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PubMed1986

Analysis of the physical activity patterns of a rural Afrikaner population in the south-western Cape.

To determine whether low levels of energy expenditure at work or in leisure-time might contribute to the high prevalence of coronary heart disease among white rural Afrikaners, 7188 whites of both sexes in three rural communities were questioned about their physical activities. From these data, the percentage of the population at different ages participating in sedentary, moderate or vigorous activity at work or light, moderate or vigorous leisure-time activity was calculated. Total energy expenditure at work or in leisure-time was also calculated. At all ages, less than 1% of both men and women performed workday activities requiring high energy output. Beginning after the age of 24 years, there was a dramatic fall in the percentage of both men and women participating in either moderate or vigorous leisure-time physical activity. After the age of 44 years, less than 26% of men and 16% of women exceeded the coronary 'protective threshold' of 8400 kJ leisure-time energy expenditure per week. Thus the population studied is characterized by very low levels of energy expenditure particularly at work, but also during leisure-time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Identification of a high-risk group for sudden infant death syndrome among infants who were resuscitated for sleep apnea.

Of the 1,153 infants who completed monitoring by Aug 1, 1984, through our program at Massachusetts General Hospital, 76 infants had an initial apnea spell during sleep which was characterized by a change in tone and color, was unresponsive to repeated vigorous stimulation, and was terminated only after mouth to mouth resuscitation. The infants were hospitalized for observation and evaluation, and no cause could be identified. All were discharged on a home apnea or cardiorespiratory monitor, and subsequent episodes of apnea and/or bradycardia were reviewed. We grouped infants based on the intervention used to terminate subsequent episodes: Group 1, resuscitation; group 2, vigorous stimulation; and group 3, neither resuscitation or vigorous stimulation. There was no significant difference in clinical features or in the results of the initial evaluation in groups 1 and 2, compared with group 3. However, the mortality rate was significantly higher in group 1 (4/13) and group 2 (3/12) than in group 3 (3/51) (P less than .007). Siblings of victims of sudden infant death syndrome (n = 8) were at a significantly higher risk of an adverse outcome (two deaths and four resuscitations) than nonsiblings (P less than .02). A seizure disorder that developed during monitoring was associated with a high mortality (4/11 v 6/65, P less than .02). We conclude that these relatively rare infants who have sleep-onset apnea that responded only to resuscitation and have a subsequent similar episode or are siblings of victims of sudden infant death syndrome or develop a seizure disorder during monitoring have a very high risk of dying (31%, 25%, and 36% respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bradycardia↗
PubMed1977

The hypertension detection and follow-up program: a progress report.

The NHLBI-supported Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program (HDFP) is a community-based program designed to assess the value of early detection and vigorous treatment of persons with high blood pressure of varied severity. HDFP staff members have measured the blood pressures of 158,906 persons in their homes or work places in 14 communities across the United States. Of those persons, 10,940 were found to be hypertensive in a two-state screening process and were enrolled in the Program. Half were referred on a random basis to sources of care in the community, and half were invited to the special Stepped-Care clinics sponsored by the HDFP. These clinics, in a vigorous attempt to normalize blood pressure for all these hypertensive participants, stress intensive follow-up and special attention to achieve compliance with treatment. More than 80% under Stepped Care are continuing on therapy after 2 years, and three-fourths of these have achieved desired normal levels of pressure. The majority of hypertensives found in this Program have less severe elevations of blood pressure, and even among them reductions in blood pressure were substantial because of the vigorous follow-up and special attention to compliance. The HDFP is continuing its efforts to find to what extent sustained treatment of those with elevated blood pressure can reduce mortality or complications due to hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

T cell proliferative responses to a mitogen derived from Mycoplasma arthritidis are controlled by the accessory cell.

