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PubMed1998

Prevalence and risk factors for odontoclastic resorptive lesions in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of, and risk factors for, odontoclastic resorptive lesions in cats seen in a private veterinary practice population. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 145 cats more than 1 year of age that underwent anesthesia for various procedures. PROCEDURE: Cats were evaluated under anesthesia for odontoclastic resorptive lesions. Lesions were graded, using a published classification system. Clients completed a standardized survey on signalment, indoor-outdoor status, medications, diet during the past year, number of daily feedings, treat feeding, source of water, and oral hygiene practices. RESULTS: 48% of cats had resorptive lesions. Lesions were most commonly mandibular, and premolars were more often affected. Compared with cats without oral lesions, cats with oral lesions were more likely to be older, female, taking medications, drinking city (vs well) water, and playing less often with toys. In addition, cats without oral lesions were more likely to have owners who cleaned their teeth daily or twice a week and to be fed diets with higher magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium contents. Frequency of teeth cleaning was inversely related to the development of odontoclastic resorptive lesions. Variables significantly associated with oral lesions were age and magnesium content of diet. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Older cats should be examined closely for odontoclastic resorptive lesions. Clients should be advised on methods and frequency of teeth cleaning in cats to prevent lesions. Dietary nutrients may play a role in the development of odontoclastic resorptive lesions in cats.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The role of nitric oxide in orthodontic tooth movement in rats.

Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in second messenger formation, osteoblast and osteoclast function, and pulpal blood flow. This raises the question of whether or not altered NO production interferes with orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) by influencing the bone remodeling cycle. To investigate the role of NO in OTM, a rat model was established and 48 rats were divided into four study groups of 12 rats each. A 5 mm nickel-titanium closed-coil spring was ligated between the right maxillary incisor and first molar of each rat to deliver an initial force of 60 g. A saline group received subperiosteal injections of normal saline (50 microL/kg), an L-arginine (L-arg) group received L-arginine (NO precursor) injections (200 mg/kg), and a, L-NAME group received N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor)(10 mg/kg) injections. All injections were given in the upper right first molar mucosa from the first through the 11th day of force application at 48-hour intervals. A control group received no injections. Tooth movement measurements were done at the time of injections. Animals were sacrificed 13 days after appliance insertion and final OTMs were measured at the time of sacrifice. From the third day till the end of the experiment, the L-arg group showed a significant increase in tooth movements, whereas the L-NAME group showed a significant decrease in tooth movements compared to the control and saline group (P < .001). Histopathologic studies revealed that the number of osteoclasts was significantly higher in the L-arg group smears, while the number of osteoclasts in the L-NAME group was significantly lower as compared to the control group (P < .001). Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that the force-induced root resorption in the L-arg group was less than the control group. This study suggests a role for NO in the bone remodeling cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Feline dental resorptive lesions in the 13th to 14th centuries.

The Schild excavation (1971-1975) unearthed 1871 feline bones from at least 181 cats from the town market in medieval Schleswig-Gottorf. Seven of the 189 mandibles and one of the 126 skulls were investigated using a combination of macroscopic, radiographic, and histologic examinations as well as Knoop hardness measurements. The preliminary results of examinations of three mandibles and one skull are presented and reveal that feline dental resorptive lesions were present in cats that lived in a settlement period dating from the 13th and 14th centuries in former Schleswig, Germany.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Long-term follow-up of severely resorbed maxillary incisors after resolution of an etiologically associated impacted canine.

BACKGROUND: Resorption of maxillary incisor roots because of an impacted canine is a well-recognized phenomenon that occurs in a surprisingly high proportion of patients with impacted canines. In this retrospective study, we studied a sample of patients in whom the resorption was particularly severe. METHODS: The sample consisted of 11 patients (age, 11.8 +/- 1.2 years) with 20 severely resorbed maxillary incisors. The amount of resorption was measured at the outset (T1), when the impacted canine was distanced from the incisor root area (T2), at the completion of the orthodontic treatment (T3), and at a follow-up appointment at least 1 year posttreatment (T4). RESULTS: A 17.2% increase in the crown/root ratio occurred due to aggressive continued resorption between T1 and T2. The resorption rate reduced to an almost insignificant level, despite continued and often appreciable orthodontic movement of the resorbed teeth from T2 to T3. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with impacted canines should be screened for resorption and the impacted tooth treated as soon as possible. The resorption process can be halted and the affected tooth moved orthodontically without further risk of resorption. In the long term, with early treatment, even severely resorbed teeth do not suffer from increased mobility or discoloration and might not require splinting.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-12 (rhBMP-12) on regeneration of periodontal attachment following tooth replantation in dogs.

