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PubMed2004

Fatal occupational injuries in the construction sector in Kocaeli, Turkey, 1990--2001.

In Turkey, the construction sector is responsible for the largest number of work-related fatalities among all industries. This study's objective is to determine the characteristics of the fatalities in the construction sector in Kocaeli Province. The study was carried out retrospectively by investigating the records of occupational deaths between 1990 and 2001 in the Kocaeli District of Turkey. Fatal occupational injuries in the construction sector were investigated in detail by evaluating the records. The analysis was based on data from 153 deaths. The incidence of occupational injuries was found overall to be 4.5% in Kocaeli, while the annual mortality rate was 60.4 in Kocaeli and 79.0 in Turkey per 100,000 workers over the entire time period. On the other hand, the fatality rate of occupational injuries was found to be 12.0 per 1,000 in Turkey and 6.4 per 1,000 in Kocaeli. The evaluation of the type of injuries in construction sector has revealed that in 69 of cases (45.1%) fell down from high altitude, in 22 cases (14.4%) vehicle accident, and in 22 (14.4%) electrocution were the cause of death. The leading causes of death have been found to be blunt-force trauma (37.9%) and head trauma (25.5%). Fourty one percent of those who had occupational accidents have had less than one year work experience. Only in 7.8% of deaths, the cause was determined through an autopsy.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1997

Effect of rapid rigor mortis processes on protein functionality in pectoralis major muscle of domestic turkeys.

The pale, soft, exudative (PSE) phenomenon in turkey pectoralis major (breast) muscle was studied using a combination of biochemical, meat quality, microscopic, and gel electrophoresis techniques. Breast muscle samples were collected from turkeys characterized by slow vs fast postmortem glycolysis assessed by muscle pH at 20 min after death. The PSE group was characterized by lower muscle ATP (P < .05) and higher lactate levels (P < .05) compared with the normal group. Excess water-holding capacity and cooking yield were significantly lower (P < .05) in the PSE group than in normal turkeys. Breast muscle of the PSE group was also lighter (P < .05) than that in the normal group as determined by Minolta L* values. The SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that phosphorylase, a soluble enzyme, became tightly associated with the myofibrils in muscle from the PSE group. Also, less myosin could be solubilized from PSE vs normal myofibril samples. The results indicate that irreversible myosin insolubility due to low pH and high-temperature conditions is decisive in the development of PSE turkey breast muscle.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1983

Mortality, hemodynamics, and aortic properties among male and female turkeys fed beta-aminopropionitrile.

Broad-Breasted White turkeys were randomized into four treatment groups at 4 weeks of age in each of three trials. Group 1, males, and Group 2, females, were fed an unsupplemented (control) diet from 4 to 10 weeks of age. Group 3, males, and Group 4, females, were fed the control diet supplemented with 0.07% beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN). The experiments were terminated at 10 weeks of age. There was no mortality among male and female turkeys fed the control diet or significant differences in blood pressure, heart rate, aortic tensile strength, or aortic hydroxyproline between these males and females. Sixty-five percent of the males and 21% of the females fed BAPN died of dissecting aneurysms; blood pressure, heart rate, and dp/dt max were not altered as a result of feeding BAPN. Aortic tensile strength was higher in control turkeys than those fed BAPN, but males fed BAPN had the lowest value. Males fed BAPN also had the lowest aortic hydroxyproline content. Ultrastructural alterations of aortic elastic and collagen fibers were more severe in males than females fed BAPN. Aortic changes did not occur in control turkeys.

Aminopropionitrile↗
PubMed1976

Response to selection for hatchability in turkeys at three altitudes.

