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PubMed1991

Genotype, feeding regimen, and diet interactions in meat chickens. 1. Growth, organ size, and feed utilization.

Allomorphic growth of organs and feed utilization were measured in cockerels from two meat lines known to differ in growth potential under alternate-day and daily feeding of diets differing in nutrient density. The faster growing line consumed more feed and utilized feed more efficiently than the slower growing line. Relative weights of heart and all segments of the gastrointestinal tract except the esophagus were smaller in the faster than in the slower growing line whereas breast, thigh, and drumstick were greater for the faster than the slower growing line. These patterns existed regardless of diet. In contrast, line by feeding regimen interactions were noted for most traits; the faster growing line was influenced more by restricted feeding than the slower growing line. Thus, the practice of selecting individuals in a restricted-feeding environment when commercial stocks have feed available to them at all times may be faulty. Although the alternate-day feeding regimen improved feed efficiency, results indicated that full benefit of feed restriction would be realized by feeding a diet higher in nutrient density.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Dietary patterns predict the development of overweight in women: The Framingham Nutrition Studies.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate relationships between dietary patterns and the development of overweight. DESIGN: Longitudinal analyses during 12 years of follow-up involved the identification of dietary patterns at baseline using cluster analysis applied to a 145-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. SUBJECTS/SETTING: 737 non-overweight women in the Framingham Offspring/Spouse cohort (mean age, 45 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Development of overweight (BMI> or =25) at follow-up. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Relative risks were calculated using Proc Genmod and multivariate models comprehensively considered potential confounders. RESULTS: Five dietary patterns were identified among the cohort at baseline: Heart Healthy, Light Eating, Wine and Moderate Eating, High Fat, and Empty Calorie. Over 12 years, the crude risk of becoming overweight was 29% overall, ranging from 22% of women in the Wine and Moderate Eating cluster to 41% of women in the Empty Calorie cluster. Compared with women who ate a lower-fat, nutritionally varied Heart Healthy diet, women who ate an Empty Calorie diet that was rich in sweets and fats with fewer servings of nutrient-dense fruits, vegetables, and lean food choices were at higher risk for developing overweight [RR 1.4, 95% CI (0.9, 2.2)] after adjusting for age, smoking status, physical activity, menopausal status, energy intake, intentional dieting, and usual weight pattern. Women who ate an Empty Calorie dietary pattern were also younger and were more likely to smoke. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral interventions for weight management and obesity prevention may be enhanced by creatively targeting differences in eating patterns, dietary quality, and other lifestyle behaviors of distinct subgroups of the population.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Food intake patterns and body mass index in observational studies.

OBJECTIVE: To review studies of patterns of food intake, as assessed by diet index, factor analysis or cluster analysis, and their associations with body mass index or obesity (BMI/Ob). DESIGN: Systematic literature review MEDLINE search with crosscheck of references. STUDIES: Thirty observational studies relating food intake patterns to anthropometric information were identified and reviewed. Food intake patterns were defined using a diet index, factor or cluster analysis in 12, nine and nine studies, respectively. Measures of body mass were made concurrently with the diet assessment in all studies, and only in a few cases were the primary outcomes related to BMI/Ob. RESULTS: The food intake patterns identified could, in most factor or cluster analysis studies, be categorised as: (a) meat, fatty, sweet or energy dense foods; (b) vegetables, fruit, whole grain and low-fat foods; or (c) by high alcohol consumption. The diet indexes were designed to capture a high diversity and/or food combinations matching the recommendations. The relationships with BMI/Ob were inconsistent-ten studies found that intake patterns, which we categorised as fatty, sweet or energy dense were positively associated with BMI/Ob, while similar patterns in four other studies were negatively associated with BMI. The significant associations between diet index score and BMI/Ob were consistently negative, while the associations between factor scores or cluster membership and BMI/Ob were less clear in terms of food intake pattern. Men and women had similar food intake patterns, but food intake patterns were less often positively associated with BMI/Ob in women. In 11 studies, there were no significant associations between food intake pattern and BMI/Ob. CONCLUSION: This review showed that no consistent associations could be identified between BMI or Ob and food intake patterns, derived from diet index, factor analysis or cluster analysis. However, the heterogeneity of food intake patterns identified by such analyses and the lack of gold standards for the application of these techniques hampers consistent analysis of a relation between food intake patterns and health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Central noradrenergic neurons: differential effects on body weight of electrolytic and 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in rats.

