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PubMed2004

Influence of buffering effects of dentifrices and fluoride gels on abrasion on eroded dentine.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of abrasion resistance of eroded and non-eroded dentine brushed with experimental dentifrices and gels of varying buffering capacities. DESIGN: One hundred and twenty human dentine specimens were distributed among six groups (A-F) according to the different buffering capacities of experimental toothpastes and gels. The dentifrices (pH: 4.5) and gels (pH: 4.5) differed in fluoride content, RDA-value and buffer capacity (given as mg KOH needed for neutralisation): (A) 0.125%F, RDA: 77, 6mg KOH; (B) 0.125%F, RDA: 125, 24mg KOH; (C) 0.125%F, RDA: 129, 12mg KOH; (D) 0%F, RDA: 81, 1.55mg KOH; (E) 1.25%F, RDA: 21, 8.5mg KOH; (F) 0.125%F, RDA: 7, 3.11mg KOH. Ten specimens were cycled through three alternating demineralisations (1% citric acid, 5min) and remineralisations (artificial saliva, 1min) including brushing abrasion in an automatic brushing machine (2 x 2000 strokes). Ten samples of each group were not eroded, but only brushed. RESULTS: After three cycles, loss of dentine was determined by profilometry (mean +/- S.D. [microm]). Eroded samples: (A) 37.12+/-4.95; (B) 48.67+/-4.77; (C) 39.88+/-3.76; (D) 32.92+/-2.67; (E) 3.65+/-1.35; (F) 6.47+/-1.31. Uneroded samples: (A) 30.78+/-6.47; (B) 37.84+/-7.75; (C) 30.07+/-3.05; (D) 26.93+/-2.30; (E) 1.76+/-0.94; (F) 0.51+/-0.18. Analysis of variance revealed significantly higher abrasion values for the eroded compared to the non-eroded samples (P<or=0.05). Dentifrices with same pH-value, fluoride content and similar RDA-values but a higher buffering capacity exhibited significantly more abrasion than toothpastes with lower buffering capacity. Highly-concentrated fluoride gel with higher buffering capacity lead to less abrasion values compared to the gel with low fluoride concentration and low buffering capacity. CONCLUSION: Toothbrushing abrasion behaviour of eroded dentine may be influenced by the fluoride content, RDA-value and buffering capacity of the applied dentifrice or gel.

Buffers↗
PubMed1995

[The effect of occlusal force on the formation of experimental cervical wedge-shaped defects on human teeth].

Nine pairs of premolar from 7 patients were divided into three groups according to different occlusal forces. Every tooth was tested with pH5 or pH7 water bath by an electric toothbrushing machine and an electric occlusal force fatigue machine alternatively. Only the buccal surface of every tooth suffered from brushing test. There were 600 000 strokes of occlusal force fatigue test and/or 800 000 cycles of cross-brushing test for every tooth throughout the experiment with 4 intervals. During every interval, the depth at the profile of the cervical defect on each replica of tested tooth was measured and the shape of every defect was recorded with a computerized Seescan image analysis system. The findings suggested that the occlusal force played an important role in the formation of experimental cervical wedge-shaped defects. Occlusal force alone could produce cervical tooth defect in very slow rate. When the occlusal force associated with acid erosion and tooth-brushing abrasion, the depth of cervical defect increased significantly and the wedge-shaped defects were formed.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2006

Review of the extrinsic stain removal and enamel/dentine abrasion by a calcium carbonate and perlite containing whitening toothpaste.

There has been an increase in the demand from consumers and patients for products that whiten teeth. To meet this demand, a whitening toothpaste containing calcium carbonate and perlite as the abrasive system and an efficacious fluoride source has recently been launched. The aim of the current paper is to review the toothpaste's stain removal efficacy and its effects on enamel and dentine wear. It has been shown to be effective at removing model extrinsic stain in vitro. Further, it has been shown to be more effective in removing naturally occurring extrinsic tooth stain than a silica non-whitening control toothpaste after two weeks of twice daily brushing in a parallel group, double-blind clinical study using 152 adult volunteers. In addition, the enhanced whitening effect did not give a clinically relevant level of wear to enamel or a significant increase in dentine wear compared to marketed non-whitening toothpaste formulations, as shown by using an in situ type model with ex vivo brushing.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Brushing-induced effects with and without a non-fluoride abrasive dentifrice on remineralization of enamel surfaces etched with phosphoric acid.

