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PubMed2006

Rural/nonrural differences in colorectal cancer incidence in the United States, 1998-2001.

BACKGROUND: Few studies of colorectal cancer incidence by rural, suburban, and metropolitan residence have been published. METHODS: The authors examined colorectal cancer incidence among men and women in U.S. counties classified as rural, suburban, and metropolitan for the period 1998-2001. They examined rural/suburban/metropolitan differences in incidence by age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, stage at diagnosis, histology, and percentage of the total county population below the poverty level, using data from the CDC's National Program of Cancer Registries, the NCI's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, and the 2000 U.S. Census. RESULTS: A total of 495,770 newly diagnosed or incident cases of colorectal cancer were included in this analysis (249,919 among men and 245,851 among women). Over the period 1998-2001, the colorectal cancer incidence rates among men tended to be lower among those who resided in rural areas, for each of the subgroups examined, with the exception of Asians and Pacific Islanders and those living in more affluent counties. Among women aged 75 years and older, the colorectal cancer incidence rates tended to be lower among rural than metropolitan or suburban residents, though the differences were slight. In multivariate analysis, the incidence of colorectal cancer was higher in metropolitan, suburban, and rural areas for blacks than that for whites (incidence rate ratios [RR] = 1.12, 1.07, and 1.06, respectively, all P < 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that black men who reside in metropolitan areas have a higher risk of colorectal cancer than black men who reside in rural areas. This finding suggests the need for diverse approaches for reducing colorectal cancer when targeting rural compared with metropolitan areas.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Tidal creek and salt marsh sediments in South Carolina coastal estuaries: I. Distribution of trace metals.

Twenty-eight tidal creeks were sampled along the South Carolina coast in the summer of 1995 to determine the levels of sediment trace metal contamination associated with different types and varying levels of human development in their watersheds. The particle size and total organic carbon (TOC) content of creek sediments in developed watersheds (i.e., industrial, urban, and suburban) were similar to that in watersheds with little or no development (i.e., forested or reference). Those trace metals commonly associated with urban and industrial sources, including Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Hg, were in significantly higher concentrations in tidal creeks located in industrial/urban watersheds compared to the suburban and forested watersheds. Sediment trace metal concentrations were similar for creeks located in suburban and forested watersheds and 2 to 10 times lower than the creeks located in industrial/urban watersheds. Concentrations of trace metals primarily associated with the natural weathering of basement rock, including Al, Fe, As, Ni, and Mn, were not significantly different among watershed types. Four of the tidal creek-salt marsh systems were extensively sampled from the creek channel to the marsh-upland interface to characterize sediment trace metal spatial distributions within creek-marsh systems. Sediment particle size, TOC, and trace metal concentrations varied spatially within each creek-marsh system depending on the type of development in the watershed and the probable source of metals. The creek-marsh system selected to represent the industrial development had significantly higher "anthropogenic" trace metal concentrations compared to the other creek-marsh systems. This system also had trace metal distributional patterns that appeared to be associated with several localized sources of metals on the marsh surface. Both the "anthropogenic" and "natural" trace metal concentrations and spatial distributions were similar among and within the forested and suburban creek-marsh systems.http://link.springer-ny. com/link/service/journals/00244/bibs/37n4p445.html</++ +HEA

Fresh Water↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their sources in the air of Izmir, Turkey.

Air samples were collected in Izmir, Turkey at two (suburban and urban) sites during three sampling programs in 2002 and 2004 to determine the ambient concentrations of several monoaromatic, chlorinated and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Samples were analyzed for 60 VOCs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and 28 compounds were detected in most samples. On the average, urban air VOC concentrations were about four times higher than those measured at the suburban site. Toluene (40.6%) was the most abundant compound in suburban site and was followed by benzene (7.4%), o,m-xylene (6.5%), and 1,2-dichloroethane (5.1%). In urban site, toluene (30.5%), p-xylene (14.9%), o,m-xylene (11.4%), and ethyl benzene (7.2%) were the dominating compounds in summer. In winter, toluene (31.1%), benzene (23.9%), 1,2-dichloroethane (9.5%), and o,m-xylene (8.2%) were the most abundant compounds. Receptor modeling (positive matrix factorization) has been performed to estimate the contribution of specific source types to ambient concentrations. Six source factors (gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust+residential heating, paint production/application, degreasing, dry cleaning, and an undefined source) were extracted from the samples collected in the urban site. Three source factors (gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust, and paint production/application) were identified for the suburban site.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1993

Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection among emergency department workers.