OBJECTIVES: Subcutaneous and intramuscular implants of bone morphogenetic protein-12 (BMP-12) have been shown to induce formation of tendon and ligament tissue. BMP-12 induced a new attachment with a distinct fibrocartilaginous zone at the tendon-bone interface in the rat tendon-bone attachment model. Surgical controls showed poor healing and failure to reform the appropriate tendon-bone attachment morphologically. Application of recombinant human BMP-12 (rhBMP-12) to periodontal defects suggests that rhBMP-12 has the potential to support regeneration of the periodontal ligament (PDL). The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate this effect of rhBMP-12 in a tooth replantation model. METHODS: Six, young adult, male Hound Labrador mongrel dogs were used. Maxillary and/or mandibular incisor and premolar teeth were extracted and the PDL was either left "intact" or removed by root planing. rhBMP-12 (1.0 mg/ml) or a buffer control was topically applied to teeth with "intact" PDL in contralateral jaw quadrants in each of 3 animals. The teeth were immersed in 1.0 ml of the rhBMP-12 or the buffer solution for 10 min and then replanted. The remaining three animals received rhBMP-12 (1.0 mg/ml) and the buffer control in a similar fashion applied to teeth instrumented to remove the PDL and cementum, and surface demineralized with citric acid. The animals were euthanized at 8 weeks postsurgery and block sections were collected and processed for histopathologic analysis. RESULTS: No dramatic differences were found between teeth receiving topical rhBMP-12 and the buffer control. Application of rhBMP-12 did not have an apparent effect on new cementum and PDL formation in the tooth replantation model. Moreover, application of rhBMP-12 did not increase nor did it decrease the apparent presence and extent of ankylosis along the root surface compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS: The observations from this study do not support the use of topical rhBMP-12 to support the reestablishment of the PDL including regeneration of cementum and functionally oriented fibers, and to prevent ankylosis and root resorption following replantation of teeth.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of repeated orthodontic treatment on the dental and periodontal tissues of the rat incisor.

