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PubMed1997

Relationship of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and dietary habits with Helicobacter pylori infection in Japanese men.

BACKGROUND: Little is known of factors determining infection with Helicobacter pylori. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 566 men aged 50-55 years, who received a preretirement health examination at the Self Defense Forces Fukuoka Hospital between January 1993 and December 1994, we examined the association of smoking, alcohol use, and dietary habits with H. pylori infection. RESULTS: The overall seropositivity as determined with IgG antibody was 79.3% (449 of 566). The rank was inversely associated with the infection (trend, P = 0.048). Neither smoking nor alcohol drinking was related to the infection. The prevalence adjusted for rank tended to be lower in men consuming raw vegetables (trend, P = 0.12) daily than those with less consumption. Unexpectedly, the consumption of tofu (soybean curd) was significantly, negatively related to the infection (trend, P = 0.013). The seropositivity was unrelated to the consumption of pickled vegetables, soy paste soup, green tea, or garlic. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that fresh vegetables may be protective against H. pylori infection. The study does not support either an increased risk of the infection associated with salty foods or a protective effect of green tea or garlic.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1997

Reproducibility of self-administered questionnaire in epidemiological surveys.

We evaluated the reproducibility of data on intake frequency of 33 food items, beverage intake frequency of 3 items, drinking and smoking habits, and past history of 10 diseases obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. The survey subjects consisted of 263 aged 39 to 79 years individuals in the general population. After about one year interval these subjects consecutively participated in two surveys and were unintentionally requested to answer to the same questionnaire. The means of percent exact agreements for 33 food items were 48.4% in all, 42.7% in males and 49.4% in females. The means of their percent agreements within one category difference were 85.4% in all, 83.3% in males and 85.8% in females. The reproducibility of beverage intake frequency was the highest in green tea, followed in order by black tea and coffee. The percent exact agreements were 85.4% in males and 81.8% in females for drinking habit, 87.5% in males and 99.0% in females for smoking habit, and 93.7% in males and 97.2% in females for past history. The reproducibility of the self-administered questionnaire was the highest in past history, followed in order by smoking habit, drinking habit and dietary habit. The values of reproducibility were higher in females than in males except for drinking habit. Although reduction of categories was needed to improve the reproducibility, the obtained values from the self-administered questionnaire were sufficiently high for epidemiological studies.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

[The 13C-methacetin breath test for quantitative noninvasive liver function analysis with an isotope-specific nondispersive infrared spectrometer in liver cirrhosis].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cytochrome-P450-dependent liver function can be measured with the 13C-methacetin breath test (MBT). This has heretofore been done with the use of a mass-spectrometer. This study was undertaken to evaluate the MBT (NDIRS) done with the isotope-selective nondispersive infrared spectrometer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 20 healthy volunteers (ten women, ten men, aged 22-76 years) and 16 patients (ten women, six men, aged 48-71 years) with histologically confirmed liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh stage A [n = 7], B [n = 5] or C [n = 4]) were given 13C-methacetin in 100 ml of tea after a 12-hour fasting period. Breath tests were performed before the test drink and 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150 and 180 min thereafter. The ratio of 13C to 12C was determined, as delta (/1000), and from it the maximal percentage rate (PDRmax) calculated, as well as the cumulative rate (cPDRmax) after 30, 60, 120 and 180 min (Median and 5th and 95th percentiles). RESULTS: For patients with liver cirrhosis there were significantly lower values for cPDRmax and cPDR after 30, 60, 120 and 180 min than in the healthy subjects (P < 0.002): PDR [%]/h: 3.9 (0.7-15.9) vs. 36.5 (23.1-50.0); cDPR 30 min [%]: 1.1 (-0.2-6.0) vs. 12.4 (7.6-17.1); cDPR 3 h [%]: 9.8 (-2.3-27.5) vs. 36.0 (29.9-45.1). There were significant differences among the patients, depending on their Child-Pugh staging. CONCLUSION: The MBT with the cost-effective NDIRS can reliably and noninvasively distinguish between healthy subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis. The test is therefore suitable for the quantitative analysis of liver functions.

Acetamides↗
PubMed2006

Habitual coffee but not green tea consumption is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome: an epidemiological study in a general Japanese population.