PURPOSE: To estimate (1) the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in emergency department (ED) patients, (2) the frequency of blood contact (BC) in ED workers (EDWs), (3) the efficacy of gloves in preventing BC, and (4) the risk of HIV infection in EDWs due to BC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted an 8-month study in three pairs of inner-city and suburban hospital EDs in high AIDS incidence areas in the United States. At each hospital, blood specimens from approximately 3,400 ED patients were tested for HIV antibody. Observers monitored BC and glove use by EDWs. RESULTS: HIV seroprevalence was 4.1 to 8.9 per 100 patient visits in the 3 inner-city EDs, 6.1 in 1 suburban ED, and 0.2 and 0.7 in the other 2 suburban EDs. The HIV infection status of 69% of the infected patients was unknown to ED staff. Seroprevalence rates were highest among patients aged 15 to 44 years, males, blacks and Hispanics, and patients with pneumonia. BC was observed in 379 (3.9%) of 9,793 procedures; 362 (95%) of the BCs were on skin, 11 (3%) were on mucous membranes, and 6 (2%) were percutaneous. Overall procedure-adjusted skin BC rates were 11.2 BCs per 100 procedures for ungloved workers and 1.3 for gloved EDWs (relative risk = 8.8; 95% confidence interval = 7.3 to 10.3). In the high HIV seroprevalence EDs studied, 1 in every 40 full-time ED physicians or nurses can expect an HIV-positive percutaneous BC annually; in the low HIV seroprevalence EDs studied, 1 in every 575. The annual occupational risk of HIV infection for an individual ED physician or nurse from performing procedures observed in this study is estimated as 0.008% to 0.026% (1 in 13,100 to 1 in 3,800) in a high HIV seroprevalence area and 0.0005% to 0.002% (1 in 187,000 to 1 in 55,000) in a low HIV seroprevalence area. CONCLUSIONS: In both inner-city and suburban EDs, patient HIV seroprevalence varies with patient demographics and clinical presentation; the infection status of most HIV-positive patients is unknown to ED staff. The risk to an EDW of occupationally acquiring HIV infection varies by ED location and the nature and frequency of BC; this risk can be reduced by adherence to universal precautions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Concentrations of two organic contaminants in precipitation, soils and plants in the Essex region of Southern Ontario.

Recent research has indicated that the atmosphere is an important pathway by which pollutants enter terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We report here concentrations of PCBs and octachlorostyrene (OCS) in precipitation, soils and plants in Essex County, Ontario. The average PCB concentration in urban precipitation (23 ng litre(-1)) was lower than that previously reported for urban areas in the Great Lakes basin. Differences between sites and with varying wind directions were not significant. OCS concentrations in precipitation averaged 1.6 ng litre(-1). Concentrations of PCBs in soils were 2-3 orders of magnitude greater than in precipitation. Concentrations of these pollutants in city soils and plant roots were consistently higher than those from suburban and rural sites. Ratios of urban to suburban concentrations in soils and precipitation were approximately 5:1 for PCBs. However, concentrations of OCS were similar in urban and suburban samples of precipitation, soils and plant tissues. These comparisons suggest an urban source for PCBs, but not OCS. Concentrations of all contaminants in plant leaves, unlike those in precipitation, roots and soils, were relatively similar in urban and suburban areas. That similarity suggests that direct foliar uptake is not an important pathway for pollutant uptake in plants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Determination of atmospheric nitrate particulate size distribution and dry deposition velocity for three distinct areas.

In this study, both atmospheric particulates and dry deposited particulates were collected at a highway intersection, coastal location and suburban area in Taichung, Taiwan for the characterization of nitrate containing particulates (NCPs) in size distribution and dynamic properties. Collected particulates were placed in contact with nitron (C20H16N4) to form distinctive products of NCPs, which were examined by a SEM. For total atmospheric particulates, the sum of NCP and non-nitrate containing particulate (NNCP), the average shape factor values are 1.69, 1.49, and 1.36 for the highway intersection, coastal area and suburban area, respectively. The calculated shape factors show no significant differences with sizes. Dry deposition fluxes and atmospheric concentrations at various size ranges were estimated. The mass distributed in fine particle range (<or=2.5 microm) were 45%, 40%, and 43% for NCP at the highway intersection, coastal, and suburban areas, respectively. The average dry deposition velocities (Vds) of total particulate are 2.5, 1.5, and 1.2 cm s(-1) for highway intersection, coastal area, and suburban area, respectively. The highest Vd was observed from samples taken at highway intersection, suggesting that dust resuspension and particulates from vehicles in the ambient air is of great significance. The Vds of total particulates range over three orders of magnitude for size ranges from 0.32 to 18 microm. The value of Vd increases with the diameter of particles significantly.