This study evaluated the response of treated teeth to renewed orthodontic force. Thirty female rats (201 +/- 2.7 g) were divided into groups A and B. Linguointrusive loads (20.58 +/- 1.88 g) generated by springs were applied to the lower left incisor for 2 weeks and then removed to allow recovery during 27 weeks (group A). Identical loading was then repeated in group A and applied as primary treatment in group B. Five animals from each group were killed with the springs in situ (A-1 and B-1), while the remaining 20 animals were killed after a 3-month recovery (A-2, B-2). The decalcified incisors were cross-sectioned serially (2 microm), and the distance of each section from the apex was computed. Dental and periodontal injuries were evaluated by light microscopy and plotted according to their location on the tooth axis. The intrusion of the teeth in group A-1 was significantly greater, whereas recovery of the normal eruption rate in group A-2 was significantly slower compared with groups B-1 and B-2. The histopathologic lesions in groups A-1 and B-1 did not differ. However, group A-2 showed a higher frequency of injured enamel organ, tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells, necrotic areas, and dentin resorption than group B-2. Initial orthodontic loading had a detrimental effect on the ability of the periodontal and dental tissues to cope with, and to recover from, repeated stress, probably because of a decrease in the number of periodontal fibroblasts and damage to the dentin-protecting cementoblastic layer.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Pulpal response to orthognathic surgery: a long-term radiographic study.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the ischemia associated with orthognathic surgery causes long-term pathologic changes in the pulp similar to those documented after traumatic injuries. A total of 93 patients, 21.9 to 63.9 years of age (mean 38.5 years, SD 9.4), consented to participate in a follow-up study ranging from 4.7 to 15.3 years (mean 8.9 years, SD 2.9) after surgery. LeFort I osteotomy was performed on 42 patients and bilateral sagittal split osteotomies on 76 patients. Full-mouth series of periapical radiographs taken at the time of follow-up were compared with pretreatment and posttreatment panoramic radiographs. The development of pulp canal obliteration was observed more often in the maxillae of patients treated with LeFort I osteotomy than in those without (p < 0.001). No difference was seen in the frequency of maxillae with teeth developing radiographic signs of pulp necrosis between patients treated with and without LeFort I osteotomy. However, a higher proportion of the teeth were affected among the patients treated with osteotomy (p < 0.01). The presence of a restoration or caries was a risk factor for the development of necrosis (p < 0.01). Bilateral sagittal split osteotomies had no apparent effect on long-term pathologic pulpal changes. No internal resorption was seen. Only very few teeth were extracted during the follow-up period.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term photographic and radiographic assessment of bonded resin composite strip crowns for primary incisors: results after 3 years.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the photographic and radiographic success of the treatment of maxillary anterior primary incisors with composite resin strip crowns (SCs) placed in a private-practice setting after a minimum of 18 months. METHODS: This was a retrospective, clinical study of patients who had SCs placed on primary maxillary incisors, returned for at least one 18-month recall examination, and whose parents consented to participate in the study. Radiographic and photographic examinations were used for evaluation. Two evaluators rated the images independently. RESULTS: One hundred forty-five restorations, placed in 52 children, were evaluated. The evaluations were performed after the crowns had been in place for an average of 31.3 months. None of the restorations were totally lost: 20% were rated as having lost some resin material, resulting in an 80% overall retention rate; 92% of the teeth demonstrated healthy pulps; 6% had some pulpal changes, but did not require immediate attention. Only 2 teeth showed radiographic evidence of pulpal pathology requiring treatment. CONCLUSIONS: SCs performed well for restoring primary incisors with large or multisurface caries for periods of over 3 years. This study suggests that SCs are likely to be successful and may be indicated as an excellent treatment choice for carious primary incisors with adequate tooth structure after caries removal, especially if esthetic concerns predominate.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1978

Tooth ontogeny in the upper jaw and tongue of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Tooth development has been studied in the upper jaw and tongue of a series of rainbow trout embryos (Salmo gairdneri). The sequence of tooth ontogeny in the maxillary bone differs significantly from that seen in the premaxillary bone. In the maxillary bone the teeth developed in an almost perfect alternating sequence from front to back, the teeth occupying the odd-numbered tooth positions developing ahead of those occupying the even-numbered tooth positions. However an alternating sequence was not encountered in the premaxillary bone of the rainbow trout where, from tooth position 4, teeth developed in sequence, and at approximately the same rate, in both directions. The significance of this difference was discussed. The teeth on the tongue developed in an alternating sequence, the fourth tooth developing first followed by the second tooth. The teeth in positions one, three and five later developed simultaneously. Evidence was presented which indicated that resorption of a tooth may commence from its pulpal surface in association with the appearance of multinucleated giant cells and not from the external surface in relation to a successional tooth. This was particularly so in the case of lingual teeth where the successor was laterally positioned or in midline teeth which lacked successional teeth.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Multiple idiopathic external resorption of teeth.

Three cases of multiple idiopathic external resorption are presented. The condition is characterised by the absence of any widespread inflammatory response both in the gingival tissues and within the dental pulp. The only curative treatment is exodontia.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

224 Ra and 226Ra experimentally induced dental changes in rats.

Sprague-Dawley rats received intragastrically a single dose of 226Ra or 224Ra once weekly for 21 weeks. During this period the animals of both groups were thus exposed to comparable doses. After 12 weeks, a shortening of the maxillary incisors was observed, and this progressed during the course of the 55-week experiment. Radiologically, a loss of pulpal transparency and an apical irregular opacity in the maxillary incisors were demonstrable. Histologically, dysplastic changes of the maxillary incisors and multiple resorptions at the cemento-enamel junction of the molars were seen. The observed alterations were more pronounced in the 226Ra group than in the 224Ra treated group. The experimentally induced resorptions were comparable to those observed in patients who had incorporated 224Ra or 226Ra. Clinical, radiological, histological, gamma-spectrometrical, and autoradiographical findings, as well as dose-estimations, are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Resorbing potential of different connective tissue types.

