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[Ticarda causing drug addiction].
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DOPE HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH ADDICTS.
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Meeting a growing manace-drug addiction.
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[Psychological study of drug addiction].
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An evaluation of recent adolescent drug addiction.
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Under the influence of unconscious process: countertransference in the treatment of PTSD and substance abuse in women.
PTSD and addiction are a marriage made in the avoidance of unbearable affect; an avoidance that is costly in the resulting traumatic reenactments experienced by patients whose attempts to escape the past keep them evermore tightly bound to it. Rather than "difficult patients" a more dynamic and intersubjective conceptualization emphasizes the notion of a "difficult treatment dyad." Vicarious traumatization, unconscious affects about addiction, and pressures within the treatment surround conspire to pull the therapist out of connection with the patient at critical points, and toward sadistic abandonment or collusive indulgence. The concomitant desires to rescue and desert patients create forces for action in the therapist, precisely when what is needed most is the ability to tolerate and contain one's own and the patient's affective experience. The pull for action is also felt by treatment systems, eager for "action" that can be measured in "behavioral observables." Support for the therapist in the form of process supervision can assist the therapist to contain, identify, and acknowledge his/her affective responses evoked in treatment. The therapist is called upon to "grow one's own heart" through a confrontation with the undeveloped parts of self that are vulnerable to the dynamics of the treatment.
Resolution No. 43/121. Use of children in the illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and rehabilitation of drug-addicted minors, 8 December 1988.
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Nicotine withdrawal hyperalgesia and opioid-mediated analgesia depend on nicotine receptors in nucleus accumbens.
The nucleus accumbens, as part of the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward pathway, mediates both addiction to and withdrawal from substances of abuse. In addition, activity of substances of abuse such as opioids in the nucleus accumbens has been implicated in pain modulation. Because nucleus accumbens nicotinic receptors are important in nicotine addiction and because nicotinic activity can interact with opioid action, we investigated the contribution of nucleus accumbens nicotinic receptors to opioid-mediated analgesia/antinociception. The response of the nociceptive jaw-opening reflex to opioids was studied in the rat, both before and during chronic nicotine exposure. In nicotine-naive rats, intra-accumbens injection of the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine blocked antinociception produced by either systemic morphine, intra-accumbens co-administration of a mu- and a delta-opioid receptor agonist, or noxious stimulation (i.e., subdermal capsaicin in the hindpaw); intra-accumbens mecamylamine alone had no effect. The antinociceptive effect of either morphine or noxious stimulation was unchanged during nicotine tolerance; however, intra-accumbens mecamylamine lost its ability to block antinociception produced by either treatment. Intra-accumbens mecamylamine by itself precipitated significant hyperalgesia in nicotine-tolerant rats which could be suppressed by noxious stimulation as well as by morphine. These results indicate that nucleus accumbens nicotinic receptors play an important role in both opioid- and noxious stimulus-induced antinociception in nicotine-naive rats. This role was attenuated in the nicotine-dependent state. The suppression of withdrawal hyperalgesia by noxious stimulation suggests that pain can ameliorate the symptoms of withdrawal, thus suggesting a possible mechanism for pain-seeking behavior.
Sociopathy, gender, and treatment outcome among outpatient substance abusers.
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) may predict poor prognosis but gender/sociopathy relationships to prognosis remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of ASPD upon psychiatric and substance-related outcomes among 235 addiction treatment center outpatients. Prevalence rates for ASPD were similar for males (16%) and females (22%). At baseline, women and ASPD patients displayed greater substance-related and psychiatric severity. At 6-month follow-up, ASPD patients had greater severity on both measures than did patients without ASPD, but women now had equivalent psychiatric severity to men. After controlling for initial severity, ASPD was related to worse substance-related outcomes, but not to worse psychiatric outcomes.
Does America spend enough on addiction treatment? Results from public opinion surveys.
Addiction treatment is often misunderstood and underappreciated in the United States. Although a large body of literature clearly demonstrates the clinical and economic benefits of addiction treatment for many clients and in most settings, the general public has a somewhat ambivalent attitude toward treatment expansion and taxpayer financing. A potential reason for this disconnect between economic evidence and public opinion is a weak identification with the need for, or the success of, addiction treatment for those individuals without a substance abuse problem themselves or in members of their family. Alternatively, addiction treatment stakeholders may be delivering an ineffective or misdirected message about the social value of this industry. This article explores these and other potential explanations for the paradoxically low placement of the addiction treatment industry among other socially important institutions in the United States. Although none of the explanations advanced in this article has been scientifically tested or verified, it is hoped that the historical inquiry and information provided herein will offer practical strategies for the stability and growth of the addiction treatment industry.
Effect of substance P on intravenous self-administration of morphine in different rat strains.
We studied the effects of substance P on intravenous self-administration of morphine in WAG/G and Fischer-344 rats. By the end of week 2 the daily amount of self-administered morphine in WAG/G rats was higher than in Fischer-344 rats. Treatment with substance P markedly suppressed self-injection of morphine, particularly in low doses. The most pronounced effects were observed in Fischer-344 rats. Substance P did not change food-procuring behavior of animals in the same experimental chambers. Since the content of substance P in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and midbrain of Fischer-344 rats is much lower than in WAG/G rats, and morphine addiction in Fischer-344 rats is less pronounced than in WAG/G rats, the degree of opiate addiction is not determined by the content of substance P in rat brain. However, in our experiments treatment with substance P abolished morphine addiction, particularly in animals with low content of this compound in the brain.
The use of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in the treatment of barbiturate addiction with acute withdrawal syndrome.
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Trauma and addiction experiences of African American women.
Substance abuse affects African American women at an increasingly alarming rate. The interaction of substance abuse and traumatic events requires exploration. For many African American women, early life trauma plays a critical role in how and when they fall victim to the ravages of substance abuse. This article about a phenomenological study of 15 African American women uses intense narratives to disclose experiences of incest, rape, abuse, and other horrors that led to drug and alcohol use to extinguish pain. The themes include family history of substance abuse, lack of a caring childhood environment, pain resulting from trauma, and coping and recovery. The womens' stories provide insights for nurses in practice and research related to the psychosocial health of women.