Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “THYROID DISEASES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Skeletal muscle and whole body protein turnover in thyroid disease.

The effects of disturbances of thyroid hormone secretion on leg and whole body amino acid and protein metabolism have been investigated in seven patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis and eight patients with untreated hypothyroidism; the results were compared to those obtained in 11 normal control subjects. After treatment, the patients were restudied. Arterio-venous exchanges of tyrosine and 3-methylhistidine across leg tissue in the post-absorptive state were used as indices of net protein balance and myofibrillar protein breakdown, respectively. Whole body protein turnover was measured using stable isotope labelling techniques with 1-[1-13C] leucine. Efflux of tyrosine from leg tissues was six-fold greater in patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis than in normal control subjects (-19.39 +/- 2.21 vs. -4.20 +/- 0.31 nmol 100 g-1 leg tissue min-1, P less than 0.005, mean +/- SEM), but 3-methyl-histidine efflux was not significantly different (-0.11 +/- 0.03 nmol 100 g-1 leg tissue min-1 vs. 0.14 +/- 0.02 nmol 100 g-1 leg tissue min-1). After treatment, when the thyrotoxic patients became euthyroid, tyrosine efflux was normalized (at -4.94 +/- 0.84 nmol 100 g-1 leg tissue min-1) and 3-methylhistidine efflux was unchanged. In hypothyroid patients, neither tyrosine nor 3-methylhistidine effluxes were significantly different from those in normal subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Thyroid diseases in pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION: Changes in thyroid function in pregnancy encompass both hyper- and hypothyroidism. Failure to maintain euthyroidism may place both mother and foetus at higher risk of adverse obstetrical outcomes. This review examines the differences between physiological and pathological thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and their management. METHODS: Data were obtained from relevant clinical studies and review articles listed in MEDLINE. Additional cross-references from selected articles were identified. RESULTS: In hyperthyroidism, the challenge lies in differentiating gestational transient thyrotoxicosis (GTT) from actual pathological states during the first trimester. GTT is thought to be due to elevation of isoforms of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which may exert potent thyrotrophic effects. While thionamides are safe, the lowest possible dose should be used together with close monitoring of maternal thyroid function in order to avoid over-treatment. Surgery for thyroid nodules may be safely performed during the second trimester. Conversely, diagnosing hypothyroid states, particularly subclinical hypothyroidism and postpartum thyroiditis (PPT), require a high index of suspicion. High levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in early pregnancy may be predictive of PPT and subsequent permanent hypothyroidism. Clinicians must recognise the need to increase thyroxine replacement as maternal hypothyroidism may adversely affect the IQ scores of children. The association between thyroid autoimmunity and recurrent abortions remain unclear. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the aetiology of thyroid dysfunction, the key to management lies in individualized therapy in close collaboration with the obstetrician.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1990

[Thyroid diseases in the elderly].

Thyroid dysfunction in the elderly differs from that in the young, because most symptoms at presentation are absent, or non specific or atypical. Hypothyroid patients generally present with cardiovascular or central nervous system symptoms. A serious complication, occurring more easily in elderly is hypothyroid coma. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism is confirmed by a high serum TSH and low values of FT4 and T4. Elderly patients should be started on low doses of thyroid-hormone replacement that are increased slowly. Particular caution must be used in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease. Hyperthyroid patients are more likely to show cardiovascular symptoms, central nervous system symptoms or gastrointestinal symptoms. The diagnosis is confirmed by a low serum TSH value and elevated values for the serum FT4 and/or T3. Radioiodine (131I) therapy is the most efficient treatment in this age group. A diffusely enlarged thyroid gland in the elderly is most often caused by a multinodular goiter. Solitary thyroid nodules which appear cold on isotope scan may represent a carcinoma. The diagnosis of malignancy can be made after fine needle-aspiration of the nodule.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Thyroid disease during pregnancy.

