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PubMed1980

Role of vitamin C on the uropygial gland function in juvenile pigeons.

The role of the vitamin C was explored in the uropygial gland of the juvenile pigeons from histological and karyodynamic standpoints. Furthermore, the total lipid of the gland was also measured. Vitamin C loading increased the gland weight without causing any perceptible change in the mitotic activity of the gland or in the glandular lipid level in either sex of the juvenile pigeons. Significance of these findings has been briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are eating disorders characterised by abnormal eating behaviour, a morbid concern over body weight and a distorted perception of body size. It commonly occurs in young postpubertal girls in developed societies. Aetiological factors are a complex interplay of biological, psychological and social factors. Bizarre eating patterns can lead to life-threatening medical situations which require urgent in-hospital care. Comprehensive management should be effected by a multi-disciplinary team with contributions from the internist, the psychiatrist, the nurse, the psychologist, the social worker and the teacher. There is significant psychiatric morbidity and mortality in the outcome of these eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Gastric distension, hunger and energy intake after balloon implantation in severe obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interrelationships between satiety feelings, abdominal perception, energy intake and weight loss, related to the presence of an intragastric balloon. DESIGN: Randomized double blind study. SUBJECTS: 20 severely obese subjects, BMI > 40 kg/m2, randomly assigned either to receive an air filled balloon (n = 11) or to have a sham procedure (n = 9). All subjects had dietary counselling to help them follow a relatively low energy diet (60% of individual spontaneous intake). MEASUREMENTS: During biweekly visits, body weight was recorded, visual analogic scales for stomach distension, hunger and feeling of balloon presence were completed. Blood chemistry profiles were monitored once every 4 weeks. RESULTS: In the balloon group, the sensations related to the presence of the balloon and to abdominal distension dramatically increased after insertion, and plateaued during the next 4 weeks. Both feelings of presence and distension decreased thereafter, and after 10 weeks they were not significantly different from those of the sham balloon group. Hunger dramatically decreased to about 30% of initial rating in the first week, but slowly returned to the initial value by the 12th week. Hunger feelings were highly and negatively correlated with feelings of distension. During the same period, the sham balloon group continued to maintain the low energy intake, and did not register any feelings of distension or presence; hunger level did not differ from initial levels throughout the whole study. The energy intake and the rate of weight loss (8-9 kg) was similar in the two groups during the study, and were not correlated with the feelings of distension. CONCLUSION: This study showed that in severely obese subjects submitted to a restrictive diet, an intragastric balloon has a measurable but transient effect on the sensation of epigastric distension and is able to decrease feelings of hunger. Unfortunately, these effects were not associated with a lower energy intake or a higher rate of weight loss than the sham situation. Thus, the present study does not support the interest of such a balloon (500 ml, air filled) in the treatment of severe obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Effect of music on gait symmetry of stroke patients on a treadmill].

The influence of rhythmic music on gait symmetry was investigated in 12 healthy subjects and 12 stroke patients with mild leg paresis walking on the treadmill. For the measurement, new insoles containing air-filled chambers developed by W.O.M were used. Symmetry deviation was determined as the mean signless difference between left and right swing phases of some 100 strides. In 6 patients, the symmetry deviation decreased by more than 1% of the stride duration some 40 steps after switching on the music. The improvement correlated with the initial symmetry (r2 = 0.61) exclusively in the healthy controls. In order to differentiate individual predictors of the improvement in symmetry, such as cognitive performance in terms of recognizing the beat of the music and the motor performance in terms of synchronizing the movements of the legs to the music, we analysed foot tapping with the patient in the seated position. For both patients and healthy subjects, the mean time difference between beat and foot movement was less than +/-1/32 beat. Individual scatter of mean 8% correspond in the case of healthy subjects to the figures found in the literature for finger movements, and the corresponding figures for the patients are more than twice this. The individual synchronisation performance during walking to music correlates to that during foot tapping (r2 = 0.47) exclusively in the group of healthy controls.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMed2003