The ventral noradrenergic bundle (VB) of the rate brain has been proposed as the substrate for the hyperphagia and obesity produced by ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. To determine the relationship between body weight and damage to the VB, the effects of bilateral electrolytic and 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the VB were compared. When rats were fed only a standard laboratory diet, no significant differences were found between groups. When a high-fat diet supplement was introduced, the group with electrolytic lesions became significantly heavier than the control group; however, the 6-OHDA group did not differ from the controls. Norepinephrine depletion was significantly greater following the 6-OHDA than the electrolytic lesions. Both lesions reduced telencephalic dopamine and serotonin only slightly. A second study in which both types of lesions were placed at a rostral ventromedial hypothalamic site yielded the same pattern of results. Diet-dependent increases in body weight were attributed to the destruction of a non-noradrenergic system, which was spared by the relatively selective 6-OHDA lesion but damaged by the nonselective electrolytic lesion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Atherogenic diet-induced modification of the subfraction distribution of high density lipoproteins in monkeys.

High density lipoproteins (HDL) were isolated from the plasma of adult male African green monkeys fed control or atherogenic diets and were then subfractionated in a density gradient by centrifugation at 50,000 rpm, 20 degrees C for 18 hours in the Beckman VTi50 vertical rotor. Material from the gradient was pooled into six subfractions for further analysis. With increasing density across the gradient, the subfractions had progressively decreasing flotation rates, molecular weights, apo A-I/apo A-II mass ratios, lipid percentages of mass, and average sizes. Apoprotein content per particle was reasonably constant compared to lipid content. The physical and chemical properties of the HDL subfractions suggested that the gradient separated three subclasses of HDL equivalent to HDL 2b, HDL 2a, and HDL3 of human beings. When values among animals were compared, the atherogenic diet shifted the relationship between total plasma cholesterol concentration and total HDL concentration from a positive to a negative correlation. The subfractions most affected were those of d less than 1.10 g/ml (HDL2b), while the 1.10 less than d less than 1.13 g/ml (HDL2a) subfractions were affected to a lesser degree; the more responsive the animal to dietary cholesterol, the lower was the mass concentrations of these subfractions. This pattern suggested that diet-induced changes in HDL2 subfraction particle concentrations may be related to the development of atherosclerosis in African green monkeys; parallel changes in particle composition were not identified.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Variability of the intestinal uptake of lipids is genetically determined in mice.

The response of the plasma cholesterol concentration to changes in dietary lipids varies widely in humans and animals. There are variations in the in vivo absorption of cholesterol between different strains of mice. This study was undertaken in three strains of inbred mice to test the hypotheses that: (i) there are strain differences in the in vitro uptake of fatty acids and cholesterol and (ii) the adaptability of the intestine to respond to variations in dietary lipids is genetically determined. An in vitro intestinal ring technique was used to assess the uptake of medium- and long-chain fatty acids and cholesterol into jejunum and ileum of adult DBA/2, C57BL6, and C57L/J mice. The jejunal uptake of cholesterol was similar in C57L/J, DBA/2, or C57BL6 fed ad libitum a low-fat (5.7% fat, no cholesterol) chow diet. This is in contrast to a previous demonstration that in vivo cholesterol absorption was lower in C57L/J than in the other murine strains. The jejunal uptake of several long-chain fatty acids was greater in DBA/2 fed for 4 wk the high-fat (15.8% fat and 1.25% cholesterol) as compared with the low-fat diet. Furthermore, on the high-fat diet, the uptake of many long-chain fatty acids was higher in DBA/2 than in C57BL6 or C57L/J. The differences in cholesterol and fatty acid uptake were not explained by variations in food uptake, body weight gain, or the weight of the intestine. In summary: (i) there are strain differences in the in vitro intestinal uptake of fatty acids but not of cholesterol; (ii) a high-fat diet enhances the uptake of long-chain fatty acids in only one of the three strains examined in this study; and (iii) the pattern of strain- and diet-associated alterations in the in vivo absorption of cholesterol differs from the pattern of changes observed in vitro. We speculate that genetic differences in cholesterol and fatty acid uptake are explained by variations in the expression of protein-mediated components of lipid uptake.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. 1. Experiments by amino acid deletion.

