge pattern of alcohol consumption have not been widely investigated. The objective of this study is to evaluate cardiovascular consequences of drinking eight or more drinks at a sitting and of usual drinking of alcohol among 3702 men in the Lung Health Study (LHS), a clinical trial where heavy drinkers were excluded from enrollment. Using a 14-year follow-up period, survival graphs were examined. Cox proportional hazards regressions were performed on time to first event for documented hospitalizations and deaths due to coronary heart disease (CHD). The upper two quartiles of usual drinking were protective against CHD in men [hazard ratios (HRs) 0.76 and 0.69] in adjusted models. When eight or more drinks per occasion was combined with models of usual drinking quartiles, its effect was not significant. The measure of eight or more drinks in these data appears to act as a surrogate for heavy drinking, and does not provide a suitable test of the effect of drinking pattern in men, due primarily to the exclusion of heavier drinkers at baseline. The alcohol effects in women in this study were not significant.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Binge drinking in the context of romantic relationships.

This study examined consequences of binge drinking on relationship conversation qualities (positive tone, general disagreements, drinking disagreements, and talks about drinking) among romantically involved college students. Conversation qualities were predicted with three binging variables: (a) same day binging, (b) prior day binging, and (c) total amount of binging reported. The participants (N=156) completed 10 daily diaries of relationship conversations as well as drinking behaviors. Same day binging increased the occurrence of both drinking disagreements and talks about drinking. However, prior day binging was not associated with any of the four conversation qualities examined. Greater numbers of binges over the duration of the study were associated with less overall positive tone, and more general disagreements, drinking disagreements, and talks about drinking. The implications of the findings for student drinking patterns and relational quality are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Binge drinking and health behavior in medical students.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of binge drinking and its relation to other health behaviors, drinking-related attitudes and perceived social norms among German medical students. METHODS: 271 first-year German medical students completed a cross-sectional, self-administered survey. A total of 252 (62% female and 38% male) students provided useable surveys. The mean age was 20.6years (S.D.=1.7). RESULTS: Most students reported heavy drinking with 24% having one episode in the past 2 weeks (Infrequent Bingers) and 28% having two or more episodes (Frequent Bingers). Men were more likely than women to have had a binge drinking episode. Frequent binge drinkers saw more pros of drinking and reported a higher temptation to drink than students in the other groups. Additionally, they were more likely to smoke, use cannabis, not exercise and not eat fruits and vegetables. All students overestimated their peers' alcohol intake and binge drinking frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Binge drinking was highly prevalent in this sample and clearly related to other health risk behaviors. Drinking rates were similar to college students in other Western countries. Future research needs to assess the consequences of this multiple risk behavior among medical students regarding academic and professional performance as well as personal health.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between alcohol expectancies and drinking restraint in treatment seeking alcohol dependent patients.

The allied psychological drinking constructs of alcohol expectancy and drinking restraint have shown considerable promise, both independently and in combination, in understanding problematic drinking. However, previous research examining the relationship between these two constructs has only occurred in pre-dependent, convenience samples. This study examined the role of both alcohol expectancies and drinking restraint in an alcohol dependent sample. 143 DSM-IV alcohol dependent participants (93 males, 50 females) completed measures of drinking restraint (Temptation and Restraint Inventory, TRI) and alcohol expectancy (Drinking Expectancy Profile, DEP), along with quantity and frequency of consumption and dependence severity (Alcohol Dependence Scale, ADS). The results showed that although alcohol expectancy and drinking restraint do share common underlying properties, there was unique variance attributed to the prediction of dependence severity and consumption. The results also failed to replicate the drinking restraint model observed in non-clinical samples. It was concluded that alcohol expectancy and drinking restraint models appear to show superior utility in pre-dependent populations. The implications of these findings in refining social cognitive models of alcohol misuse are discussed, with a particular focus on prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Does participation in an alcohol administration study increase risk for excessive drinking?

It has long been thought that research protocols involving alcohol administration may exacerbate problem drinking in alcoholic subjects following their participation in such a study. However, recent studies suggest that involvement in an alcohol administration study does not, in fact, have a negative impact on subsequent drinking behavior. In the present study, 27 non-treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent subjects and 32 social drinkers participated in an alcohol administration study designed to investigate the effects of repeated doses of alcohol on craving, mood, and alcohol-seeking behavior. The volume of alcohol administered to the subjects was calculated in such a way that their blood alcohol concentration would reach a peak of 0.08 g/dl midway through testing. Before their release, alcohol-dependent subjects were given feedback regarding their level of alcohol consumption and provided with information about the potential harmful effects of their drinking behavior. Percentage of days abstinent (PDA), drinks per drinking day (D/DD), and percentage of heavy drinking days (PHDD, defined as >or=4 drinks per occasion for females and >or=5 drinks per occasion for males) were recorded for the 6 weeks preceding laboratory testing and for the 6 weeks following participation in the study. The alcohol-dependent subjects exhibited a significant increase of 24% in PDA during the poststudy period compared to the prestudy period. They also decreased their D/DD by 2.4 drinks per occasion, and decreased their PHDD by 21.6%. There were no differences in PDA or D/DD for the social drinkers between pre- and poststudy periods. There was, however, a small but significant increase of 3.5% in PHDD for the social drinkers following laboratory testing. These data suggest that participation in an alcohol administration study does not put alcoholic subjects at risk for increased alcohol consumption following study participation. In fact, participation in such studies may actually precipitate at least a temporary decrease in alcohol consumption, especially when paired with a brief intervention session. Thus, non-treatment-seeking alcoholics can be safely included in alcohol administration studies to provide results that are most relevant to the population of interest.

Adult↗