Eggs from a commerical flock of Small White turkeys established at 76 meters above sea level were used to develop five lines of turkeys. Hatchability of fertile eggs was the only criterion used to establish selected lines at 76, 1524, and 2182 meters. Control lines were maintained at the 76 and 1524-meter locations. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of the selection program on organ weights, body weight, and packed cell volumes (PCV). For two generations, eggs from one hatch at each of the three elevations were divided into three groups, two of which were exchanged for hatching and rearing. Twenty poults from the five lines at all three locations were sacrificed at 1-day, 2-weeks, and 4-weeks of age. Heart. liver spleen, adrenals, pancreas, lungs, kidneys, and gonads were removed, weighed, and the weight expressed as a percent of body weight. Blood samples were collected and PCV values determined at ages 1-day, 2-weeks, and 4-weeks at the 1524-meter elevation. Selection for hatchability had no adverse effect upon 1-day, 2, and 4-week body weights. Variations in body weight between locations were not due to natural environmental conditions, but rather to variations in management. Selection for hatchability coupled with natural selection resulted in the development of lines of turkeys with higher PCV values than the original control population. Exposure of turkey poults from the five genetic lines developed at an altitude of 2182 meters lead to an increase in relative weights of the heart and adrenal glands compared to birds at the 76 and 1524-meter locations. Exposure at the 2182-meter location also resulted in lighter spleens, pancreata, kidneys, and ovaries compared to birds at the 76 and 1524-meter locations. Selection for hatchability favors larger adrenals, livers, pancreata, kidneys, and lungs, but smaller hearts. Natural selection at higher elevations compounds the situation by favoring smaller adrenals and livers, but larger spleens, pancreata, and kidneys.

Altitude↗
PubMed1976

Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism. 5. Relationship between the major phosphorylated metabolic intermediates and while blood oxygen affinity in embryols and poults of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).

The changes in organic phosphates of turkey erythrocytes (RBC) have been determined in relation to the changes in oxygen affinity of whole blood during growth of the embryo and poult. On a molar basis, 2,3 diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) is the predominant organic phosphate of erythrocytes from turkey embryos during the last week of incubation. However, on the basis of relative % phosphate, 2,3-DPG is the major organic phosphate of the erythrocytes from turkey embryos on day 23 and 25 of incubation only. With the exception of day 23 and 25 incubation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) represents the major organic phosphate of the erythrocytes of the turkey embryo and poult during the last week of embryonic development and through the first 29 days after hatching. The whole blood P50 during the last week of incubation and the first 8 days after hatching correlates best with the amount of ATP in the erythrocytes. The effects of inositol pentaphosphate on P50 of the whole blood is much more gradual and appears to become of major influence after 2-3 weeks post-hatching.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of Aureomycin for prevention of arthritic, pulmonary and cranial forms of fowl cholera in turkeys.

Aureomycin fed at concentrations of 55, 110, and 220 mg./kg. of feed significantly (P less than 0.05) increased livability as compared to that of the nonmedicated exposed and increased average body wieght gained per turkey as compared to that of both the nonmedicated exposed and nonmedicated nonexposed turkeys. The increase in survival was proportional to the increase in concentration of Aureomycin in the feed. Turkeys were exposed, in the drinking water, to three isolates of Pasteurella multocida which had inclinations for localizing in the joints, lungs, and air spaces of the head. There were no carriers of P. multocida in either the medicated or nonmedicated turkeys three weeks after exposure.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

Studies of methods for in situ observation of gastric motility in domestic turkeys.

The normal gastroduodenal contraction cycle of turkeys is believed to be controlled and coordinated by the myenteric plexus which lies just under the serosa of the muscular stomach. Methods which would permit direct application of chemical and physical stimuli to these gastric nerves were studied in intact and decerebrate turkeys using both radiographic and direct observations to monitor contraction cycles. In intact turkeys, general anesthetics (sodium pentobarbital, halothane; and ketamine hydrochloride) inhibited gastric motility. A local anesthetic (lidocaine hydrochloride) injected into the skin and abdominal muscles caused a depression of motility. In both intact and chronically decerebrate turkeys laparatomy (after local anesthetic in intact birds) and a neuromuscular blocking agent (gallamine triethiodide) also depressed gastric motility. Motility was slightly reduced by artificial respiration and exposure of the serosal surface of the stomach and intestines to air via an abdominal fistula.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1978

Alleviation of fluorine toxicity in starting turkeys and chicks with aluminum.