Air Movements↗
PubMed2001

Effects of oxidants on soybean growth and yield in the Pakistan Punjab.

Plants of soybean (Glycine max L.) were grown with and without the ozone protectant EDU (N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl)ethyl]-n2 phenylurea) at a suburban site, a remote rural site and a rural roadside site around the city of Lahore, Pakistan. The development and yield of the plants was determined in two experiments--one immediately post-monsoon and one in the following spring (pre-monsoon). Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and photochemical oxidants were measured at each site. The effect on yield of EDU at the suburban site (47 and 113% increase in seed weight per plant relative to the untreated plants in the post- and pre-monsoon experiments, respectively) was similar to the effects of filtration on yield on soybean in a parallel open-top chamber study at the same site (77% increase relative to plants subjected to unfiltered air for the pre-monsoon experiment). Effects of EDU on yield were greater at both rural sites than at the suburban site in both experiments, and greater in the spring experiment (182% at the remote rural site and 285% at the rural roadside site) than in the post-monsoon experiment (94% at the remote rural site and 170% at the rural roadside site); oxidant concentrations were also greater at the rural sites than at the suburban site, and greater in the spring experiment than the post-monsoon experiment. The results imply that ozone may be causing significant crop losses in rural areas around Lahore; however, the geographical extent of the problem, and the implications for peri-urban agriculture around other cities of south Asia are uncertain.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

Stemflow chemistry of urban street trees.

pH and ion concentrations (Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), NO(-)(3)) in the stemflow of the evergreen broad-leaved tree, Ilex rotunda, planted in the median strip of a highway and nitrogen oxides concentration in the air in an urban site were compared with a suburban site in Fukuoka city, Japan. The annual average of the nitrogen oxides concentration in the air was higher and NO(-)(3) concentration in the stemflow at the urban site was higher or similar compared with the suburban site. However, the annual average of pH in the stemflow at the urban site was higher than at the suburban. The annual average cation concentrations in the stemflow at the urban site were higher than at the suburban except Na(+). In particular, K(+) and Ca(2+) were higher throughout the measurement period. Therefore, higher pH in the urban stemflow was probably due to neutralization by higher concentrations of K(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Inner city, middle-aged African Americans have excess frank and subclinical disability.

BACKGROUND: Healthy People 2010 seeks to decrease or eliminate the health disparities experienced by disadvantaged minority groups. METHODS: African American Health (AAH) is a population-based panel study of community-dwelling African Americans born between 1936 and 1950 from two strata. The first encompasses a poor, inner city area, and the second involves a suburban population with higher socioeconomic status. The authors recruited 998 participants (76% recruitment). Frank disability was assessed for 25 tasks and defined as inability or difficulty performing that task. Subclinical disability was assessed for 12 tasks and defined as no difficulty but a change in either manner or frequency of task performance. Frank disability prevalences were compared with national data for community-dwelling non-Hispanic white persons (NHW) and African American persons in the same age range. RESULTS: Compared with the suburban sample, the inner city group had a higher prevalence of frank disability for all 25 tasks (p<.05 for 16) and subclinical disability for 11 of the 12 tasks (p<.05 for 5). Both strata had more frank disability compared with the national NHW population. The inner city area had higher frank disability proportions than did the national African American sample, whereas the suburban group had similar disability levels. CONCLUSIONS: The AAH inner city group experiences more frank disability than other populations of African Americans and NHWs. The increased prevalence of subclinical disability in the inner city group compared with the suburban group suggests that the disparity in frank disability will continue. These findings indicate that African Americans living in poor inner city areas in particular need intensive and targeted clinical and public health efforts.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Measuring progress in meeting healthy people goals for low birth weight and infant mortality among the 100 largest cities and their suburbs.