Cell-free supernatants from broth cultures of Mycoplasma arthritidis (MAS) induce vigorous proliferative responses in thymus-derived T lymphocytes from H2k or H2d strains of mice. Populations of lymphoid cells from mice of H2b, H2q, or H2s haplotypes do not respond to this stimulus. Previous studies with lymphoid cells from congenic and recombinant strains of mice indicate that the T cell proliferative response induced by MAS is controlled by a gene(s) that maps to the I-E/C subregion of the murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The T cell proliferative response induced by MAS is dependent upon the presence of a population of la+, radioresistant accessory cells (AC). Data presented here demonstrates that responder strain AC that have been pulsed with MAS (followed by extensive washing) induced vigorous proliferative responses in subsequently added T cell populations. Pulsing of T cells with MAS, followed by the addition of AC, however, did not result in T cell proliferation. MAS was found to stimulate (responder X nonresponder) F1 T cells to proliferate if the MAS was presented in the context of either responder or (responder X nonresponder) F1 AC; nonresponder strain AC were ineffective in this regard. Nonresponder strain T cells were found to be capable of responding to MAS if it was presented in the context of responder strain AC, even if the T cells and AC were completely allogeneic. Thus, nonresponder strain T cells mounted vigorous proliferative responses if the MAS was presented in the context of responder strain AC. Conversely, responder strain T cells did not respond to MAS presented in the context of nonresponder strain AC. In addition, lymphoid cells from a B10 leads to B6AF1 radiation bone marrow chimera were also found to be capable of responding to MAS, but only in the presence of AC that expressed cell surface determinants controlled by the I-E/C subregion. The data presented here indicate that MAS-induced T cell proliferative responses are controlled at the level of the AC by a gene(s) that maps to the I-E/C subregion of the MHC.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Stereotyped behavioral responses to an auditory stimulus in the course of repeated treatment with methamphetamine plus scopolamine and methamphetamine in rats.

The present experiment was designed to study the effects of an auditory stimulus with 300 Hz, 100 dB on gradual emergence of behavioral sensitization in the course of repeated administration of methamphetamine (MAP) in combination with scopolamine (SCOP) and MAP. Repeated intraperitoneal injection of MAP (4.0 mg/kg) plus SCOP (0.5 mg/kg) induced significantly progressive and enduring enhancement of stereotyped behavior, resulting in intense, focussed stereotypy intermingled with gnawing and licking compared to repeated MAP treatment. Vigorous stereotyped behavior induced by repeated MAP plus SCOP was progressively attenuated by the tone, resulting in attenuation of the development of behavioral sensitization. Conversely, the tone had no invariable effects on behavioral sensitization induced by repeated MAP treatment. The present findings indicate that repeated MAP plus SCOP treatment progressively induced attenuating effects of tone as low as 300 Hz on MAP plus SCOP-induced intense stereotypy and vigorous behavioral sensitization. These findings suggest that a reciprocal balance between dopaminergic and cholinergic inhibitory systems may be involved in producing behavioral sensitization, and in the attenuating effects of the tone on MAP plus SCOP-induced vigorous behavioral sensitization.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

[Factorial construct validity of a measurement scale of fatigue in junior high school students].

To investigate factorial construct validity of a measurement scale of fatigue symptoms in junior high school students, a questionnaire which consisted of Cumulative Fatigue Symptoms Index (CFSI) and Psychological Condition Test (PCT) was administered on 289 students in Okinawa. Reliability coefficients were 0.607-0.811 for CFSI scales. A principal factor analysis with varimax rotation was applied to CFSI. In boys, 4 factors were extracted; general psychological symptoms, fatigue, emotional instability, and decreased morale and vitality. In girls, 4 factors were extracted; depression and anxiety, decreased morale and vitality, fatigue, and irritability. The same procedure was applied to PCT. In boys, 4 factors were extracted; negative feeling, vigor, inferiority complex, and fatigue. In girls, 4 factors were extracted; negative feeling, anger, vigor, and fatigue. Among factors derived from CFSI and PCT, the fatigue factor of CFSI was correlated with that of PCT. The factors concerning psychological symptoms of CFSI were correlated with those of PCT. However, the vigor factor of PCT was not correlated with any other factors. These results suggest that CFSI in junior high school students had factorial construct validity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Variations in rat liver chromatin composition during growth and the heterotic response.

The manifestation of hybrid vigor with regard to the inheritance of body weight was established as a postweaning phenomenon in rats. Liver weight gain generally corresponded to body weight gain and also reflected hybrid vigor. The protein/DNA ratios of the chromatin from livers of inbred and heterotic hybrid male rats were found to increase with increasing age in growing rats. Hybrid chromatin had higher protein/DNA ratios throughout the age range studies. The difference between hybrids and inbreds were greatest in the early postweaning stages of growth and maturation. The RNA/DNA ratios of chromatin from livers of inbred and hybrid male rats were also found to exhibit trends within certain developmental periods.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Somatic hybrids Solanum nigrum (+) S. tuberosum: morphological assessment and verification of hybridity.