Aluminum (Al) compounds were evaluated as fluorine (F) toxicity alleviators in starting broiler chicks and turkeys. Added F levels from NaF ranged from 0 to 1000 ppm, whereas Al levels varied from 0 to 800 ppm. Al was fed either as Al2O3 or Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O. When fed as the sulphate salt, 800 ppm of Al completely prevented the toxic effect of at least 1000 ppm of F. Al2O3 was not effective as an alleviator of fluorine toxicity. When the mode of action of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O against F toxicity was studied in colostomized turkeys it was apparent that F absorption occurred but was probably less efficient than previously reported in ruminants. Al significantly (P less than .05) reduced F absorption in turkeys. Urinary F levels were: 2.4 ppm in birds fed a control diet (26 ppm F), 17.8 ppm in birds fed a diet with 1000 ppm F, and 6.7 ppm in birds fed the high F diet with 800 ppm Al as the sulphate salt. In addition, data from this study indicated that starting broiler chicks were more tolerant (800 ppm F) than starting turkeys (600 ppm F) to fluorine toxicosis.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1979

Plasma corticosterone values in genetic hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys.

Plasma corticosterone levels of hypertensive and hypostensive turkeys were 2.50 and 2.19 micrograms/dl, respectively. Male turkeys of both strains had a mean plasma levels of 2.47 micrograms/dl and female turkeys had a mean level of 2.21 micrograms/gl. The average plasma corticosterone level for all turkeys was 2.35 micrograms/dl. Although the plasma corticosterone levels were higher at 1200 hr than at either 0800 or 1600 hr, the differences were not statistically significant. It was condluded that blood pressure selection had no significant effect on plasma corticosterone levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Hemolytic complement activity in broiler chickens and turkeys.

Broiler chickens and turkeys were tested for hemolytic complement (C) activity at 7 or 14 day intervals beginning at one day of age and ending at 42 days of age. The mean titers for chickens on days 1, 14, 28, and 42 were 1:14, 1:14, 1:22, and 1:33, respectively. The mean C titers for turkeys on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 were 1:4, 1:6, 1:9, 1:10, 1:19, and 1:25, respectively. Birds were segregated as to sex so hemolytic activities could be compared. There were no significant differences between sexes in C titers in broiler chickens at any of the ages tested. This was also true of turkeys, except at 42 days of age when the C titer of the hens was significantly higher than the toms. Complement titers increased with age in both broiler chickens and turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Methionine and protein requirements of turkeys 8 to 16 weeks of age.

Turkeys of medium size strains were fed nine diets varying in protein and added methionine content from 8 to 12 and from 12 to 16 weeks of age. Four experiments with a 3 X 3 factorial design were conducted for each age period. Changing the protein content from 18 to 21% and from 21 to 24% during the 8- to 12-week period increased body weight gain by 11.2 and 5.1%, respectively. Changing the protein content from 15 to 18% and from 18 to 21% during the 12- to 16-week period increased body weight gains by 16.7 and 5.4%, respectively. Added methionine at the .2 and .4% levels increased body weight gains by 10.3 and 11.7% from 8 to 12 weeks and 3.5 to 2.3% from 12 to 16 weeks, respectively. The total sulfur amino acid requirements of Medium White turkeys during the 8- to 12- and 12- to 16-week periods were about .93 and .75%, respectively. Using data from the current and previous studies (Potter and Shelton, 1979), we calculated multiple regression analyses of percentage increase in body weight gains (Y1 of males or females during 2-week periods from increasing the dietary protein content by 3% on percent protein(X1) in the diet and average age (X2) of the turkeys. From these regressions, the protein requirement of Medium White turkeys is about 30.3% at one day of age and decreases .61 and .78 percentage units per week for males and females, respectively.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1980

The major histocompatibility complex in the turkey: do erythrocytes bear serologically detectable H antigens?