Weight-control behavior among obese children: association with family-related factors.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to investigate the weight-control behavior of obese children, to understand parents' supervision and to explore related factors that influenced the weight-control behavior. A structured questionnaire was employed in this study. A random sample of 287 children and their parents was recruited from six elementary schools in Shihlin and Peitou districts of Taipei City. Criteria employed for recruitment of subjects were: third and fourth grade in elementary schools, and weight-for-length index > or = 1.2. RESULTS: Fifty-six percent of the obese children were mildly obese and eleven percent were severely obese. Ninety-seven percent of the subjects adopted weight-control behavior, the most frequent one being avoiding fried food. The exercise frequency and time duration consistency were generally insufficient. Twenty-seven percent of the obese children were not in the habit of exercising. Factors that influenced the execution of weight-control behavior by the obese children included obesity level, mother's education, family structure, socioeconomic status of the family, parents' perception of their children's weight, parents' concern, and supervision. Our study found that severely obese children attempted to lose weight with inappropriate methods. Children staying in foster families or with grandparents, or from families of low socioeconomic status, had poorer weight-control behavior. Children whose parents were more concerned about their weight problem tended to have better weight-control behavior. Therefore, it is important to assist the parents of obese children to confront the issue of obesity and help the children solve their weight problem. It is also important to help foster families with low income to make the most of social resources to reinforce the family function.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

Factors associated with parental readiness to make changes for overweight children.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing in the United States. However, it has been difficult to help children successfully lose weight and maintain weight loss. Parental involvement in this effort is important. Currently, little is known about parents' readiness to make behavior changes to help their children lose weight. The objective of this study was to describe demographic factors and parental perceptions associated with parents' readiness to make weight-reducing lifestyle changes for their overweight and at-risk-for-overweight children. METHODS: A total of 151 parents of children who were aged 2 to 12 years and had BMIs >or=85th percentile for age and gender completed a 43-item self-administered questionnaire. Parental stage of change, defined as precontemplation stage, contemplation stage, and preparation/action stage, was determined using an algorithm involving current parental practices and future intentions. Parents in the preparation/action stage were considered to be ready to make behavior changes to help their child lose weight. Maximum-likelihood multinomial logistic regression was used to identify demographics and perceptions associated with parental stage of change. RESULTS: Sixty-two percent of the children had a BMI >or=95th percentile. Their mean age was 7.5 years, and 53% were male. Of the 151 parents, 58 (38%) were in the preparation/action stage of change, 26 (17%) were in the contemplation stage, and 67 (44%) were in the precontemplation stage. Factors associated with being in the preparation/action stage of change were having overweight or older (>or=8 years) children, believing that their own weight or child's weight was above average, and perceiving that their child's weight was a health problem. After controlling for multiple factors, having an older child (odds ratio [OR]: 2.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-7.60), believing that they themselves were overweight (OR: 3.45; 95% CI: 1.36-8.75), and perceiving that their child's weight was a health problem (OR: 9.75; 95% CI: 3.43-27.67) remained significantly associated with being in the preparation/action stage of change. CONCLUSIONS: Several demographic factors and personal perceptions are associated with a parent's readiness to help his or her child lose weight. Knowledge of these factors may be beneficial to providers and program developers when addressing pediatric overweight with parents and initiating new interventions.

Attitude↗
PubMed2005

Development and validation of instruments measuring body image and body weight dissatisfaction in South African mothers and their daughters.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to validate questionnaires concerning body image perception, body size dissatisfaction and weight-related beliefs in multi-ethnic South African mothers and their daughters. SETTINGS AND SUBJECTS: Girls attending primary school (ages 9-12 years, n = 333) and their mothers (n = 204) were interviewed regarding their demographics and body image. Weight, height and skinfold thicknesses were measured. Body image questions and body mass index (BMI) were compared with silhouettes adapted from the Pathways Study for girls and Stunkard's body image figures for mothers. A Feel-Ideal Difference (FID) index score was created by subtracting the score of the silhouette selected by the participants as 'Ideal' from the one selected as most closely representing their current appearance or 'Feel'. We hypothesised that a higher FID index score would be associated with greater body size dissatisfaction. RESULTS: BMI percentiles in girls (r = 0.46, P < 0.05) and BMI in mothers (r = 0.68, P < 0.05) were positively correlated with the selected silhouettes based on size. Participants who reported feelings of being 'fat' and those who perceived that their family and friends were more dissatisfied with their body size had significantly higher FID index scores. Scores were lower in black than white girls (all P<0.05). No differences were found in FID index scores between ethnic groups of mothers. Internal reliability of the 'thin' and 'fat' belief constructs for girls was demonstrated by standardised Cronbach's alpha values > or = 0.7. CONCLUSION: Silhouettes, FID index, 'fat' and 'thin' belief constructs (in girls) are age-appropriate, culturally sensitive and can be used in further intervention studies to understand body image.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies.

