Peripheral self-stimulation as a reward in fish, reptile and mammal.
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Rats were trained to turn lateral hypothalamic electrical brain stimulation on and off by crossing back and forth in a shuttlebox. Injections of 10 mg/kg morphine doubled the amount of time animals left the stimulation ON without altering OFF times. Tolerance did not develop to this action during 5 daily trials. Injections of 20 mg/kg produced a 4- to 5-fold increase in average ON times together with a large increase in average OFF times. Tolerance did not develop to the ON time increase over 5 daily injections, but did partially develop to the OFF time increase. The ON time increase appears to be based on a mechanism separate from the analgesic action of morphine and from the OFF time increase. Differentiable neurological structures and receptor systems may mediate these actions.
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Animals deprived of reward for a task previously rewarded behave differently, depending on whether the reward is food or positive brain stimulation. Unlike the relatively stable frustration effects obtained with conventional reward, frustration produced by withholding brain stimulation dissipates rapidly with time.
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