Pieces of dentin were implanted into five different connective tissues in rats and examined with scanning electron microscopy after observation periods of up to 2 weeks. Dentin-oclast-like cells, apparently involved in resorption of the implants, were only seen associated with periosteum and periodontal membrane. These findings indicate that the resorbing potential of connective tissues is related to their ability to induce bone formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Paediatric dentistry avulsion: case reports.

Children may present at a dental surgery for management of oro-facial injuries. Most general dental practitioners are able to handle straightforward cases but referral may be required for complex injuries. Successful healing following tooth avulsion depends on the amount of damage to teeth and supporting structures, emergency treatment, and follow-up treatment. All of these play a role in the long-term prognosis of avulsed teeth.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An alternative hypothesis from veterinary science for the pathogenesis of noncarious cervical lesions.

An alternative hypothesis to abrasion and erosion for the pathogenesis of noncarious cervical lesions was put forward in 1984; the so-called occlusal theory suggested that tensile stresses from occlusal overload could be involved in the pathogenesis of noncarious cervical lesions and that bending stresses applied to teeth could cause disruption of the surface enamel, resulting in increased susceptibility to dissolution and abrasion at the affected sites and in the development of wedge-shaped lesions. This theory has gained increased acceptance in recent years, although absolute scientific evidence has been scant. These lesions also occur in animals, in particular, the domestic cat, in which they are called feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions. A variety of theories about pathogenesis of these lesions have been put forward, but there is some evidence that occlusal overload may be a contributory factor in the development of an inflammatory response in the periodontal membrane and the presence of enzymes associated with resorption in the gingival crevice. Further investigation may help define a common etiology between the pathogenesis of feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions and noncarious cervical lesions.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1987

[Tooth grafts in the dog: effect at mid-term of preservation of the periodontal ligament on root and alveolar remnants].

This work was undertaken to study at middle term (5 months) the behaviour of radicular grafts implanted in newly formed sockets. In some of the grafts, the remnants of the periodontal membrane were carefully preserved in a wet medium while in the others the root surface was curetted and dried. Preservation of the periodontal tissues allowed the organization of a periodontal space. This new periodontal ligament was occasionally functional with fibres in continuity from cementum to bone. Generally it was not functional with the fibres laying parallel to cementum and bone surfaces. Early "surface resorption" of the root was prevented as well as ankylosis leading to replacement of root with bone. The extent of ankylosis was reduced. It was localized to the buccal and lingual aspects of the roots where the periodontal ligament was disorganized during the extraction procedure. In the non preserved roots, ankylosis was almost total. Roots were in part replaced with bone. At 5 months, this process was still in progress.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2002

Contemporary endodontic retreatments: an analysis based on clinical treatment findings.

A prospective in vivo investigation was conducted to determine radiographic and clinical factors associated with contemporary nonsurgical endodontic retreatments. Approximately 1,100 failing endodontically treated teeth were screened to determine an appropriate treatment plan. Using magnification, 337 consecutive retreatment cases were evaluated and treated. The vast majority of the retreated cases involved multiple factors. Eighty-five percent of the cases presented with periradicular radiolucencies. Sixty-five percent of the cases demonstrated poor radiographic obturation quality. Associated pain was noted 51% of the time. Forty-two percent of the teeth had untreated canal space. It was statistically significant (Chi-square, p < or = 0.05) that additional canal space was located and treated in 89% of the cases that had previous radiographic asymmetrical obturations. Evidence of coronal leakage was noted in 13% of the retreated teeth. Tooth number, obturation materials, overfills, and previous surgical retrofillings were also recorded. Recommendations were made that might improve the rate of clinical success.

Dental Leakage↗