A series of four nitrogen-balance experiments was carried out with growing pigs to determine the optimum balance amongst the amino acids in the diet. The reduction in N retention when 20% of a single amino acid was removed from the diet was used to calculate a dietary amino acid pattern in which each amino acid would be equally limiting. A mixture of amino acids simulating the amino acid pattern of casein was used with the same efficiency as casein. From two successive deletion experiments an optimum balance amongst the essential amino acids was derived. Expressed relative to lysine = 100 this had threonine 72, valine 75, methionine + cystine 63, isoleucine 60, leucine 110, phenylalanine + tyrosine 120, tryptophan 18. No estimate was made for histidine. Essential amino acids in this pattern were mixed with non-essential amino acids in ratios of 36:64 up to 57:43. The highest efficiency of N retention was achieved with diets having a ratio of at least 45:55. This included (g/16 g N) lysine 6.5, threonine 4.7, valine 4.9, methionine + cystine 4.1, isoleucine 3.9, leucine 7.2, phenylalanine + tyrosine 7.8, tryptophan 12. The N of diets with this amino acid pattern was utilized significantly better than when the pattern proposed by the Agricultural Research Council (1981) was used. The flow of amino acids past the terminal ileum of pigs given the semi-synthetic diet with this amino acid pattern was no greater than that observed with protein-free diets. The proposed pattern thus describes the intrinsic requirements of the growing pig for absorbed amino acids.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2003

Effects of dietary variation on growth, composition, and maturation of Manduca sexta (Sphingidae: Lepidoptera).

Most studies linking dietary variation with insect fitness focus on a single dietary component and late larval growth. We examined the effects of variation in multiple dietary factors over most life stages of the sphingid moth, Manduca sexta. Larvae received artificial diets in which protein, sucrose, and water content were varied. The relationship between larval size, growth and consumption rates differed significantly across diets. Larvae on control and low-sucrose diets grew most rapidly and attained the largest pupal and adult sizes. Conversely, larvae on low-water and low-protein diets initially grew slowly, but accelerated in the fifth instar and became pupae and adults comparable to control animals in size. There were no fundamental differences in protein:carbohydrate consumption patterns or strategies among experimental diets and larval instars. However, inadequate dietary water appeared to be more important for early than late instar larvae. Larvae on all artificial diets showed increasing fat content throughout all stages, including wandering and metamorphosis. Compensatory feeding among low-water and low-protein larvae was correlated with significantly higher fat content in larvae, pupae and adults, whereas low-sucrose animals were substantially leaner than those on the control diet. These differences may have strong effects on adult physiology, reproduction, and foraging patterns.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urinary free cortisol excretion pattern in morbid obese women.

The urinary excretion of free cortisol in a group of 10 control and 20 morbidly obese women was measured in all bladder voidings during 24 h. The data from obese women were measured under Hospital basal controlled conditions and after 3 days of very low calorie diet (VLCD, 1.9 MJ/d). The hourly cortisol excretion pattern was determined for each woman, and means of each group were computed in order to obtain a 24 h excretion pattern. In controls, the highest excretion rate was in the morning (8-9 h) and the lowest at 21-22 h. Inbasal conditions, the obese showed a similar but flatter pattern; the highest peak was also in the morning (9-10 h), but the lowest rate was between 21 and 24 h. The VLCD diet flattened the pattern even more, in away that no clear peak was observed from the early morning until the afternoon; however, the nadir coincided with that found in basal conditions. These patterns resulted in significant differences between VLCD, basal diet and control. The amount of free cortisol excreted was 93.0 +/- 6.9 nmol/ day in controls, 70.1 +/- 4.7 nmol/day in obese under basal conditions and 62.6 +/- 3.0 nmol/day when subjected to VLCD. The results presented are consistent with a lower overall cortisol secretion in the morbid obese women, which also show a narrower margin of variation in cortisol secretion than non-obese controls. The data also show the significant influence of dietary energy on the pattern of cortisol excretion in obese women.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Modification of lipoprotein patterns and retardation of atherogenesis by a fish oil supplement to a hyperlipidemic diet for swine.