Physiologic changes in metabolism may make thyroid diseases difficult to diagnose during pregnancy. Such diagnoses depend principally on clinical acumen and an understanding of the alterations of laboratory values, particularly thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), induced by pregnancy. Untreated thyrotoxicosis may lead to abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death and low birth weight. The principal cause of thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy is Graves' disease, which may be treated with antithyroid drugs or surgery. The use of radioactive iodine is absolutely contraindicated during pregnancy. Hypothyroidism during pregnancy is associated with hypertension and premature labor. The goal of thyroxine replacement therapy is to maintain serum TSH levels in the normal range. Many thyroid conditions and treatments directly affect the fetus and the principal antithyroid drugs are secreted in breast milk. Both the mother and neonate require monitoring. In addition, autoimmune postpartum thyroiditis may recur following each pregnancy in susceptible patients.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Changes in 127I mice thyroid follicle studied by analytical ion microscopy: a key for the comprehension of amiodarone-induced thyroid diseases.

Analytical ion microscopy was used to evaluate the quantitative changes in thyroid 127I mapping induced by amiodarone in relation to the iodine intake. Mice were maintained on a normal diet (NID), on a low iodine diet (LID) or on a high iodine diet (HID) during 3 months. They received daily ip injections of amiodarone or NaI during the last 10 days. Microanalysis of iodine was performed on thyroid sections. In NID mice, the cellular 127I concentration (mean +/- SE: 0.90 +/- 0.06 micrograms/mg) was lower than that of follicular lumina (6.99 +/- 0.17). Amiodarone increased cellular concentration (2-fold) and decreased follicular concentration; NaI induced the same results. In LID mice, both concentrations, which were decreased 60- to 70-fold in comparison with NID, were restored by amiodarone, while NaI enhanced follicular concentration more than amiodarone. In HID mice, the follicular concentration (1.5-fold higher than normal) returned to a normal range with amiodarone, but cellular concentration (2.5-fold lower than normal) remained low, while NaI increased the cellular concentration 3-fold. These data show that iodine released by amiodarone has a bioavailability different from that of NaI. They indicate that thyroid response to amiodarone is related to dietary iodine intake, which, in turn, determines autoregulatory mechanisms. They also raise the question of the possible existence of an intrinsic property of amiodarone which would explain the specificity of its activity on thyroid iodine organification and the development of amiodarone-induced human thyroid diseases.

Amiodarone↗
PubMed1979

Circulating immune complexes in various thyroid diseases.

In a study of 171 patients with various thyroid diseases, circulating immune complexes (CIC), measured by a C1q solid phase radioassay, were detected in 26% of the patients as compared to 8% of the control subjects. CIC were found in 33--55% of the patients with a well defined thyroid autoimmune disorder (Hashimoto's goitre, asymptomatic thyroiditis, spontaneous myxoedema and Graves' disease) and also in the same proportion of patients with diffuse goitre. CIC were correlated to the presence of serum antibodies to microsomal thyroid antigen but not to their titre. No relationship was observed between CIC and the age or sex of the patients and the presence of exophthalmos, or between CIC and the different thyroid function tests or serum anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. CIC were found in untreated patients as well as in those treated with prednisone, methimazole or thyroxine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Multicenter study on TGPO autoantibody prevalence in various thyroid and non-thyroid diseases; relationships with thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase autoantibody parameters.