We examined the progress of the nation's 100 largest cities and their surrounding suburban areas toward achieving Healthy People 2000/2010 goals for two measures of infant health: low birth weight (LBW) and infant mortality (IM). Using data from the National Center for Health Statistics, we compared 1990 and 2000 urban and suburban LBW and IM rates to target rates for Healthy People 2000 and 2010 objectives. Although the 2000 LBW weight rate for the 100 largest cities was higher than the average for the suburbs (8.9% vs. 7.1%), the increase in LBW rates for the suburbs was nearly four times that of the cities (15.7% vs. 4.1%). Suburban and urban white infants led the increases in LBW rates; urban and suburban black infants showed a slight decrease or no change in LBW rates. Neither cities nor suburbs, on average, met the 2000 target rate of 5%. It appears unlikely that most of the 100 largest cities and suburbs will meet the Healthy People 2010 goal, which remains at 5%, without reductions in preterm births, nationally on the rise. The IM rate declined across most cities and suburbs between 1990 and 2000. However, the 100 largest cities on average did not meet the 2000 IM rate target of 7 infant deaths per 1000 live births; their suburbs did (8.5 vs. 6.4, respectively). The cities and suburbs that did not meet the 2000 target may be especially challenged to meet the 2010 goal for IM unless rates of preterm births are reduced. With the continuing black-white disparities in LBW and IM rates and the overall differences in the racial composition of the largest cities and suburbs, strategies for meeting Healthy People goals will likely need to be targeted to the specific populations they serve.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1998

Sedation patterns in pediatric and general community hospital emergency departments.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although pediatric sedation (PS) is widely used in emergency departments (ED), the practice of PS in general community hospital (GH) ED has not been described. We surveyed PS practice patterns in pediatric hospitals (CH) and GH and compared frequency and usage between the two groups. METHODS: All CH (n = 115) and 400 randomly selected GH were surveyed. Alcohol and drug detoxification, psychiatric, chronic care, rehabilitation, and specialty facilities were excluded. Data were collected on hospital type (pediatric or community), location (urban, suburban, rural), annual visits, academic affiliation (presence of an emergency medicine residency or pediatric emergency medicine fellowship in the hospital), and sedation agents used. RESULTS: Of 515 hospitals surveyed, 238 responded [84/115 CH (73%), 154/400 GH (39%)] yielding an overall response rate of 46%. Of the responding CH the majority were urban [57 (68%) were urban, 15 (18%) suburban, and 12 (14%) rural]. GH were more evenly distributed by location [44/153 (29%) were urban, 49/153 (32%) suburban, and 60/153 (39%) rural]. Eight (5%) GH had emergency medicine residencies, while 39 (46%) CH had pediatric emergency medicine fellowships. The mean annual pediatric volume was 38,000 for CH and 6500 for GH. For the four specified clinical scenarios, representing the most common ED procedures using sedation (laceration repair, fracture reduction, radiologic imaging), GH performed significantly fewer sedations than CH when matched for pediatric volume. PS was less frequently used among rural GH compared to suburban (P < 0.01) and urban GH (P < 0.01). Midazolam was listed as the most frequently used drug in all three geographic locations for both CH and GH. CH listed fentanyl as a second agent, while GH preferred meperidine. Fentanyl and ketamine were listed as preferred agents only in CH. For cranial computerized tomography, chloral hydrate was listed as the drug of choice by both CH and GH. Both CH and GH listed "relief of pain and anxiety" as the first and "agitation control" as the second most common reason for using sedation. CH and GH listed "the risks outweigh the benefits" as the primary reason and "ED too busy/takes too much time" as the secondary reason for not using sedation. CONCLUSIONS: GH performed fewer sedations than did CH when matched for pediatric volume in all geographic locations and for the most common ED procedures using sedation. Since 1989, sedation patterns have shifted in CH to include the short-acting agents, while GH (with the exception of midazolam) continue to prefer the long-acting agents. Midazolam is now the most frequently used sedation agent for ED procedures in both CH and GH.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Acceptability of opportunistic screening for occult gastrointestinal blood loss.