We have studied the effect of addition of 30 ml cod liver oil (FO) daily to a highly atherogenic butter (BT) diet for swine on lesion development in the coronary arteries and aorta, plasma lipoprotein (LP) patterns, plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and on tritiated thymidine-labeling indices ([3H]TdR LI) of smooth muscle cells (SMC) and monocyte/macrophages (M/M phi) in the atherosclerotic lesions. Seventeen male Yorkshire swine (11.1 +/- 0.4 kg) were divided into 3 groups: BT (n = 6), BT + FO (n = 6) and mash (n = 5). They were fed the respective diets for 4 months. Terminally, fasting plasma was obtained and cholesterol contents were determined in various fractions of lipoproteins separated by density gradient ultracentrifugation, Pevikon block electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. Apoprotein (B, A-I, E and C) contents of the plasma and lipoprotein fractions were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and densitometry of gels stained with Coomassie blue. Swine were injected intramuscularly with 0.5 mCi/kg of [3H]TdR 2 h before death. The aorta and coronary arteries were perfusion fixed in situ under anesthesia. Samples were obtained for microscopic morphometry, autoradiography and immunohistochemistry from distal abdominal aorta, thoracic aorta, and proximal coronary arteries; left main (LM), left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX), right main (RM), and right coronary artery (RCA). On the BT diet without FO there was extensive atherosclerotic (AS) lesion development, which was drastically reduced by the addition of FO to the BT diet in all sites by from 71 to 94%. The overall plasma cholesterol (CH) levels were reduced only modestly by the FO (816 +/- 64 to 629 +/- 14 mg/dl) but the distribution of CH in the various lipoprotein classes was remarkably altered. The CH in the large lipoprotein molecules containing both B and E apoproteins was reduced from 488 +/- 84 to 204 +/- 17 mg/dl by the FO with an almost corresponding increase in the conventional LDL molecules containing apo B only (158 +/- 29 to 344 +/- 15 mg/dl). We offer the hypothesis that the large apo B,E containing molecules are much more atherogenic than the smaller apo B containing molecules. This hypothesis is supported by a highly significant correlation between extent of lesion development in all arterial sites and plasma levels of CH in apo B,E containing lipoproteins. Plasma TBARS were elevated by the BT + FO diet but seemed to have no significant effect on the lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Excretion of zinc in lactating cows receiving various supply of zinc].

Studies were carried out with 5 lactating cows receiving a semisynthetic diet to trace the pattern of zinc excretion in the faeces, urine and milk under conditions of Zn depletion and repletion. Faecal Zn concentrations were found to be drastically reduced during a 6-week period of Zn depletion. The Zn supply to the animals at different levels of Zn repletion (varying between 22 mg and 436 mg Zn per kg) was well reflected in the corresponding faecal Zn concentrations. Similarly, faecal Zn excretion expressed as the percentage of Zn supplied with the diet was shown to change with the level of Zn supply. In the range between 6 mg and 54 m Zn per kg of dietary dry matter the level of relative faecal Zn excretion increased from 42% to 56% whereas with higher Zn supplements (up to 436 mg/kg) only slight increases (up to 60%) were observed. This indicates that the organism exhibits a strong tendency to maintain a physiological balance; this tendency is all the more pronounced with increasing Zn depletion; thus after 19 weeks of Zn depletion as little as 25% of the administered amount of Zn was excreted in the faeces. The average minimum of urinary Zn concentrations was 0.25 mg Zn per litre. The Zn concentrations in urine were not found to be dependent on the Zn supply. The level of relative Zn excretion in the milk was markedly increased despite the reduced concentrations of milk Zn during the periods of Zn deficiency. At the beginning of Zn depletion rather more zinc was released with the milk than was taken up with the Zn deficient diet. The mean proportion of milk Zn in the total amount of dietary Zn over the 6-week depletion period was 91%. With Zn amounts of 22 mg, 54 mg, 87 mg, 108 mg, 130 mg and 436 mg per kg of diet 23.7%, 13.1%, 12.9%, 5.7%, 4.3%, and 1.7% of the dietary Zn were excreted with the milk. Thus, a relative decrease of Zn excretion in the milk was observed, i.e. relative to the level of Zn supplementation.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

[The influence of hygiene and cultural characteristics of the family environment on dietary patterns of school children].

BACKGROUND: The diet of school aged children constitutes one of the basic pillars on which the health of an individual may be placed. The influence of the parents in dietary habits of children is absolute. The aim of the present study was to analyze what hygienic-cultural aspects of the familial environment are most linked to the diet of school children. METHODS: A study of non paired cases and controls was carried out in 48 children of 6-7 years of age (cases) with maximum consumption of cold meats and minimum consumption of vegetables and lettuce (universe = 131 children) versus a double control group of 34 children with inverse dietary patterns and 83 children who did not fulfill inclusion criteria of cases. Personal cleanliness and washing habits, attitudes towards television viewing, parental consumption of cigarettes and alcohol and sex education were also analyzed. RESULTS: Multivariant analysis identified a smoking father as a risk factor of worse diet (OR = 3.3, p = 0.016), with sex education received at home being associated with a decrease of 70% in the probability of having a bad diet (OR = 0.3, p = 0.016) on using the restricted control group. The smoker father was the only circumstance associated to bad diet on including the remaining children of the universe as controls (OR = 2.6, p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: The diet of school children seems to be related with the global attitude of the family with regard to health. Smoking habit of the father may represent a negative marker of food preferences with regard to quality of diet.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2005

Carbohydrates and dietary fiber.