Somatic hybrids between the cultivated potato diploid hybrid clone, ZEL-1136, and hexaploid non-tuber-bearing wild species Solanum nigrum L. exhibiting resistance to Phytophthora infestans were regenerated after PEG-mediated fusion of mesophyll protoplasts. The objective was to transfer the late-blight resistance genes from the wild species into plants of the cultivated potato clone. From a total of 59 regenerants, 40 clones survived and have been maintained in vitro on hormone-free MS/2 medium. Thirty-two somatic hybrids were identified by their intermediate morphology (leaves of nigrum type and flowers of tuberosum type) and verified by flow cytometry and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns. The RAPD analysis of nuclear DNA confirmed the hybrid nature of 29 clones. Flow cytometry revealed a wide range of ploidy in the generated hybrids, from nearly the tetra- to decaploid level. Most of the hybrid clones were stable in vitro, grew vigorously in soil, and set flowers and parthenocarpic berries. However, all of the flowering hybrids were male-sterile. Nine hybrid clones produced tuber-like structures in soil. The most vigorous flowering somatic hybrids were selected for assessment of the late-blight resistance.

Culture Techniques↗
PubMed2004

Recombination does not generate pinworm susceptibility during experimental crosses between two mouse subspecies.

The susceptibility to Aspiculuris tetraptera of European Mus musculus hybrids is thought to reflect the disruption of genomic co-adaptation through recombination of the parental genomes. Here, we compared the susceptibility to this parasite between parents and experimental hybrids (intersubspecific until F4, intrasubspecific F1, F2) to clarify the contributions of heterosis and subspecies incompatibility. F1 showed hybrid vigor. Unlike intrasubspecific F2, intersubspecific F2 were less resistant than F1, but revealed no increased susceptibility relative to the parents. Intersubspecific F3 and F4 showed the same hybrid vigor as F1. Heterosis contributed most to the resistance, but the differences between intra- and intersubspecific F2 suggested genomic incompatibilities between subspecies. However, the susceptibility did not increase through the recombination process, showing that disruption of co-adaptation does not directly affect resistance. Even if previous studies still support the selective role of parasites in the current hybrid zone, an alternative hypothesis on the origin of hybrid susceptibility is warranted.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Genetic analysis of the species cytoplasm specific gene (scs d) derived from durum wheat.

The action of species cytoplasm specific (scs) gene(s) can be observed when a durum (Triticum turgidum L.) nucleus is placed in the Aegilops longissimum S. & M. cytoplasm. This alloplasmic combination, (lo) durum, results in nonviable progeny. A scs gene derived from T. timopheevii Zhuk. (scs(ti)) produced compatibility with the (lo) cytoplasm. The resulting hemizygous (lo) scs(ti)- durum line was male sterile and when crossed to normal durum produced a 1:1 ratio of plump, viable (PV) seeds with scs(ti) and shriveled inviable (SIV) seeds without scs(ti). In a systematic characterization of durum lines an unusual line was identified that when crossed to (lo) scs(ti)- produced all PV seeds. When planted these PV seeds segregated at a 1:1 ratio of normal vigor plants (NVPs) and low vigor plants (LVPs). The LVP senescence before full maturity. The NVPs were male sterile and when crossed to common durum lines resulted in all plump seeds that again segregated at a 1:1 ratio of NVPs to LVPs. The crosses of these NVPs to common durum lines resulted in a 1:1 ratio of PV to SIV seeds. This study was extended to 317 individuals segregating for scs(ti) and the new locus, derived from durum wheat (scs(d)), establishing the allelic relationship of these two genes.

Crosses, Genetic↗
PubMed2002

A selective advantage to immigrant genes in a Daphnia metapopulation.

Immigrants to habitats occupied by conspecific organisms are usually expected to be competitively inferior, because residents may be locally adapted. If residents are inbred, however, mating between immigrants and residents results in offspring that may enjoy a fitness advantage from hybrid vigor. We demonstrate this effect experimentally in a natural Daphnia metapopulation in which genetic bottlenecks and local inbreeding are common. We estimate that in this metapopulation, hybrid vigor amplifies the rate of gene flow several times more than would be predicted from the nominal migration rate. This can affect the persistence of local populations and the entire metapopulation.