OBJECTIVE: To test patient compliance for faecal occult blood testing in suburban and inner city general practice. DESIGN: Prospective opportunistic trial using the Haemoccult test kit. Tests were offered during routine surgery attendance. SETTING: Three group general practices in Birmingham. SUBJECTS: All patients aged 40 years or older on the start date who routinely attended surgery during two years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Numbers of patients approached for testing and the numbers refusing, accepting, and returning the test kits. RESULTS: Only 26.3% (1230/4677) of the potential target population had been screened within the two years, although 988 (39.3%) of the suburban practice target were screened. However, 55.7% (1230/2207) of patients actually offered a test returned completed kits, with only 6% (133) refusing the kit. 683 (61.6%) patients aged 50-69 returned kits, compared with 343 (54.3%) aged 70 or over and 204 (43.8%) aged 40-49. These differences were significant (p less than 0.001). Patients from the inner city practice were significantly less likely to be offered the test than those in suburban practice (242 (11.2%) v 988 (39.9%), p less than 0.001) and return the samples (242 (38.8%) v 988 (62.4%), p less than 0.001). Patients from the inner city practice were also more likely to refuse the test (78 (12.5%) v 55 (3.5%), p less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Opportunistic testing for occult faecal blood in asymptomatic patients was reasonably acceptable to patients, especially those in a suburban practice. If the test is shown to reduce mortality from colorectal cancer then formal screening would probably achieve acceptable target rates, especially among patients aged 50-69, who represent the prime risk group.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Development of a telemedicine program: a review of 1,000 videoconferencing consultations.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the financial and organizational characteristics, demand for services, and satisfaction outcomes of a growing telemedicine program serving both urban or suburban and rural populations. DESIGN: Retrospective review of 1,000 consecutive telemedicine consultations in the University of California (UC) Davis Telemedicine Program. SETTING: Telemedicine videoconferencing units, used to integrate care in the UC Davis Health System among the UC Davis Medical Center and several urban or suburban primary care clinics, rural hospitals, and clinic affiliates. SUBJECTS: A total of 657 consecutive patients who consented to a telemedicine consultation. Main outcome measures Demographic information about the patient population, the rural and urban or suburban clinics, the types of specialty consultations, and telemedicine equipment used in the UC Davis Health System. Patient and physician satisfaction were measured on a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS: Patients and primary care physicians reported high levels of satisfaction. Rural clinics requested more and a greater variety of specialist consultations than urban or suburban clinics. CONCLUSION: Although referring physicians and patients indicate a high level of satisfaction with telemedicine services and insurers are negotiating reimbursement policies, additional research must investigate the reasons why some payers, patients, and providers resist participation in these services.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence of chorea, dystonia and athetosis in Assiut, Egypt: a clinical and epidemiological study.

Involuntary movements originate from different parts of the nervous system. The character of movements depends upon the site of the lesion and the type of pathological change. The presence of more than one type of involuntary movement in a patient can cause confusion and difficulty in the proper classification of movement disorders, which then leads to problems in the differential diagnosis and appropriate treatment. This work was planned to estimate the prevalence and to study the aetiological factors of chorea, dystonia, athetosis and hemiballismus in Assiut, a representative community of Upper Egypt. This study was carried out on 7,000 families (42,000 subjects) representing different types of communities (2,000 families from urban, 2,000 families from suburban and 3,000 families from rural communities). All members of these samples were personally interviewed at home. Full clinical assessment and special investigations required for the diagnosis of different types of chorea, dystonia and athetosis were carried out in Assiut University Hospital. The prevalence rate for rheumatic chorea was 62/100,000 population and it was significantly higher (p < 0.01) among rural than urban and suburban populations, whereas Huntington's chorea had a prevalence rate of 21/100,000 with no significant difference between different areas studied (urban, suburban and rural). The other two common types of chorea were reported with prevalence rates of 12/100,000 for the encephalitic type and 17/100,000 for the atherosclerotic type. No single case of generalized dystonia was recorded and all cases were of the focal type of dystonia with a prevalence rate of 26/100,000 population. No significant differences were recorded between the different areas studied (urban, suburban and rural).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Socioeconomic differentials in selected causes of death.

The areal approach utilized in mortality analysis for cities in the past is argued to be fruitful for suburban mortality analysis as well. Through factor analysis of four Census Tract indicators, weighted scores were computed and socioeconomic groups were constructed for each central city and each suburban area for three selected metropolitan areas: Birmingham, AL, Buffalo, NY, and Indianapolis, IN. Mortality rates from Heart Diseases, Malignant Neoplasms, and All Other Causes of death were found to be inversely associated with socioeconomic status in both the central cities and the suburban communities of these selected metropolitan areas. Evidence points to increasing socioeconomic differentials between 1960 and 1970 especially for males for the central cities and for suburban rings in spite of reductions in mortality during this period.