The remineralization of acid-etched enamel after brushing with and without a non-fluoride abrasive dentifrice was investigated using scanning electron microscopy after sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid treatment, of the specimens. Ground enamel pieces were etched with 30% phosphoric acid for 60 s and attached to resin plates. They were exposed to the oral environment of 4 subjects for 8 weeks and brushed for 1 min daily. Paste and brushing caused the acid-etched enamel to erode selectively, i.e., deep grooves were formed in the prism peripheral regions, while projections of the prism bodies showing a relatively low density of crystallites were retained. Brushing without dentifrice, on the other hand, caused about 0.5 micron thick pellicle with tag-like structures to cover the etched enamel. Fine mineral granules, presumably derived from saliva and minute fragments of etched crystallites, were precipitated on the enamel surface as a thin layer with the pellicle. These results indicate that daily brushing without dentifrice induces the remineralization of acid-etched enamel by depositing salivary components, while paste brushing will lead to abrasion of the weakened enamel.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical characteristics of a new cleaning and polishing agent for use in a prophylaxips paste.

A prophylaxis composition containing a sodium-potassium aluminum silicate abrasive system was evaluated in the laboratory in comparison with several different commercial prophylaxis pastes. The in vitro data indicate that the new composition increases enamel polish and decreases abrasion characteristics without sacrificing cleaning efficacy when compared with the commercial products tested.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2006

Minimal intervention dentistry: part 2. Strategies for addressing restorative challenges in older patients.

Minimal intervention dentistry (MID), a modern, evidence-based approach to caries management in dentate patients, uses a medical model whereby disease is controlled by the "oral physician" and an affiliated dental team. Geriatric MID helps clinicians to address the ever-increasing restorative challenges presented by older patients, including erosion, abrasion, demineralization, rampant coronal and root caries, retained roots, recurrent caries (necessitating crowns and other repairs), subgingival caries, "wet" oral environments, salivary dysfunction, disruptive behaviours, poor compliance with preventive care, high plaque levels, and financial and other restrictions on care options. The main components of a geriatric approach to MID are assessment of the risk of disease, with a focus on early detection and prevention; external and internal remineralization; use of a range of restorations, dental materials, and equipment; and surgical intervention only when required and only after disease has been controlled. This second in a series of 2 articles describes direct restorative strategies to address the challenges of geriatric caries management, including choice of material, placement of glass ionomers, sandwich technique, techniques for the management of erosion and abrasion, tunnel and slot preparations, techniques for "wet" subgingival environments, vital pulp therapy and geriatric atraumatic restorative technique.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

[The abrasion resistance of plastic teeth--an in-vitro study].

Resistance against abrasion of premolar plastic teeth on their chewing surfaces was determined using an in vitro test method which approximately simulated oral conditions, as well as contact between antagonists, chewing pressure, biting pressure and chewing motion. The humpy surface of commercially manufactured teeth was levelled by grinding, using the abrasion test machine itself, which resulted in two little plain surfaces. After measuring the size of these surfaces, wear due to abrasion was determined by loss of weight. The commercial products showed different resistances against abrasion, the teeth of Dens-Nobilis and Vitapan, which contain amorphous silica, appeared to be more resistant against abrasion than IPN (Artiplus) and PMMA (Keracryl-7, Planustar, SR-Orthotyp-PE) teeth. Unexpectedly, IPN teeth did not show a higher resistance against abrasion than the PMMA teeth, which were tested in this investigation. Only SR-Orthotyp-PE were significantly worse. Under the prevailing test conditions SR-Orthosit-PE teeth are very little resistant against abrasion, although they contain amorphous silica. Investigations with a raster electron microscope revealed that they are too brittle.

Bite Force↗
PubMed2006

Effect of an iron mouthrinse on enamel and dentine erosion subjected or not to abrasion: an in situ/ex vivo study.