OBJECTIVE: TGPO autoantibodies (aAbs) that bind simultaneously to thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroperoxidase (TPO) are present in the serum of patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) and have been found to differ from monospecific Tg and TPO aAbs. To obtain further insights on the prevalence defined as the rate of occurrence and significance of TGPO aAbs in a large population, we carried out a collaborative study involving 15 European teams. METHODS: Serum samples from 3122 patients with various thyroid and non-thyroid diseases and normal subjects were assayed using a novel TGPO aAb detection kit. This test was designed so that TGPO aAbs are trapped between the Tg-coated solid phase and the soluble TPO labeled with a radioiodinated monoclonal antibody. RESULTS: Only three out of the 220 normal subjects (prevalence of 1.4%) were found to have positive TGPO aAb levels, which were mainly observed in the patients with AITD: the group of patients suffering from Hashimoto's thyroiditis had a TGPO aAb prevalence of 40.5% (n=437 patients), those with Graves' disease, a prevalence of 34.6% (n=645) and those with post-partum thyroiditis, 16.0% (n=243). Among the non-AITD patients with positive TGPO aAb levels, the TGPO aAb prevalence ranged from 20.7% among those with thyroid cancer (n=246) to 0% among those with toxic thyroid nodules (n=47). Among the patients with non-thyroid diseases, the TGPO aAb prevalence ranged from 9.8% in the case of Biermer's pernicious anemia (n=78) to 0% in that of premature ovarian failure (n=44). It is worth noting that the groups showing the highest TGPO aAb prevalence also contained the patients with the highest TGPO aAb titers. Statistical comparisons between the TGPO aAb prevalences in the various groups showed that TGPO aAb could be used as a parameter to distinguish between the groups of Hashimoto's and Graves' patients and between the women with post-partum thyroiditis and the post-partum women with only Tg and/or TPO aAb established during early pregnancy. Unexpectedly, the correlations between TGPO aAbs and Tg and TPO aAbs were found to depend mainly on the assay kit used. CONCLUSION: High TGPO aAb titers are consistently associated with AITD but the reverse was not found to be true. TGPO aAbs are a potentially useful tool, however, for establishing Hashimoto's diagnosis, and would be worth testing in this respect with a view to using them for routine AITD investigations.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1985

[Electro-roentgeno-thyrolympho-scanography in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases].

The results of examination of 79 patients of whom 25 were thyroid cancer patients, showed that electroroentgenothyrolymphoscans made it possible to judge with a sufficient degree of significance of the size, site and function of the intrathyroid lymph nodes of which some were "hidden" because of their small size on routine scans. This method can be successfully used for differential diagnosis of different thyroid diseases including tumors alongside with other morphological methods.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and thyroid disease.

BACKGROUND: Fine-needle aspiration represents a critical diagnostic test in determining proper management of thyroid disease and the use of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (USGFNA) has increased over the years. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing USGFNA. Two hundred fifteen patients underwent 234 procedures with 362 nodules aspirated within a 2 (1/2)-year period. RESULTS: The mean ages of women and men were 51.9 and 57.8, respectively. The average size of nodules was 2.1 cm. A difficult to assess gland or nodule was the most common indication for USGFNA (33%). The sensitivity was 88.2%, specificity was 80.0%, the PPV was 65.2%, the negative predictive value was 94.1%, and the accuracy was 82.5%. The cancer yield, inadequacy, and complication rates were 44%, 10.5%, and 8.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: USGFNA aspiration is a safe and effective diagnostic modality in the management of thyroid disease, especially for nodules that are difficult to palpate.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Roentgenomorphological correlates in thyroid diseases (based on thyroidolymphographic data)].

Thyroidolymphography was performed in 84 patients, suffering from thyroid diseases, and 4 healthy subjects (control group), aged 15 to 68 years. Accurate histological examination of the removed thyroid tissue was carried out to determine the diagnostic value of lymphography. It was concluded that thyroidolymphography may be regarded as an organ specific research method, allowing one to judge the internal thyroid structure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Association analysis of the R620W polymorphism of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 in systemic lupus erythematosus families: increased T allele frequency in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.