In Japan, metabolic syndrome used to be rare, and the level of coffee consumption was low. However, the Japanese life style has been changing rapidly, and these changes have been associated with a steady increase in the frequency of metabolic syndrome and with greater consumption of coffee. We examined the relationship between metabolic syndrome and the consumption of coffee or green tea. A total of 1902 Japanese aged over 40 years (785 men and 1117 women) received population-based health check-up in 1999. We measured components of metabolic syndrome (blood pressure, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, and lipid profiles). Eating and drinking patterns were evaluated by a food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate analyses were performed to clarify the association between coffee or green tea consumption and the components of metabolic syndrome. All components of metabolic syndrome except for HDL-cholesterol were significantly (p<0.01) and inversely related to coffee but not green tea consumption by multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounding factors. The larger was the number of components of metabolic syndrome, the lower was the level of coffee consumption (p<0.0001). In addition, there was a high frequency of metabolic syndrome in small coffee drinkers. Thus, coffee but not green tea consumption was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Mutagenesis induced by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and N-nitrosonornicotine in lacZ upper aerodigestive tissue and liver and inhibition by green tea.

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and nitrosonornicotine (NNN) were administered to lacZ mice (MutaMouse) at equal concentrations in drinking water (2 weeks at 0.1 followed by 2 weeks at 0.2 mg/ml) over a 4 week period, for a total estimated dose of 615 mg/kg) and mutagenesis in a number of organs was measured. For mutagenesis induced by NNK the potency order was: liver > lung> pooled oral tissues kidney > esophagus > tongue. The mutant fraction varied from approximately 6 to 40 mutants per 10(-5) plaque forming units This corresponds to approximately 2-13 times the background levels. A somewhat different pattern was observed with NNN, where the order was liver > esophagus oral tissue approximately tongue > lung > kidney. The potency of NNK was about twice that of NNN in liver and lung, but somewhat less in aerodigestive tract tissue. When compared with results previously obtained for a similar administered dose of benzo[a]pyrene, NNK was approximately 10-100% as mutagenic in the corresponding organs. Reported target organs for carcinogenesis by NNN and NNK in rodents were targets for mutagenesis, but mutagenesis was also observed at other sites, suggesting that these sites are initiated. The effect of green tea consumption on mutagenesis by NNK was also investigated. Green tea reduced mutagenesis by approximately 15-50% in liver, lung, pooled oral tissue and esophagus.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The association between smoking, beverage consumption, diet and bladder cancer: a systematic literature review.

In this paper the association between smoking history, beverage consumption, diet and bladder cancer incidence is systematically reviewed. A rating system has been used to summarise the level of scientific evidence (i.e. convincing, probable, possible, and no evidence) and the level of association (i.e. substantially increased, (RR> or =2.5), moderately increased (1.5< or =RR<2.5), slightly increased (1.2< or =RR<1.5), no association (0.8< or =RR<1.2), slightly decreased (0.7< or =RR<0.8), moderately decreased (0.4< or =RR<0.7), and substantially decreased (RR<0.4)). There is convincing evidence that cigarette smoking status, frequency and duration substantially increase the risk of bladder cancer. However, the evidence is not clear for other forms of smoking. A small increased risk for cigar, pipe, and environmental smoking is only possible. There is possible evidence that total fluid intake is not associated with bladder cancer. Although there is convincing evidence for a positive association between alcohol consumption and bladder cancer risk in men, the risk is small and not clinically relevant. Coffee and tea consumption are probably not associated with bladder cancer. The authors conclude that total fruit consumption is probably associated with a small decrease in risk. There is probably no association between total vegetable intake, vitamin A intake, vitamin C intake and bladder cancer and a possibly moderate inverse association with vitamin E intake. Folate is possibly not associated with bladder cancer. There probably is a moderate inverse association between selenium intake and bladder cancer risk.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2006

