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A case of congenital chondromatous hamartoma of the thyroid gland in a male infant is reported. It presented as a congenital goitre. The thyroid swelling started to increase in size and became hard. It was excised. Histopathological examination revealed the tumour to be a chondromatous hamartoma of the thyroid gland. Reports of this condition in the literature are few.
Extrathyroidal invasion of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland has a very bad prognosis. A retrospective study was performed on 40 specimens from patients with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland to find out whether DNA ploidy correlated with aggressive tumor behavior. The nuclear DNA content of 20 locally aggressive papillary thyroid carcinomas was studied by flow cytometry. The results were compared with those of a matched control group of 20 patients with noninvasive papillary tumors. Forty percent of the tumors with spread to extrathyroid tissue were aneuploid, whereas all the tumors without such extension were diploid. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.003). The data suggest that the differentiation of locally noninvasive and invasive papillary thyroid carcinomas may be potentially possible by nuclear DNA determination.
Functional state of hyperplastic thyroid gland in 172 children aged from 11 to 14 years with vegeto-vascular dystonia of hypotensive type and signs of connective tissue dysgenesia have been studied. The study showed the tendency of the observed children to hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Hyperplasia and hyperfunction of the thyroid gland in children with vegeto-vascular dysfunction of hypotensive type was supposed to be a compensatory reaction to the decrease in indices of the central hemodynamics. The children with signs of connective tissue dysgenesia might have structural defects in connective tissue components of the basal membrane of the vascular wall. It may cause in its turn the decrease in vascular elasticity and lead to the reduction of indices of central hemodynamics and arterial hypotension.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to determine the range of normal measurements for the thyroid gland on chest CT scans and relate it to the dimensions of the trachea. METHOD: Chest CT scans in 118 patients were examined prospectively for visibility of the thyroid gland and its relationship to the trachea. The greatest transverse dimensions of the lobes and the transverse tracheal diameter were measured. A thyroid/trachea ratio was determined. RESULTS: The mean value for the transverse diameter of the thyroid gland was 28.79 mm (SD 6.57 mm). The right lobe averaged 15.05 mm (SD 3.51 mm). The left lobe averaged 13.74 mm (SD 3.91 mm). Measurements for the trachea showed a mean value of 19.97 mm (SD 2.37 mm). A thyroid/trachea index was calculated with a mean value of 1.46 (SD 0.39). CONCLUSION: Our investigation provides initial values for assessing the thyroid gland on CT scans, defining the limits of normal and the border zones of abnormal size.
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Vascularity of the thyroid gland was measured in twenty thyrotoxic patients (including Graves and multinodular goitres) and eight normal subjects by a new objective parameter--'Thyroid Vascularity Index' (TVI). The TVI was calculated by comparing the areas under the normalized thyroid and carotid artery curves up to the time of peak of the arterial curve caused by the first passage of a radioactive bolus. Compared to normal thyroid, all the toxic goitres had increased TVI (p less than 0.001); it being maximum in Graves disease (p less than 0.05). TVI in Graves disease was not affected by carbimazole therapy but decreased dramatically in eight out of ten patients (p less than 0.01) two weeks after Lugol's iodine was added. There was a sustained fall in TVI in all the ten patients (p less than 0.001) with chronic iodine therapy up to six weeks without any hormonal escape. TVI in multinodular goitres showed no significance change with carbimazole or iodine therapy.
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A simple method for obtaining the thyroid tissue of anuran tadpoles for ultrastructural study has been described. Follicle and colloid formation in the thyroid gland have been observed in Xenopus laevis tadpoles at an early stage. The activity of the thyroid gland of pre-metamorphic tadpoles does not seem to depend on the activity of the hypophysis cerebri and the hypothalamus. Both 'light' and 'parafollicular' cells are present in the thyroid gland of premetamorphic Xenopus laevis tadpoles.
The following indications for autotransplantation of the thyroid gland were taken into consideration: thyrotoxicosis in children and juveniles; thyrotoxicosis in combination with injured central nervous system; flaccid forms; severe forms of thyrotoxicosis. Clinical results of the operation were studies within the terms from 2 months up to 15 years in 246 patients. Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis disappeared in all the patients. Light signs of hypothyreosis were noted in 3.2% of the patients during the first 6 months after operation. In the group of comparison (without autotransplantation of the thyroid gland) post-operative hypothyroidism developed in 6.6% of the patients for the same period of time. Autotransplantation of part of the resected thyrotoxic thyroid gland is an effective method of prevention of postoperative hypothyroidism.