BACKGROUND: Current perception is that participants of a structured weight-loss program regain all of their weight loss within 5 y. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the long-term weight-loss maintenance of individuals completing a structured weight-loss program. DESIGN: Studies were required to 1) have been conducted in the United States, 2) have included participants in a structured weight-loss program, 3) have provided follow-up data with variance estimates for > or =2 y. Primary outcome variables were weight-loss maintenance in kilograms, weight-loss maintenance as a percentage of initial weight loss, and weight loss as a percentage of initial body weight (reduced weight). RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Successful very-low-energy diets (VLEDs) were associated with significantly greater weight-loss maintenance than were successful hypoenergetic balanced diets (HBDs) at all years of follow-up. The percentage of individuals at 4 or 5 y of follow-up for VLEDs and HBDs were 55.4% and 79.7%, respectively. The results for VLEDs and HBDs, respectively, were as follows: weight-loss maintenance, 7.1 kg (95% CI: 6.1, 8.1 kg) and 2.0 (1.5, 2.5) kg; percentage weight-loss maintenance, 29% (25%, 33%) and 17% (13%, 22%); and reduced weight, 6.6% (5.7%, 7.5%) and 2.1% (1.6%, 2.7%). Weight-loss maintenance did not differ significantly between women and men. Six studies reported that groups who exercised more had significantly greater weight-loss maintenance than did those who exercised less. CONCLUSIONS: Five years after completing structured weight-loss programs, the average individual maintained a weight loss of >3 kg and a reduced weight of >3% of initial body weight. After VLEDs or weight loss of > or =20 kg, individuals maintained significantly more weight loss than after HBDs or weight losses of <10 kg.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Central obesity and the metabolic syndrome: implications for primary care providers.

PURPOSE: To describe screening measures that will determine which clients are at risk for the metabolic syndrome, common manifestations of the syndrome, preventive diagnostic considerations, and management and treatment options that primary care providers can implement. DATA SOURCES: Review of the clinical and research literature, supplemented with specific diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Central obesity is the cornerstone of the metabolic syndrome, which may lead to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Generalized obesity is defined as body weight that is considerably greater than the ideal weight and that is distributed on all parts of the body. Generalized obesity has long been considered a significant risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Those clients of ideal body weight have been considered at less risk for developing these conditions. However, this perception may not always be accurate. Weight distribution plays a major role in acquiring the metabolic syndrome. Because waist circumference is as important as overall body weight, central obesity is key to determining the risk. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The metabolic syndrome has now been given a CPT code (277.7). It is more likely that clients at risk for or with the metabolic syndrome may first be seen by a primary care provider. Primary care providers need to be able to diagnose, treat, and provide preventive interventions for the metabolic syndrome. Clients at risk will likely be identified during routine health screening. Early detection of and interventions focused on the metabolic syndrome may reduce the occurrence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Use of a tape measure to determine waist circumference may help the provider to identify at-risk clients who are of normal weight, and thus not previously believed to be at risk, as well as those more obviously at risk. It is necessary to determine not only patients' overall body weight but also their waist circumference. A measuring tape may be the key tool for establishing a patient's early risk for the metabolic syndrome and, ultimately, for prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1998

Reciprocal inhibitory visual-vestibular interaction. Visual motion stimulation deactivates the parieto-insular vestibular cortex.

The vestibular system--a sensor of head accelerations--cannot detect self-motion at constant velocity and thus requires supplementary visual information. The perception of self-motion during constant velocity movement is completely dependent on visually induced vection. This can be linear vection or circular vection (CV). CV is induced by large-field visual motion stimulation during which the stationary subject perceives the moving surroundings as being stable and himself as being moved. To determine the unknown cortical visual-vestibular interaction during CV, we conducted a PET activation study on CV in 10 human volunteers. The PET images of cortical areas activated during visual motion stimulation without CV were compared with those with CV. Hitherto, CV was explained neurophysiologically by visual-vestibular convergence with activation of the vestibular nuclei, thalamic subnuclei and vestibular cortex. If CV were mediated by the vestibular cortex, one would expect that an adequate visual motion stimulus would activate both the visual and vestibular cortex. Contrary to this expectation, it was shown for the first time that visual motion stimulation with CV not only activates a medial parieto-occipital visual area bilaterally, separate from middle temporal/medial superior temporal areas, it also simultaneously deactivates the parieto-insular vestibular cortex. There was a positive correlation between the perceived intensity of CV and relative changes in regional CBF in parietal and occipital areas. These findings support a new functional interpretation: reciprocal inhibitory visual-vestibular interaction as a multisensory mechanism for self-motion perception. Inhibitory visual-vestibular interaction might protect visual perception of self-motion from potential vestibular mismatches caused by involuntary head accelerations during locomotion, and this would allow the dominant sensorial weight during self-motion perception to shift from one sensory modality to the other.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Fetal movements; factors affecting their perception.