An attempt was made to identify erythrocyte cell surface antigens associated with the major histocompatibility complex in the turkey. Two turkey lines, A and B, from the University of Minnesota, putatively homozygous for different major histocompatibility complex alleles, were used for this study. A total of 79 birds were immunized either by skin grafting or by injection of homogenized skin preparation in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Antisera produced with skin grafts and homogenized skin inoculated intramuscularly both contained red cell agglutinins of low titer. Because agglutination reactions were weak, no sera were suitable for use as line-specific typing fluids. Thus, we were unable to demonstrate that turkey erythrocytes contain serologically detectable major histocompatibility antigens corresponding to the B major histocompatibility system in the chicken or the H-2 system in mice. Rather, the turkey major histocompatibility complex is more like that in rabbits, dogs, monkeys and humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of frequency of semen collection on reproductive performance of male turkeys fed low protein diets during the breeder period.

Eight-week-old Large White male turkeys were fed ad libitum a 17% protein corn-soybean meal diet until 28 weeks old. At 28 weeks the average body weight was 14.2 kg and 75% of the males were producing semen. The turkeys were fed diets containing 8, 11, 13, or 17% protein from 28 to 53 weeks. At 53 weeks the average body weights were 17.6, 18.9, 19.0, and 19.2 kg for birds fed 8, 11, 13 and 17% protein, respectively. The turkeys consumed less of the 8 and 11% protein diets: .88 and .92 of the amount of the 17% protein diet consumed during weeks 28 to 53. Semen was collected one time (1x) (Tuesday) and 3x (Monday-Wednesday-Friday) per week from 20 turkeys in each dietary treatment. Semen volume averaged .29 and .21 ml per ejaculate for the 1x/week and 3x/week semen collections, respectively, with no effect of dietary treatment. Sperm concentration (8.28 x 10(9) sperm/ml) was consistent in all groups throughout the experiment. Fertility of eggs set and hatchability of fertile eggs was high (+91%) for hens inseminated with semen collected 1x/week from males fed 8, 11, 13, and 17% protein diets, respectively. However, fertility of semen from the 3x/week semen collection was 79% after the 1st insemination and increased to 92% after the 2nd weekly insemination. Overall fertility for the 10 weeks was 94 and 92% for the 1x/week and 3x/week semen collections, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of holding temperature and storage time on respiratory rate, motility, and fertility of chicken and turkey semen.

A series of experiments was conducted to measure the respiratory activity, motility, and fertility of chicken and turkey sperm in undiluted and diluted (1 part semen to 5 parts Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender) semen held at either 41, 25, 15, or 5 C for 3 or 6 hr. Sperm respiration was temperature dependent, increasing with increasing temperature. When incubated under identical conditions, the respiratory rate of spermatozoa in diluted semen of both species was significantly (P less than .05) higher than in undiluted semen. In undiluted and diluted chicken and turkey semen, sperm mortality was lowest at 41 C. No differences in the motility of spermatozoa from undiluted and diluted semen of either species were observed in the unstored controls. Sperm motility in samples held at 15 or 5 C was similar to that of the unstored controls. The fertility of diluted chicken semen was highest (75%) after 6 hr of storage at 5 C. Fertility levels (71 to 83%) of chicken semen was highest (75%) after 6 hr of storage at 5 C. Fertility levels (71 to 83%) of chicken semen held for 3 hr at 25, 15, or 5 C did not differ from the unstored control. In contrast, the fertilizing capacity of diluted turkey semen (0 to 45%) was significantly lower than the unstored controls (68%), regardless of holding times and temperatures. The fertility of undiluted turkey semen was significantly (P less than .05) lower than the unstored control in all cases, with the exception of semen held at 25 C for 3 hr.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of exercise on aortic atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular variables among hyper- and hypotensive turkeys.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of physical training on the turkey cardiovascular system. Sexually mature (Experiment 1) and immature (Experiment 2) Large White turkeys were used. Equal numbers of genetically hypertensive and hypotensive birds were used in each experiment. In each experimental group, birds were randomly divided into exercise and control treatments. Assessments were made with regard to training effects and differences associated with genetic blood pressure strain. Exercise had no significant effect on the severity of atherosclerosis or serum lipid levels in either experiment. Significantly greater hematocrits were recorded among birds exercised in Experiment 1; however, hemoglobin concentration did not follow this trend. Exercise was also associated with increased cardiac dimensions (Experiment 1) and increased body weight (Experiment 2). Genetic hypertension was associated with accelerated atherogenesis and higher serum cholesterol levels in immature birds, and in mature birds cardiac enlargement was associated with hypertension. Differences in behavior response to exercise were observed between the two experiments. Sexually mature hypertensive turkeys showed less endurance to the walking regimen than the hypotensive turkeys, but no such differences were observed in immature hypertensive or hypotensive birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The amino acid requirements of growing turkeys. 1. Model construction and parameter estimation.