OBJECTIVES: This in situ/ex vivo study evaluated whether a rinse with an iron solution could reduce wear and the percentage of microhardness change of human enamel and dentine submitted to erosion followed by brushing after 1 or 30min. DESIGN: During 2 experimental 5-day crossover phases (wash-out period of 10 days), 10 volunteers wore intraoral palatal devices, with 12 specimens (6 of enamel and 6 of dentine) arranged in 3 horizontal rows (4 specimens each). In one phase, the volunteers immersed the device for 5min in 150mL of cola drink, 4 times a day. Immediately after immersion, no treatment was performed in one row. The other row was brushed after 1min using a fluoride dentifrice and the device was replaced into mouth. After 30min, the remaining row was brushed. In the other phase, the procedures were repeated, but after immersion the volunteers rinsed for 1min with 10mL of a 10mM ferrous sulphate solution. Changes in surface microhardness (%SMH) and wear (profilometry) of enamel and dentine were measured. Data were tested using ANOVA and Tukey's tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: The enamel presented more wear than dentine, under all experimental conditions. The iron solution caused a significant reduction on the %SMH in enamel, and a significant reduction on the wear in dentine, regardless the other conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Rinsing with an iron solution after an erosive attack, followed or not by an abrasive episode, may be a viable alternative to reduce the loss of dental structure.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

In vitro evaluation of human dental enamel surface roughness bleached with 35% carbamide peroxide and submitted to abrasive dentifrice brushing.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface roughness of human enamel bleached with 35% carbamide peroxide at different times and submitted to different superficial cleaning treatments: G1 - not brushed; G2 - brushed with fluoride abrasive dentifrice; G3 - brushed with a non-fluoride abrasive dentifrice; G4 - brushed without dentifrice. Sixty fragments of human molar teeth with 4 x 4 mm were obtained using a diamond disc. The specimens were polished with sandpaper and abrasive pastes. A perfilometer was used to measure roughness average (Ra) values of the initial surface roughness and at each 7-day-interval after the beginning of treatment. The bleaching was performed on the surface of the fragments for 1 hour a week, and the surface cleaning treatment for 3 minutes daily. The samples were stored in individual receptacles with artificial saliva. Analysis of variance and the Tukey test revealed significant differences in surface roughness values for G2 and G3, which showed an increase in roughness over time; G1 and G4 showed no significant roughness differences. The bleaching with 35% carbamide peroxide did not alter the enamel surface roughness, but when the bleaching treatment was performed combined with brushing with abrasive dentifrices, there was a significant increase in roughness values.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

An unusual case of black teeth.

Loss of enamel and a deep black stain of the teeth in a 40-year-old diabetic patient are strongly suggested to be caused by the daily consumption of a cheap white wine and, possibly, by the chewing of cayenne. The wine proved to be rather acid, thereby promoting abrasion as a result of gnashing, and to contain a high concentration of tannin. The exact role of the tannins is described.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Investigation of erosion and abrasion on enamel and dentine: a model in situ using toothpastes of different abrasivity.