We prospectively recorded placental site, maternal weight and parity in 182 patients reporting decreased fetal movements and compared these with controls. Reports of decreased fetal movements were 2.10 times (95% CI 1.51-2.92) as likely in association with an anterior placenta and 1.81 times (95% CI 1.20-2.93) and 2.61 times (95% CI 1.26-5.40) as likely in mothers weighing over 80 and 90 kg, respectively, but there was no association with parity. Decreased perception of fetal movements is more likely to have serious implications in thin women with a posterior placenta. Our findings also suggest that the sensation of fetal movements arises from pressure against body wall structures rather than the uterus or peritoneum.

Body Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diabetes in urban African Americans. Body image, satisfaction with size, and weight change attempts.

We developed two gender specific sets of body-size silhouettes for evaluating body image in African Americans; 370 clinic-based adult participants with diabetes were queried on body image, perceptions, current efforts to change weight, and psychosocial variables. Comparisons were made by weight group and sex after classification as overweight or not overweight according to body mass index (BMI). Regardless of sex or weight category, perceived current body size was significantly related to BMI. Both men and women who were classified as overweight selected a desired body size that was significantly smaller than their perceived current size. Men, however, were more likely than women to select a larger desired size relative to their current size. Both men and women expected the dietician to favor a body size smaller than their own desired size and felt their designated important adult would choose the same desired size that they selected. Given the importance of cognitive perspectives in understanding weight management, it may be useful to incorporate body image measures into both observational and interventional studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Psychophysical acceptability and perception of load heaviness by females.

The objective of the study was to evaluate subjective perceptions of load heaviness, and relate these perceptions to the maximal acceptable weights of lift. Ten female college students experienced in manual lifting participated in the study. In the first experiment, subjects were asked to select one of the seven linguistic values of load heaviness (very light, light, less-than-medium, medium, more-than-medium, heavy, and very heavy), which would best describe the lifted loads. Seven boxes, ranging in weight between 2.3 kg and 22.7 kg, were used for that purpose. In the second experiment, subjects were asked to fill empty boxes to the level they felt would best reflect a given load heaviness category. In the third experiment, the psychophysical methodology was used to determine the maximal acceptable weight of lift for an 8-hour day. The results showed that 50% of the subjects considered a 20.4 kg box (45 lbs) as very heavy, while another 50% believed that such a load was heavy. The average load selected as maximal acceptable weight of lift (MAWL) for an 8-hour day was 16.4 kg (standard deviation (SD) = 5.3 kg). When asked to determine the weights that would best describe a given category of load heaviness, the subjects selected 22.5 kg (SD = 3.7 kg) and 18.4 kg (SD = 2.7 kg) for very heavy and heavy categories, respectively. Further analysis revealed that only 30% of the subjects selected MAWL values that were larger than the pre-weighted boxes independently judged by them as very heavy or heavy categories. Also, 10% and 30% of the subjects selected MAWL values that were larger than the weights chosen during the self-classification procedure as representative of heavy or very heavy categories of load heaviness, respectively. It was shown that the loads selected as the maximum acceptable weights for an 8 h shift were independently judged by the female subjects as being in the more-than-moderate or heavy weight categories. Comparison of the results for females and males led to a conclusion that female subjects were more realistic, with respect to subjective perception of load heaviness, in selecting the MAWL values than were male subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The vestibular cortex. Its locations, functions, and disorders.