OBJECTIVE: Recent case-control studies show associations of the minor T allele (of the C1858T single-nucleotide polymorphism corresponding to the R620W amino acid substitution) of PTPN22 with multiple autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We performed family-based association studies of this polymorphism in 4 independent cohorts containing SLE patients and their parents and/or other family members. METHODS: A total of 2,689 individuals from 902 independent Caucasian families with SLE were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction pyrosequencing (cohorts 1 and 2) and the Sequenom MassArray system (cohorts 3 and 4). The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and the pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT) were conducted to assess the evidence of association. RESULTS: The 1858 C > T allele frequencies of the parents showed no deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium within each cohort. No evidence of preferential transmission of the T allele from heterozygous parents to their affected offspring was observed in each of the 4 cohorts or in the combined sample. Consistent with the TDT result, the PDT analysis revealed no significant association between the T allele and SLE. In 54 of the 661 SLE patients (cohorts 1 and 3) with documented autoimmune thyroid disease, the T allele frequency was higher than in individuals with SLE alone (16.7% versus 8.5%; P = 0.008, odds ratio 2.16 [95% confidence interval 1.25-3.72]). CONCLUSION: The R620W polymorphism of the PTPN22 gene is not a major risk allele for SLE susceptibility in our sample of Caucasian individuals from northern America, the UK, or Finland, but it appears to be a risk factor for the concurrent autoimmune diseases of autoimmune thyroid disease and SLE.

Arginine↗
PubMed1990

[Measurement of plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) level in patients with thyroid disease].

To elucidate the pathophysiology of CGRP in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), we measured the plasma CGRP level in patients with thyroid disease employing RIA. The plasma CGRP level (normal level 12.7 pg/ml) was elevated in all five preoperative patients with MTC, ranging from 128 pg/ml to 2010 pg/ml, and in ten of 17 postoperative patients who indicated possible recurrence. On the other hand, CGRP levels showed low frequencies of elevation in 96 patients with other thyroid tumors (anaplastic carcinoma, malignant lymphoma, follicular adenoma and adenomatous goiter), subacute thyroiditis, chronic thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Provocation test (calcium gluconate plus pentagastrin) in 12 MTC patients showed that, although the CGRP level fluctuated in parallel with the calcitonin level, the elevation rate (maximum level after administration/basal level) of CGRP was lower than that of calcitonin. Particularly, the rate of elevation of CGRP in three virulent and advanced patients with poorly differentiated MTC was below 2.0, while that in nine patients with well-differentiated MTC ranged from 2.8 to 23.3. These results suggest that CGRP may be a humoral marker of MTC and is possibly related to the degree of malignancy.

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide↗
PubMed2005

Risk factors of primary thyroid dysfunction in early infants born to mothers with autoimmune thyroid disease.

AIM: To assess whether the state of maternal thyroid function and the pattern of thyroid alterations during gestation would affect the infants' thyroid function and to evaluate the risk factors affecting early infants' thyroid function by means of multiple logistic regression. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 78 neonates born to mothers with Graves disease or Hashimoto thyroiditis were examined and followed clinically and biochemically. Neonates born to healthy mothers during the same period were set as controls. Tests of thyroid function, antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), antithyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), anti-TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) and antithyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) were performed both in early infants and their mothers. All possible maternal and/or infantile risk factors for thyroid dysfunction during early infancy were analysed by means of multiple-factor logistical regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of underlying subtle thyroid abnormalities in these 78 infants was 52.6%, which was significantly higher than that witnessed among infants from healthy mothers (5.4 per thousand, p<0.01). By using multiple logistic regression analysis, the state of maternal thyroid function in gestation, the type of autoimmune thyroid disease during pregnancy and the level of TRAb in the newborn were significantly correlated with the early infants' thyroid dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Maternal autoimmune thyroid disease during pregnancy will affect infant thyroid function. Therefore, appropriate management of maternal autoimmune thyroid disease throughout pregnancy is essential in the prevention of undesirable neonatal outcomes.

China↗
PubMed1993

Occurrence of antibodies to insulin in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.