BACKGROUND: Studies in vitro suggest that abrasion and erosion may act synergistically to produce wear of enamel and dentine. Methods in situ are recently available to study separately erosion and abrasion of dental tissues. The aim of this study was to combine two in situ protocols to study the interplay between erosion and abrasion of enamel and dentine. METHOD: The study was a single-blind, randomised, five-treatment cross-over design involving 15 healthy volunteers. During each 10-day study period, subjects wore from 0900 to 1700 h an upper removable acrylic appliance holding one polished enamel and one polished dentine specimen. The specimen treatment regimens were: 1. Drinking water and brushing with toothpaste A. 2. Drinking water and brushing with toothpaste B. 3. Drinking orange juice. 4. Drinking orange juice and brushing with toothpaste A. 5. Drinking orange juice and brushing with toothpaste B. Drinking and brushing times were around 0900, 1100, 1300 and 1500 h. Drinks were consumed as 250 ml over 10 min and brushing ex vivo for 1 min to each specimen. Measurement of tissue loss was made on days 5 and 10 of each period using a profilometer. RESULTS: All treatments produced increasing tissue loss over time, which was considerably greater for dentine than enamel. For enamel, the data at days 5 and 10 showed a significant effect for erosion (i.e. orange juice was significantly more erosive than water), but no significant effect for abrasion (i.e. no significant difference between the two toothpaste treatments). The combined orange juice and toothpaste effects were directional for synergy but did not reach significance. For dentine at day 10, many specimens exceeded the 50 microm set limit of the profilometer and only day 5 data were considered. There were significant effects for erosion (orange juice produced significantly more erosion than water) and for abrasion (paste A was significantly more abrasive to dentine than paste B). The synergy effect could not be examined for dentine due to the truncation effect as the set limit of the profilometer was exceeded. CONCLUSIONS: Erosion increases the susceptibility of enamel to toothpaste abrasion. Dentine is considerably more susceptible than enamel to erosion and abrasion alone or combined. Dentine loss appears to correlate with toothpaste abrasivity (RDA value).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Erosion of enamel by non-carbonated soft drinks with and without toothbrushing abrasion.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how enamel loss due to erosion, and due to cycling of erosion and abrasion, depends on compositional parameters of soft drinks, and particularly whether the thickness of the erosive softened layer is a function of drink composition. SETTING: University dental hospital research laboratory in the UK, 2004. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six drinks were chosen based on their popularity and composition: apple juice, orange juice, apple drink, orange drink, cranberry drink and 'ToothKind' blackcurrant drink. Group A samples (n = 36) were exposed to soft drinks at 36 degrees C for six consecutive 10 minute periods. Group B samples (n = 36) were subjected to alternating erosion and toothbrushing, repeated six times. Enamel loss was measured using optical profilometry. RESULTS: Group A: significant enamel loss was seen for all drinks (p < 0.001). Erosion was correlated with pH and calcium concentration but not phosphate concentration or titratable acidity. Group B: significant additional material loss due to toothbrush abrasion occurred with all drinks. Abrasive enamel loss differed between the drinks and was positively correlated with drink erosive potential. CONCLUSION: Enamel loss by erosion is exacerbated by subsequent abrasion. The amount of softened enamel removed by toothbrushing is a function of the chemical composition of the erosive medium.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1979

[The use of composites (with referenceto their technological and clinical properties)].

In the present paper the authors report of the pulp tolerance, marginal adaptation, abrasive behaviour and discolouration of composites. Starting from these properties, they deal with indications, cavity preparation, pulp protection, enamel etching, processing and finishing. Finally, the composites are evaluated with reference to recent findings.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1992

Wear in dentistry--current terminology.

There is some confusion in the dental literature concerning the phenomenon of wear which is usually considered in terms of its clinical manifestations rather than its underlying processes. The parent discipline for the study of these processes is tribology. The terms attrition, abrasion and erosion are common to both dentistry and tribology; however their meanings are different. Even within the various disciplines of dentistry there are differences in the understanding of the same terms. This article relates the dental appreciation of wear to the underlying processes.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Toothbrushing abrasion of polyacid-modified composites in neutral and acidic buffer solutions.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Polyacid-modified composites are recommended for use in lesions that are subjected to toothbrushing abrasion and acidic challenges, such as cervical lesions. There is little information whether these materials are able to withstand degradation due to erosive attacks and toothbrushing abrasion. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the resistance of polyacid-modified composites against toothbrushing abrasion under acidic and neutral conditions. METHODS: Forty specimens fabricated of each of two polyacid-modified composites (Dyract, Compoglass) were investigated. For each composite group, 20 specimens were placed in a neutral solution (pH: 6.8) and 20 specimens were placed in an acidic solution (pH: 3.0) for 24 hours. All specimens were brushed in an automatic toothbrushing machine, then subjected to storage in the respective buffer solution (8 hours), followed by brushing three times. Abrasion was determined profilometrically. RESULTS: For both materials, abrasion in the acidic environment was significantly higher compared with neutral conditions. Thus, Compoglass composite demonstrated a lower abrasion resistance than Dyract composite. CONCLUSION: The abrasion resistance of the investigated materials was reduced under acidic conditions.

Acids↗