Exposure to pesticides and time to pregnancy among female greenhouse workers.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible effect of maternal work in greenhouses, as characterised by potentially high exposure to pesticides, on female fertility. Nine hundred and ten women active in 34 greenhouse flower growing enterprises in 1998-2000, with at least one pregnancy, and aged less than 50 years were identified. Seven hundred and seventeen (79%) agreed to be interviewed and reported 1699 pregnancies, of which 713 had complete information on time to pregnancy and occupation. These pregnancies were classified as exposed or non-exposed according to the maternal occupation in greenhouses at the moment of conception and analysed using logistic regression and survival analysis methods. We found a slightly higher proportion of pregnancies with delayed conception (more than 6 months) in the exposed group. However, after adjustment for confounding variables, the estimated hazard ratio for reduced fertility among the exposed was not significantly different to that of the non-exposed pregnancies (HR=0.96, 95%CI: 0.81, 1.13). A significant reduction in fecundability was observed in older women and with a daily consumption of one or more alcoholic beverages or cups of tea.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Coffee and tea consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy.

The role of coffee in the aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma has raised great interest. In Italy, coffee consumption is high, thus allowing the investigation of the topic over a broad range of consumption. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Italy in 1999-2002, including 185 incidents, histologically confirmed cases of hepatocellular carcinoma aged 43-84 years. Controls were 412 subjects admitted to the same hospitals' networks for acute, non-neoplastic diseases unrelated to diet. Coffee and tea consumption were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using unconditional multiple logistic regression, adjusting for hepatitis viruses seropositivity, alcohol intake, smoking habits and other potential confounding factors. Compared to people who drunk <14 cups/week of coffee, the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma decreased for increasing levels of consumption (OR=0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-1.1 for >or=28 cups/week, p for trend = 0.02). In the present study, inverse relations were observed across strata of hepatitis C and, B virus infections and alcohol drinking. No significant association emerged with consumption of decaffeinated coffee (OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.2-2.5) or tea (OR=1.4, 95% CI=0.8-2.7). The present study supports the hypothesis of a favourable effect of coffee, though not decaffeinated coffee and tea, on the risk on hepatocellular carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Dietary intervention with iron and black tea infusion in reducing cytotoxicity of arsenic.

The relative efficacy of infusion of black tea leaf, Camellia sinensis (Linn.) O. Kuntze, (Theaceae), and iron as freshly prepared aqueous solution of ferrous sulphate in reducing the cytotoxic effects of arsenic, was tested in bone marrow cells of laboratory bred Swiss albino mice. Ferrous sulphate and tea given alone did not induce chromosomal breakage to any appreciable extent. Tea decreased chromosome damage induced by arsenic to a significant extent, while the addition of ferrous sulphate did not alter the protective action of tea against arsenic. Such protection against arsenic cytotoxicity by prolonged dietary administration of black tea infusion--a common routine beverage--is of importance in view of widespread exposure of human populations to arsenic damage through drinking water from tubewells in Eastern India and Bangladesh.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A pilot study of phytoestrogen content of soy foods and traditional Chinese medicines for women's health in Hong Kong.

In view of the possible health benefits of phytoestrogens, a pilot study was carried out to quantitate the phytoestrogen content of soy foods and tea commonly consumed in Hong Kong, and also of traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) products that are prescribed for menopausal symptoms and diseases relating to the menopause. Assays of daidzein and genistein were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography, after extraction procedures. The TCM products were found to contain phytoestrogen in quantities comparable with soy products. Moreover, certain types of Chinese tea contained large quantities of phytoestrogens in the leaves, but also yielded comparable quantities in the infusion for drinking. The phytoestrogen content of these TCM may provide a scientific basis for their actions. However, clinical efficacy can only be determined by clinical trials.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1995

Relationships between the acidity and osmolality of popular beverages and reported postprandial heartburn.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although many beverages produce heartburn, the relationship between the acidity and osmolality of beverages and heartburn is unclear. The aim of this study was to relate the acidity and osmolality of beverages with their ability to cause heartburn. METHODS: We measured pH, total titratable acidity, and osmolality of 38 beverages in vitro and then correlated acidity and osmolality with the amount of heartburn reported by questionnaire in 394 people with heartburn. RESULTS: Among 17 citrus drinks and juices, titratable acidity correlated with reported heartburn scores (r = 0.65; P = 0.004). Soft drinks had the lowest pH readings of any beverages studied, and decreasing pH among soft drinks was correlated with reported heartburn scores (r = 0.82; P < 0.001). Alcoholic beverages (wines and beer), coffee, and (to a lesser extent) tea were associated with significant amounts of reported heartburn when compared with water. Milk was also associated with a modest amount of reported heartburn that was related to its fat content. Osmolality of beverages was unrelated to reported heartburn. CONCLUSIONS: High titratable acidity of citrus drinks and juices and low pH of soft drinks are associated with more reported heartburn. Our findings provide a foundation for dietary advice in patients with heartburn and reflux esophagitis.

Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reduction of chronic psychosocial hypertension in mice by decaffeinated tea.

The effects of decaffeinated green tea on CBA mice have been contrasted with those of water during 3 to 5 months of exposure to various intensities of social stress. Intensity was modified by using different types of caging: Henry-Stephens complex population cages for maximum stress, open field population cages for intermediate levels, and siblings in standard mouse boxes for minimal stress. Two population densities were used: high, with 16 males and 16 females per population cage; and low, with approximately half this number. In three sets of experiments, 58 comparisons were made between body weight, blood pressure, pulse rate, scarring, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), adrenal and heart weights, plasma corticosterone, adult male mortality, and number of weanlings of those on decaffeinated green tea and matched groups on water. Twenty-five of the comparisons indicated less arousal with the decaffeinated green tea and in none was the water favored. Blood pressure fell from 150 to 133 mm Hg. These results support the proposal that the polyphenols (bioflavonoids) of tea may have a beneficial sedative action.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Methylxanthine consumption and the risk of ovarian malignancy.

Between 1970 and 1988, reports were published about two ecological studies, six case-control studies and one cohort study that evaluated the relationship between methylxanthine consumption and the risk of ovarian cancer. Because of the limitations of ecological studies, no inferences are based on them. All of the case-control studies recruited hospital controls. Nevertheless, four of the six had risk ratios of 1.5 or less. The one cohort study, which showed no relationship between coffee drinking and ovarian cancer, has low power. From these studies, it appears that coffee and tea consumption do not increase the risk of ovarian cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Asian migration to Australia: food and health consequences.

Australia's food and health patterns are inextricably and increasingly linked with Asia. Indigenous Australians arrived in the continent via Asia and have linguistic connections with people who settled in south India; there was interaction and food trade between both South-East Asia and China and northern indigenous Australians over thousands of years. After European settlement in 1788, there have been several and increasing (apart from the period of the infamous White Australian Policy following the Colonial period and Independence, with Federation, in 1901) waves of Asian migration, notably during the gold rush (Chinese), the building of the overland Telegraph (Afghans), the Colombo Plan and Asian student education in Australia from the 1950s onwards (South-Eeast Asians), and with refugees (Vietnamese and mainland Chinese), and business (late twentieth century) and progressive family reunion. Each wave has injected additional food cultural elements and caused a measure of health change for migrants and host citizens. Of principal advantage to Australia has been the progressive diversification of the food supply and associated health protection. This has increased food security and sustainability. The process of Australian eating patterns becoming Asianized is evident through market garden development (and the introduction of new foods), fresh food markets and groceries, restaurants and the development of household cooking skills (often taught by student boarders). Most of the diversification has been with grain (rice), legumes (soy), greens, root vegetables, and various 'exotic fruits'. Food acculturation with migration is generally bi-directional. Thus, for Asians in Australia, there has been a decrease in energy expenditure (and a lower plane of energy throughput), an increase in food energy density (through increased fat and sugary drink intakes), and a decrease in certain health protective foods (lentils, soy, greens) and beverages (tea). This sets the stage for 'eco-diseases'. In a population probably genetically programmed (but modifiably) in utero to abdominal obesity, diabetes (type II and gestational) and cardiovascular disease, these conditions may be rapidly acquired on migration, along with certain cancers (breast, colo-rectal and prostate). Thus, whilst Asian migration to Australia has provided health opportunities for host citizens, there have been threats to migrant citizens in regard to nutrition-related health.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2000

A case of allergic urticaria caused by erythritol.