Alabama↗
PubMed2003

[Regional differences in ikigai (reason(s) for living) in elderly people--relationship between ikigai and family structure, physiological situation and functional capacity].

The purpose of this paper is a) to make a comparative study of the existence of ikigai (reason(s) for living) in elderly people and its relevance to their family structure, physiological situation and functional capacity in both rural areas and metropolitan suburban areas, and b) position basic research into the structure of ikigai in the near future, by clarifying several related factors, from which the concept of ikigai may be defined. The meaning of the word "ikigai" in Japanese is difficult to express exactly, and specialists in gerontology have varying definitions. If ikigai were translated from Japanese into English, it could be "reason(s) for living", "self-actualization", "meaning of life" and/or "purpose in life". In this paper, ikigai is used to mean "feeling of being alive now and/or individual motivation for living". As of October 2000, we studied 1,544 people aged 65 years and over living in town Y of Niigata Prefecture (rural area), and as of January 2001, we studied 1,002 people in the same age group in town H of Saitama Prefecture (metropolitan suburban area). The above investigations revealed the following characteristics:--(a) Regarding the percentages of persons having or not having ikigai, there were no significant differences between the rural area and the metropolitan suburban area. (b) In both areas, the 3 factors of self-rated level of health, intellectual activeness and social roles, were associated with having ikigai. (c) In the rural area, the family structure was strongly associated with having ikigai, but gender or generation were irrelevant. (d) In the metropolitan suburban area, the hospitalization experience of men was strongly associated with ikigai. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation with generation. In this regard, while the contents of ikigai are seldom examined in detail, clarification of the structure of ikigai should be worked out in the next stage of the study, using covariance structure analysis. In addition the development of concrete plans to promote ikigai by municipal organs could be beneficial.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Relationship between total serum cholesterol level and nutritional and physical status in Nepalese rural people.

To investigate the nutritional condition in a hilly village (Kotyang) and a suburban village (Bhadrakali) in Nepal and to clarify the possible cause of the difference in total serum cholesterol level between the two groups of villagers habitually eating low fat diets, we carried out a nutrition survey using the 24-h recall method and blood sampling in 403 subjects (204 men and 199 women) in the hilly village and 466 (244 men and 222 women) in the suburban village. Total serum cholesterol was statistically significantly lower in the hilly villagers than in the suburban villagers for both sexes, but HDL-cholesterol was not. In both villages, 82% of the total energy was taken from carbohydrate, 7-8% from fat and 10% from protein. Energy, protein, fiber, potassium, magnesium, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and vitamin A in the hilly villagers were significantly higher than those in the suburban villagers. Total serum cholesterol was significantly associated with age and body fat percentage, suggesting that total serum cholesterol level was not directly associated with total fat intake in these Nepalese people.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Malaria transmission in a region of savanna-forest mosaic, Haut-Ogooué, Gabon.

During the 2 years 1993 to 1995, an entomological survey was carried out in the savanna-forest area of Franceville, Gabon, investigating malaria transmission in one suburban district of Franceville (Akou) and in one rural village (Benguia). The biting rates of the Anopheles vectors were 10 times higher in the rural zone compared to the suburban zone. Anopheles funestus Giles was the predominant species in both zones followed by Anopheles gambiae s.l. Giles. The densities of Anopheles nili Theobald and Anopheles moucheti Evans were very low. In the suburban zone, transmission was maintained throughout the year by An. funestus and An. gambiae s.l., whereas in rural zones the secondary vectors An. nili and An. moucheti were also involved in transmission. Humans in a suburban setting received one infective bite per person every 4 days, whereas in the rural area the infective biting rate was 4 times higher. Considering each vector, the observed entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) were one infective bite per person every 6 and 17 days for An. funestus and An. gambiae s.l., respectively, at Akou. At Benguia, the EIRs were one infective bite per person every 2, 3, 6, and 19 days for the 4 An. funestus, An. gambiae s.l., An. nili, and An. moucheti, respectively. The predominance of An. funestus over An. gambiae s.l. and its high EIR make it the most important malaria vector in this region of Haut-Ogooué.

Aedes↗