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IL-10 is a cytokine which not only suppresses cellular immunity but also stimulates the humoral response. In certain animal models of autoimmunity, IL-10 exerts a protective effect against autodestruction. This study was to ascertain whether there could be a role for IL-10 in human autoimmune thyroid disease. Total RNA was extracted from snap-frozen thyroid blocks from surgical specimens. Five 'normal', five multinodular, six Graves and two Hashimoto thyroids (one euthyroid and one hypothyroid) were studied. Approximately 7 microg of total RNA from each gland were reverse transcribed with oligo-dT primers. Pre-plateau semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with specific IL-10 primers. PCR products were run on a 1-5% agarose gel, blotted onto a N-hybond nylon membrane, hybridized with a specific internal probe labelled with gamma-32P-ATP and autoradiographed. Statistical analysis of densitometric values showed significantly higher IL-10 levels in the autoimmune than in the non-autoimmune glands. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that the IL-10 message was located within the infiltrating lymphomononuclear cells. Histological analysis revealed that the autoimmune thyroids with the highest IL-10 levels were characterized by relevant degrees of B and T cell infiltration and also exhibited the greatest percentage of spontaneous HLA class II expression on thyrocytes. IL-10 and neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibodies were not able to regulate in vitro spontaneous or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)/phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced HLA class II on thyrocytes. We conclude that in active autoimmune thyroiditis, in addition to the well documented production of Th1 cytokines, Th2-related lymphokines can be detected simultaneously. It can be envisaged that in this condition the role of IL-10 might be directed to the stimulation of B cell proliferation and antibody production rather than to the suppression of proinflammatory cytokine release.
The histological structure of the thyroid glands from 115 piglets that were stillborn or slaughtered at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h of age were examined. Thyroid follicle diameter decreased (p < 0.05) after birth and then increased (p < 0.05) through 72 h. Thyroid glands from stillborn piglets contained follicles whose diameters were similar to those oberved in 72-hour piglets. Thyroid follicles at all stages of development contained colloid and were surrounded by mainly cuboidal-columnar epithelium.
A mucin-producing carcinoma in the thyroid gland found in a 44-year-old man was first thought to be a metastatic carcinoma, possibly from salivary gland. However, follow-up examinations for 8 years have not demonstrated another neoplasm, and it seems reasonable to conclude that this lesion was a rare primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland.
Experience of radionuclide investigation in 493 patients with differentiated cancer of thyroid gland is summarized. The consequences due to incorrect conducting of patients with cancer after the operation were adduced on distinct examples. The program for conducting and observation of patients with thyroid gland cancer after the operation conduction was proposed directed on the early diagnosis of recurrencies and metastases, determination of indications for radioiodine therapy.
Ganglioneuromas of the thyroid gland of Sprague-Dawley rats were found in 7.2% of 698 rats used in two, 2-year oncogenicity bioassays. The incidence of the tumor was unrelated to treatment or sex. Of the 52 ganglioneuromas of the thyroid gland identified in 50 animals, 40 (80%) had coincident C cell proliferations in the same or contralateral lobe. Ganglioneuromas were contiguous or commingled with C cell proliferations in 63.5% of the cases. The ganglioneuromas consisted of large ganglion cells and, in a few cases, cells thought to be less differentiated neuronal precursors, in a matrix of neurites and Schwann cells. They grew, infiltrating and expanding in the thyroid parenchyma, and did not metastasize. Immunohistochemical staining for calcitonin, S-100 protein, and neurofilaments, as well as electron microscopy, were used to further characterize the tumors. The close association of ganglioneuromas with C cell tumors supports the theory of neural crest origin of C cells and provides a parallel to the association of ganglioneuromas and pheochromocytomas in the adrenal medulla. This is the first report of ganglioneuromas occurring in the thyroid gland or occurring as a common entity in any species.
Proliferation of the C cells of the rat thyroid gland under conditions of prolonged hypercalcemia induced with vit. D3 leading sometimes to a formation of adenoma-like nodules was observed. Metaplasia of the follicular epithelium into the C cells observed in the process of nodules formation seems to point out that the C cells and the follicular cells of the thyroid gland arise from a common maternal cell.
Age-related changes in the secretion rate of immunoreactive calcitonin against antiserum for human calcitonin (iCT) from the thyroid gland were investigated in adult (4-5 months old) and aged (24-29 months old) male Wistar rats anesthetized with 1.0-1.2% halothane. The secretion rate of iCT was calculated by measuring the concentration of iCT using a radioimmunoassay method in both the thyroid venous blood plasma and the systemic arterial blood plasma, as well as measuring the thyroid blood plasma flow. The secretion rate of iCT was 0.271 +/- 0.063 ng.kg-1.min-1 in the adult and 1.248 +/- 0.147 ng.kg-1.min-1 in the aged rats, indicating a significant increase in secretion in the aged rats. The concentration of iCT in the systemic arterial blood plasma was 0.091 +/- 0.013 ng/ml in the adult and 0.480 +/- 0.026 ng/ml in the aged rats. The age-related increase in the secretion rate of iCT from the thyroid gland seems to result in an increase in iCT concentration in the systemic arterial blood plasma. Furthermore, the content of iCT in the thyroid gland was also increased in the aged rats. Therefore, it is suggested that both the synthesis and secretion of iCT in the thyroid gland are increased in aged rats.
Hürthle cell neoplasm of the thyroid gland is rarely associated with tumor necrosis. We report a case of Hürthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland with extensive necrosis. An 82-year-old man had had a right neck mass for more than 10 years. Approximately two to three weeks before he was hospitalized, this neck mass became progressively enlarged. An 131I scan could not demonstrate the right lobe of the thyroid gland, while the contralateral lobe was unremarkable. A 99mTc-sestamibi scan showed increased uptake on the lesion side. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed necrosis with macrophages in the initial aspirate, and the secondary aspirate appeared suspicious for a Hürthle cell tumor. The patient had a total thyroidectomy, and the pathology proved to be Hürthle cell carcinoma with tumor necrosis.