The most widely spread eating habit is characterized by a reduced intake of dietary fiber, an increased intake of simple sugars, a high intake of refined grain products, an altered fat composition of the diet, and a dietary pattern characterized by a high glycemic load, an increased body weight and reduced physical activity. In this chapter the effects of this eating pattern on disease risk will be outlined. There are no epidemiological studies showing that the increase of glucose, fructose or sucrose intake is directly and independently associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease (CHD). On the other hand a large number of studies has reported a reduction of fatal and non-fatal CHD events as a function of the intake of complex carbohydrates--respectively 'dietary fiber' or selected fiber-rich food (e.g., whole grain cereals). It seems that eating too much 'fast' carbohydrate [i.e., carbohydrates with a high glycemic index (GI)] may have deleterious long-term consequences. Indeed the last decades have shown that a low fat (and consecutively high carbohydrate) diet alone is not the best strategy to combat modern diseases including atherosclerosis. Quantity and quality issues in carbohydrate nutrient content are as important as they are for fat. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that for cardiovascular disease prevention a high sugar intake should be avoided. There is growing evidence of the high impact of dietary fiber and foods with a low GI on single risk factors (e.g., lipid pattern, diabetes, inflammation, endothelial function etc.) as well as also the development of the endpoints of atherosclerosis especially CHD.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Behaviour, body composition and diet in adolescent girls.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships between patterns of behaviour, body composition and diet in adolescent girls. A group of 328 14 to 16-year-old girls at school in Southampton, U. K. completed a questionnaire about their behaviour and lifestyle, and had their heights, weights and skinfold thicknesses measured. Of these girls, 286 also provided dietary information. Socially independent girls were more likely to smoke, and less likely to eat breakfast and meals with family. They consumed more snacks, chocolate and soft drinks. Girls who were dissatisfied with their weight dieted and exercised, watched less television and spent less of their money on food. Dissatisfaction with weight was strongly related to body mass index. The odds of being a dieter, an indication of dissatisfaction with weight, increased with every unit increase in body mass index, so that girls with a body mass index of 24 kg/m(2)and over were 19 times more likely to diet than those with a body mass index of 19 kg/m(2)or less. Girls who were less satisfied with their weight reported lower energy intakes but ate more green vegetables and brown bread than other girls. The eating habits of the girls were therefore influenced by the extent of their social lives and by their satisfaction with their weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Weight-loss practices, nutrition beliefs, and weight-loss program preferences of urban American Indian women.

OBJECTIVE: To describe health beliefs, weight concern, dieting practices, and weight-loss program preferences of American Indian women residing in an urban setting. DESIGN: Face-to-face interviews using a semistructured questionnaire were conducted and height and weight were measured. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Subjects were 203 American Indian adult women in an urban community setting. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Frequency distributions and chi 2 analysis were performed using the Statistical Analysis System software. RESULTS: About two-thirds of the subjects were overweight. Most women were concerned about obesity and reported attempting to manage their weight. Healthful weight-loss practices (e.g., eating more fruits and vegetables, increasing physical activity) were used most frequently. However, unhealthful practices, such as skipping meals/fasting, using laxatives/diuretics, and self-induced vomiting were also mentioned. Regular bingeing was reported by 10% of respondents. APPLICATIONS: Weight-management intervention efforts should focus on helping clients modify their diet and physical activity patterns. Low-cost programs offered in convenient locations would attract more participants, as would the provision of child care. Education about the dangers and ineffectiveness of unhealthful weight-loss practices will be necessary, given the high rates of such behaviors in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Differential habitat utilizati of four Cercopithecidae in a Kenyan forest.

The presence of Papio cynocephalus, Cercopithecus mitis, Cercopithecus aethiops and Colobus angolensis in a small coastal forest is attributed to their differential habitat utilization. Data on diet, space-use patterns and polyspecific associations are given. Habitat partitioning is found to be resource-related and is accomplished through differential reliance on resources as well as different means of exploiting overlapping resources. The implications of the data for understanding the relationship between ecology and social structure are discussed.

Animals↗