Evidence is presented that the multisensory parieto-insular cortex is the human homologue of the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC) in the monkey and is involved in the perception of verticality and self-motion. Acute lesions (patients with middle cerebral artery infarctions) of this area caused contraversive tilts of perceived vertical, body lateropulsion, and, rarely, rotational vertigo. Brain activation studies using positron emission tomography or functional magnetic resonance tomography showed that PIVC was activated by caloric irrigation of the ears or by galvanic stimulation of the mastoid. This indicates that PIVC receives input from both the semicircular canals and otoliths. PIVC was also activated during small-field optokinetic stimulation, but not when the nystagmus was suppressed by fixation. Activation of vestibular cortex areas, visual motion-sensitive areas, and ocular motor areas exhibited a significant right-hemispheric dominance. The vestibular cortex intimately interacts with the visual cortex to match the two 3-D orientation maps (perception of verticality, room-tilt illusion) and mediates self-motion perception by means of a reciprocal inhibitory visual-vestibular interaction. This mechanism of an inhibitory interaction allows a shift of the dominant sensorial weight during self-motion perception from one sensory modality (visual or vestibular) to the other, depending on which mode of stimulation prevails: body acceleration (vestibular input) or constant velocity motion (visual input).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Predictors of maternal child-feeding style: maternal and child characteristics.

We investigated relationships among maternal and child characteristics, and two aspects of maternal child-feeding styles that may place daughters at risk for developing problems with energy balance. Participants included 104 overweight (BMI> or =25) and 92 non-overweight (BMI<25) mothers and their 5-year-old, non-Hispanic, White daughters. Child-feeding styles included (a) restriction of daughters' intake of energy-dense snack food, and (b) pressure to eat more food. Predictors of child-feeding styles included measures of (1) maternal investment in weight and eating issues, including dietary restraint and weight concern, (2) child adiposity, (3) maternal perceptions of the child as underweight or overweight, and (4) maternal concern for child weight. Mothers reported using more restrictive feeding practices when they were invested in weight and eating issues, when they perceived daughters as overweight, when they were concerned about daughters' weight, and when daughters were heavier. Mothers reported using more pressure in child feeding when daughters were thinner, and when mothers perceived daughters as underweight. Further analyses examined whether relationships among child-feeding styles were different for overweight and non-overweight mothers. Overweight mothers' child-feeding styles appeared to be influenced by observable child weight characteristics, concerns for the child's weight status, and mothers' own history of overweight. Non-overweight mothers' child-feeding styles appeared to be influenced by distorted perceptions of and concerns for children, as well as distorted self-perceptions.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Body-image perceptions across sex and age groups.

Weight dissatisfaction, body dissatisfaction, and body-image distortion measures were used with 98 fifth and eighth graders and 57 undergraduate students. Measures included the Piers-Harris Self-concept Scale and the Kids Eating Disorder Survey for the young children, the Interpersonal Behavior Survey, and a seven-item mistaken beliefs scale for the college sample. Body dissatisfaction and Body-image distortion were assessed with a figure-drawing procedure. Significant differences in both weight dissatisfaction and body dissatisfaction were found between males and females in the eighth grade and undergraduate groups. There were no significant sex differences in body-image distortion in the fifth or eighth grades, but significant differences in body-image distortion between men and women were found in the college sample. The direction of body-image distortion for both the 20 men and the 37 women was consistent with their ideal weight. In the college sample, there was a significant correlation between body-image dissatisfaction and self-confidence for the women but not for the men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Effects of sweetness perception and caloric value of a preload on short term intake.

To determine the effects of calories and sweetness perception on intake, fasted normal weight subjects drank a preload sweetened with sucrose (1.1 g/kg) or L-asparthyl-L-phenylalanyl-methyl ester (Aspartame, 0.011 g/kg), or with no added sweetener. Sweetness perception of the load was reduced in half of the subjects by oral application of Gymnema sylvestre extracts. One hour after the preload, a meal of snack foods was presented and amounts of nutrients eaten were calculated. Subjects whose perception of sweetness had been decreased for the preload ate less total and sweet calories than did those with normal perception. Calories did not affect intake. The effect of calories and perception of the load was also assessed on variables presumed to correlate with satiety. Sucrose pleasantness ratings were not related to calories, perception or intake. Subjects' estimates of the amount of milkshake that they would drink if given the opportunity to do so and hunger ratings were related to overall intake and carbohydrate intake, respectively. The findings indicate that hedonistic aspects of taste are of greater importance than calories in determining short term intake.

Diet↗