A case of allergic urticaria due to erythritol is herein reported. A 24-year-old female presented with severe wheals over her whole body. The urticaria occurred after she had drunk a glass of canned milk-tea. When the cause of her skin reaction was examined, it was found that the drink contained erythritol; this was determined to have caused her urticaria. Erythritol has recently been used as an artificial sweetener in many kinds of foods and drinks because it contains no calories. Food and drink additives should thus be included in the differential diagnosis of allergic urticaria.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

A regional food-frequency questionnaire for the US Mississippi Delta.

OBJECTIVE: To describe food sources of nutrient intake for white and African American adults in the Lower Mississippi Delta (LMD), and their use in the development of a regional food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) based on an earlier version of the National Cancer Institute's Health Habits and History Questionnaire. DESIGN: We ranked food sources of energy, macronutrients, vitamins and minerals, and examined portion size distributions for 842 white and 857 African American residents aged 19 years and older, using 24-hour dietary intake recall data from a telephone survey of 36 LMD counties. These values were used to develop a regional FFQ, which was then field-tested with 100 subjects and revised to improve interpretability. SETTING: The LMD region of the USA. SUBJECTS: White and African American adult residents of the LMD. RESULTS: LMD African Americans obtained more of their energy and nutrient intakes from poultry, processed meat, salty snacks, fruit drinks, pork and cornbread; and less from milk, alcohol, legumes, salad dressing, butter/margarine and sweetened tea than did white residents. Regional foods not on nationally used FFQs included grits, turnip greens, okra, ham hocks, chitterlings, crawfish, catfish, cracklings, jambalaya, potato logs, chicken and dumplings, and sweet potato pie. Based on responses during field-testing, the questionnaire was also designed to add four portion sizes for each food item, presented as questions, rather than in grid format. CONCLUSIONS: Regional food use patterns differ from national patterns and furthermore differ between African American and white adults in the LMD. The resulting Delta NIRI FFQ for Adults should contribute to improved assessment of usual intake for use in studies of diet and health in this region.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The diets of British schoolchildren. Sub-committee on Nutritional Surveillance. Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy.

1. Statistical analysis and interpretation 1.1 This Report deals with the dietary habits of British schoolchildren and the contribution made by school meals in 1983. Since then many Local Education Authorities have introduced active policies to encourage healthy eating, accompanied in the last 4 years by health promotion campaigns, in the light of the publication of the COMA Report on Diet and Cardiovascular Disease in 1984, and other reports on diet and health. 1.2 Data are presented on the food and nutrient intakes of a representative sample of British schoolchildren measured by a 7-day record. Most food and some nutrient intakes were not normally distributed and median values are given in the tables of results. Interpretation and commentary are restricted to findings which achieved statistical significance (p less than 0.05) by parametric analyses. No non-parametric statistical analyses were attempted but data are given in detail in the tables and for those wishing to examine them further, the computer database of the survey is also available through the National Data Archive. Full documentation of the database may be obtained from the Social Survey Division of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, (OPCS) London. 2. Foods consumed 2.1 The main sources of dietary energy in the diets of British schoolchildren were bread, chips, milk, biscuits, meat products, cake and puddings. Almost all children in the survey recorded consumption of chips, crisps, cakes and biscuits. Boys recorded more chips consumed than girls along with more milk, breakfast cereals and baked beans; girls recorded more fruit consumed and more girls drank fruit juice than boys. Yogurt, fizzy drinks and sweets were more popular among younger children. Older children recorded consumption of more tea and coffee (para 9.2). 2.2 Scottish primary school children appeared to have a distinctive dietary pattern. They recorded higher median consumption of beef, soups, milk, cheese, sausages, chocolates and sweets and lower median consumption of cakes, biscuits, puddings, potatoes, and in particular, of vegetables of all kinds than children in the other regions of Great Britain (paras 9.3.2, 9.4.2, 9.5.2, 9.6.2). 2.3 Chips and milk were the two major items of the diets which varied most with social class and other socio-economic variables. Higher median chip consumption was recorded among social classes IV and V (para 9.3.3, 9.4.3, 9.5.3, 9.6.3), children with unemployed fathers, children from families receiving Supplementary Benefit (paras 9.3.5, 9.4.5, 9.5.5, 9.6.5), children taking school meals and those older children who ate out of school at cafes etc (para 8.4.2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