A model has been formulated to calculate the protein and amino acid requirements for growing turkeys. A requirement was taken as the sum of the needs for maintenance, for gain in carcass weight without feathers, and for the feathers. Parameters used in the model were obtained from a study of carcass composition along the growth period and from two balance trials with adult turkeys. The maintenance requirement was considered to be the sum of the needs for replacing skin and intestinal protein losses and for the obligatory creatinine excretion in the urine. Nitrogen retention was determined at 2.3 g/day in protein-fed adult (17 kg) male turkeys as an estimate for the replacement needs for skin protein loss. Creatinine excretion in these birds was 123 mg/day. When fed an N-free diet, 16.5 kg adult turkeys excreted a total of 3.5 g/day amino acids as a result of intestinal losses. The protein requirement for maintenance was estimated at 32 mg/day/g2/3 of body weight by summing up the different needs and dividing by .85, the coefficient of protein absorption. Protein and amino acid analyses of nude carcass and feathers and the growth curve were used to calculate the requirements for growth. These were then related to energy intake predicted by equations, which included previously determined coefficients for maintenance and growth (Hurwitz et al., 1980a), and the results of carcass lipid analysis. The calculated amino acid requirements were similar to those of the National Research Council (1977).

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

Morphological changes in chicken and turkey spermatozoa incubated under various conditions.

The viability and morphology of undiluted and diluted chicken and turkey spermatozoa were compared when incubated at either 41, 25, 15, or 5 C for 0 (control), 3, or 6 hr. Increasing the incubation time to 6 hr, raising the incubation temperature to 41 C, or both resulted in higher numbers of dead spermatozoa in semen from both species. Conversely, dilution (1:5 with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender) of chicken or turkey semen resulted in a significant (P less than .05) decrease in the number of dead spermatozoa as compared to their respective undiluted counterparts, especially in samples incubated at 41 C. Turkey semen exhibited a somewhat lower percentage of dead spermatozoa, bent spermatozoa, and sperm tail coiling than did chicken semen incubated under similar conditions. No significant (P greater than .05) differences were observed in chicken and turkey semen samples when measuring other sperm cell abnormalities regardless of incubation conditions. These results indicate selective species differences in sperm morphological changes in response to incubation temperature, incubation time, and semen dilution.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Testicular weights, ductus deferens semen volumes, and sperm concentration of turkeys with high and low ejaculate volumes.

Studies were conducted to determine if high and low ejaculate volumes were associated with differences in testicular weight and ductus (d.) deferens semen volumes. Mature male breeder turkeys were classified as low (less than or equal to .22 ml) or high (greater than .30 ml) semen producers. One week after or immediately after the last semen collection the turkeys were killed, testes weighed, and d. deferens and ejaculate semen volumes and sperm concentrations determined. Comparisons of low (LSP) and high (HSP) semen producers showed no differences in testes weights and sperm concentration in d. deferens. However, LSP turkeys had a lower volume of semen in the d. deferens and ejaculated a lower percentage of that volume than did HSP turkeys (P less than .05). Although the sperm concentrations of HSP and LSP were the same, the total number of sperm in the ejaculate of LSP was less than the HSP and was also less when calculated as a percentage of the sperm in the ejaculate plus d. deferens. These studies indicate that both a decreased reservoir of semen in the d. deferens and a lower efficiency of removal of semen from the d. deferens contribute to the decreased ejaculate volume of LSP.

Animals↗