Insulin autoantibodies (IAA) in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (n = 97) were determined by a displacement-based ELISA technique. There were 78 patients with Graves' disease and 19 with autoimmune thyroiditis. The assay precision unit, standard deviation score, was used to assess the presence of IAA. It was determined that 7.2% were assessed to be IAA-positive. None of the patients had islet cell antibodies. Thyrotrophin receptor antibodies (TRAb) were only present in patients with Graves' disease. The mean TRAb levels in patients who relapsed (95.0 +/- 141 IU/l, n = 36) were significantly higher (p = 0.042) than those newly diagnosed for Graves' disease (38.3 +/- 36 IU/l, n = 28). Insulin autoantibody levels in these two subgroups were not different from each other. In addition, TRAb levels were not related to IAA levels. A retrospective study of 12 patients on carbimazole treatment indicated that modulation of TRAb levels had no concomitant effect on the development of IAA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Expression of differentiation markers in cultured cells from various thyroid diseases.

The use of cell cultures as a model system for studying thyroid diseases requires establishment of appropriate culture conditions that allow in vitro propagation of populations that correspond to in vivo ones. We have defined these conditions and verified functional parameters such as thyrotropin-dependent cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production and thymidine incorporation, and molecular markers such as thyroglobulin (by radioimmunoassay [RIA] and Northern blot), thyroperoxidase (by Northern blot), thyroid-specific transcription factor 1 (by immunohistochemistry and Northern blot) and PAX-8 (by Northern blot). The "in vitro profile" (functional parameters and molecular markers) was found to correlate with the degree of differentiation of the starting specimens and the pathological diagnosis. The data presented suggest that our culture technique allows in vitro growth of cell populations that may be used to perform functional assays and may facilitate the molecular characterization of pathological samples. This approach could be especially useful to define prognosis and also help to develop innovative therapies.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2004

Thyroid disease in a rural Kenyan hospital.

OBJECTIVES: To review the spectrum of thyroid pathology diagnoses likely to be encountered by surgeons working in East African hospitals. DESIGN: A retrospective review of all thyroidectomies performed over a three year period. SETTING: A rural church based hospital in Kenya. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and twenty two patients who underwent thyroidectomy over a three year period at Kijabe hospital. INTERVENTIONS: A simple protocol was used to manage thyroid disease involving history, clinical examination, measurement of TSH and needle aspiration of lesions where appropriate, and excision when clinically indicated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical diagnosis, tribe, operation performed, pathology, and complications of surgery. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty thyroidectomies were performed. Overall there was a malignancy rate of 11.7% (15 papillary, 11 follicular). The commonest pathological diagnosis was multinodular goitre (47%). Graves' disease was a relatively common diagnosis in this series (13%). The mortality rate was 0.5% and the morbidity rate was 3.6%. CONCLUSION: Graves' disease is not as uncommon in rural Africa as previously thought. Malignancy is relatively common and there appears to be a change in the papillary to follicular cancer ratio perhaps reflecting widespread iodinisation of salt in Kenya.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1997

The use of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the management of thyroid disease.

Fine needle aspiration biopsy is now a first line investigation in thyroid disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of this technique in comparison with routine histopathology. A total of 593 aspirations over a four year period were included. There were 390 (65.7%) solitary nodules, 124 (20.9%) multinodular goiters, 66 (11.1%) diffuse goitres and 13 (2.2%) recurrent post thyroidectomy nodules. Radioisotope scanning in 386 cases showed 325 (84.2%) cold nodules, 54 (14.0%) warm nodules and 7 (1.8%) hot nodules. There were 458 (77.2%) colloid goitres and cysts, 14 cases of thyroiditis (2.2%) and 30 malignancies diagnosed on fine needle aspiration biopsy. In 19 cases (3.2%) a diagnosis of follicular neoplasm and in 29 cases (4.9%) a diagnosis of suspicious aspirate was made. Histological results were available in 176 cases. In 108 cases findings of histology and FNAB were compared with radioisotope scanning. A sensitivity of 92.8% and 42.8%, a specificity of 90.1% and 98.7% and accuracy index of 90.3% and 94.3% was found, when considering suspicious cases alternatively as positives and negatives. Surgery was recommended in all suspicious cases to prevent reduction in sensitivity of the technique. Fine needle aspiration biopsy was found to be a highly effective procedure which can obviate a lot of unnecessary surgery in thyroid lesions.

Adolescent↗