Alleles↗
PubMed1980

Effective crossbreeding systems utilizing Zebu cattle.

The basic objectives and procedures for successful crossbreeding of beef cattle were considered, with special reference to the levels of realized hybrid vigor that might be anticipated for different crossbreeding programs involving the American Brahman (Z1) and European (Ej) breeds. Intralocus heterozygosis levels with respect to breed origin of genes (breed heterozygosis) were computed for various crossbreeding systems. These values were weighted by approximate relative F1 heterosis levels for different breed combinations (1.0 for Z1Ej and .3 for E1E2) to yield the estimated relative hybrid vigor levels for total performance in alternative crossbreeding systems. The estimated average maternal heterosis levels for the various systems, were respectively 0, 33, 67, 66, 50, 54 and 49% for production of F1 (EZ) calves, three-breed terminal cross calves, two-breed-of-sire (E1--Z1) rotation crosses, three-breed-of-sire (Z1--E1--E2) rotation crosses, two-breed (Z X E) synthetics, three-breed (Z1 X E1E2) synthetics and four-breed (Z1E1 X E2E3) synthetics. The respective values for calf heterosis levels were 50, 57, 67, 66, 50, 54 and 49%. Successful crossbreeding requires (1) the choice of appropriate breed combinations for the environment and production system management programs to support the increased production potential or crossbred cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A prospective study of recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk.

BACKGROUND: Increased physical activity has been hypothesized to prevent breast cancer, largely by reducing cumulative lifetime exposure to circulating ovarian hormones. However, epidemiologic findings are inconsistent, and there is no consensus on the best way to quantify physical activity. We thus examined this issue in a large cohort of women, using several different measures of adult physical activity. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Nurses' Health Study, a prospective study of women aged 30 to 55 years in 1976. In 1980 and on subsequent surveys, women were asked about the average number of hours per week spent in various moderate and vigorous recreational physical activity during the past year. We computed a "baseline-only" (1980) measure of hours per week of physical activity, as well as a cumulative average measure that used updated reports on physical activity. During 16 years of follow-up, we identified 3137 cases of invasive breast cancer (1036 premenopausal and 2101 postmenopausal women). Data were analyzed by use of multivariate pooled logistic regression to produce relative risks of breast cancer, and the associated confidence intervals. RESULTS: Women who were more physically active in adulthood had a lower risk of breast cancer than those who were less physically active. Comparing those who reported engaging in moderate or vigorous physical activity for 7 or more hours per week with those who engaged in such physical activity for less than 1 hour per week, the relative risk was 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.97), using the cumulative average updating. The dose-response trend was statistically significant (P = .004). Using the baseline-only measure of physical activity produced slightly weaker relative risks. CONCLUSION: These results contribute to the body of evidence suggesting that higher levels of adult physical activity afford modest protection against breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Activation of partial complex seizures by hyperventilation.

Hyperventilation evoked abnormal EEG discharges or discharges and clinical seizures in 11% our patients with partial complex seizures. Hyperventilation is useful in the diagnosis of this kind of epilepsy, but may need to be pursed more vigorously and for a longer duration than is usual practice. The vigorous use of hyperventilation in selected patients with partial seizures should be employed before the use of other more complicated, expensive, and potentially harmful activating procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A physical activity screening measure for use with adolescents in primary care.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a reliable and valid physical activity screening measure for use with adolescents in primary care settings. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted 2 studies to evaluate the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of 6 single-item and 3 composite measures of physical activity. Modifications were based on the findings of the 2 studies, and a best measure was evaluated in study 3. Accelerometer data served as the criterion standard for tests of validity. RESULTS: In study 1 (N = 250; mean age, 15 years; 56% female; 36% white), reports on the composite measures were most reliable. In study 2 (N = 57; mean age, 14 years; 65% female; 37% white), 6 of the 9 screening measures correlated significantly with accelerometer data. Subjects, however, had great difficulty reporting bouts of activity and distinguishing between intensity levels. Instead, we developed a single measure assessing accumulation of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity. Evaluated in study 3 (N = 148; mean age, 12 years; 65% female; 27% white), the measure was reliable (intraclass correlation, 0.77) and correlated significantly (r = 0.40, P<.001) with accelerometer data. Correct classification (63%), sensitivity (71%), and false-positive rates (40%) were reasonable. CONCLUSION: The "moderate to vigorous physical activity" screening measure is recommended for clinical practice with adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Sexual activity and substance use among adolescents by category of physical activity plus team sports participation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether being both vigorously active and a team sports participant or being vigorously physically active but not a team member is associated with substance use and sexual risk behaviors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, using data from the 1999 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey. PARTICIPANTS: A nationally representative sample of 15 349 US high school students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sexual risk behaviors and substance use among those who were both physically active and team sports participants, physically active but not on a sports team, physically nonactive but on a sports team, and physically nonactive and not on a sports team by sex and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Nationwide, 41.9% of the students were both physically active and participants on a sports team, 22.1% were physically active but not sports team members, 12.6% were physically nonactive sports team members, and 22.3% were physically nonactive and not sports team members. More female (mean [SD], 29.3% [2.2%]) than male students (15.3% [1.9%]) were nonactive, and more male students were both physically active and participants in team sports (48.9% [3.4%]) than were female students (34.8% [3.2%]). Black students were more likely to be physically nonactive in both the team and nonteam categories than were students overall. Relative to nonactive nonteam female students, physically active female students on sports teams were less likely to be substance users or engage in sexual risk behaviors than were active nonteam and nonactive team female students. Other associations were specific to racial/ethnic subgroups. CONCLUSION: Overall, being both physically active and a team sports participant was associated with a lower prevalence of several health risk behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The relation between physical activity and mental health among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation of physical activity (PA) with feelings of sadness and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adolescent boys and girls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using a modified 2001 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand eight hundred seventy Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adolescents, aged 14 to 18 years, attending high school in Nueces County, Texas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relation between PA, including moderate and vigorous PAs, strength and toning, total PA, physical education class, and participation in team sports, and the dependent variables feelings of sadness and considering, planning, and attempting suicide. RESULTS: More boys reported participating in PA than girls (P<.001), and more girls than boys reported feelings of sadness and considering and planning suicide (P<.001). Greater attendance in physical education class was inversely related to feelings of sadness (odds ratio [OR], 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.68-0.94]); participation in more total PA sessions per week was associated with a lower risk of considering suicide (OR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.65-0.79]); and higher levels of vigorous PA (OR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.57-0.93]), total PA (OR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.48-0.87]), and strength and toning activity (OR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.42-0.99]) were associated with a lower risk of planning suicide. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with a beneficial effect of PA on feelings of sadness and suicidal behaviors in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white boys and girls. Physical activity may be considered as part of an intervention strategy to improve adolescent health as a whole.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevention of the epidemic increase in child risk of overweight in low-income schools: the El Paso coordinated approach to child health.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact on children's health of translating an evidence-based national intervention trial (Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health [CATCH]) to low-income elementary schools with primarily Hispanic students. DESIGN: An untreated, matched control group design with repeated dependent pretest and posttest samples was used. SETTING: Four El Paso CATCH and 4 control elementary schools in El Paso, Tex, along the US-Mexico border region. All had Title I status (most were low-income students). PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 896 third-grade children (473 control schools [224 girls and 249 boys] and 423 CATCH schools [199 girls and 224 boys]); 93% were Hispanic. INTERVENTION: Community-based implementation of the national CATCH program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of overweight or overweight, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, yards run in 9 minutes, passing rates for Fitnessgram national mile standards, moderate to vigorous physical activity and vigorous physical activity in physical education class, and percentage of fat and sodium in school lunches. RESULTS: Girls in control schools had significant increases in percentage of risk of overweight or overweight from third (26%) to fifth (39%) grades, as did girls in CATCH schools (30%-32%); however, the rate of increase for girls in the CATCH schools was significantly lower (2%) compared with the rate for control girls (13%). A similar pattern was seen for boys, with a rate of increase for boys in CATCH schools of 1% (40%-41%), which was significantly less than the 9% increase (40% to 49%) for control boys. CONCLUSIONS: The translation of the national CATCH program to low-income schools with Hispanic students successfully slowed the epidemic increase in risk of overweight or overweight seen in control school children. An emphasis should be placed on community organizing and evaluation feedback when implementing evidence-based school health programs in low-income Hispanic communities.

Anthropometry↗