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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Secular trends in adolescent never smoking from 1990 to 1999 in California: an age-period-cohort analysis.

OBJECTIVES: We analyzed age, time period, and cohort effects on trends in adolescent cigarette smoking in California from 1990 to 1999. METHODS: Data from subjects aged 12 to 17 years (n = 26 536; 50.4% male) from the California Tobacco Survey and the California Youth Tobacco Survey were analyzed, and never smokers were used as the outcome measure. RESULTS: The proportion of never smokers increased from 60% for males and 66% for females in 1990 to around 70% for both sexes in 1999. Respondents were more likely to be never smokers if born in 1978 or later (i.e., aged 12 years or younger in 1990, when most tobacco control programs started in California). CONCLUSIONS: The statewide antitobacco programs prevented adolescents from starting to smoke, primarily through a cohort effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Crossing the secular divide: government and faith-based organizations as partners in health.

Recent debate over the relationship between government and faith-based organizations has renewed interest in the opportunities and challenges that are associated with change in this area of health care policy. Experience exists already that faith-based organizations can provide effective health education and services in the community. Limited infrastructure and liability are among the important barriers to their expansion. Spurred by the demographics of an aging population and increasing health care costs, we argue the necessity of further partnering, within well-defined limits, to maximize the availability of health care education and services throughout this nation.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed2000

[Malnutrition: a secular challenge to child nutrition]

OBJECTIVE: To review current knowledge about child malnutrition, including the historical aspects of the problem, its dimension as a childhood public health problem, its natural history, physiopathology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment, and strategies used by the health sector to control this disease. METHODS: Information was collected by researching the Medline system, the Bireme library, internet sites of interest, catalogues of publications produced by Brazilian governmental organizations and international institutions dealing with child nutrition. RESULTS: The review pointed out that despite recent world prevalence reduction, child malnutrition is a major public health problem in developing countries. Malnutrition, in any of its forms, contributes for more than 50% of deaths among children under 5 years in those countries. Mortality rates of severely malnourished children treated as in patients have been unchanged for the last five decades. Guidelines for improving the treatment and reducing mortality rates of severely malnourished children treated in hospitals were recently defined by the World Health Organization. Even though some positive results have been achieved by the health sector in reducing child malnutrition prevalence, the effectivity of the interventions is often low. Lack of food might limit the success in treating and preventing malnutrition. Factors that may contribute to the effectiveness of interventions against malnutrition include approaches which reassure the confidence of health professionals about achieving positive results with the proper treatment of malnourished children, establishment of an effective relationship between health professionals and mothers, as well as practical support to mothers in recognizing them as valuable active agents for their children nutrition rehabilitation at the household level. CONCLUSIONS: Throughout the centuries, malnutrition has been the biggest challenge faced by developing countries in order to guarantee to children under five years of age their right of being well nourished and healthy. The current challenge is the proper use of the available scientific knowledge on child nutrition to further reduce the figures for all the types of child malnutrition.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Heroin availability and aggregate levels of use: secular trends in an urban black cohort.

The influence of heroin availability on the aggregate level of use of this drug was investigated for a normal Black cohort (born between 1952 and 1957) who grew up in Harlem (New York City). Data obtained on the second and third waves of a panel study were used to estimate annual rates of heroin initiation and cessation from the mid-1960s through 1983. The aggregated time-series variables indicated that initiation into heroin use was largely confined to adolescence and that cessation rates exhibited substantial year-to-year fluctuations with no apparent relationship to either chronological age or calendar year. Respondents born before 1955, however, had much higher rates of heroin use than those born in later years. Temporal trends in initiation and cessation were uncorrelated with changes in the purity of heroin sold in New York City between 1973 and 1983, suggesting that aggregate levels of heroin use in this sample were little affected by changes in supply. More speculatively, cohort differences in lifetime prevalence may reflect varying availability at the times younger and older cohorts entered adolescence. This possibility could not be directly tested because of the absence of reliable purity data going back sufficiently far in time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Are there secular trends in the occurrence and severity of rheumatoid arthritis?

There are considerable research and health service benefits in understanding current trends in a disease as common and as severe as rheumatoid arthritis. Unfortunately in the absence of both a high and constant case fatality rate and a population based morbidity registration system, there is no direct means of assessing changes in incidence in contrast, for example, to the situation with cancer. All the available data are inadequate and subject to considerable bias. It is of note however that all the available data are relatively consistent in pointing to a recent reduction in incidence over the last two decades coupled with a decrease in case severity. The immediate problem remains therefore to set up a true population based recording system which will permit the identification of trends both of incidence and severity. It should not be necessary for this to be established nationwide and a study area within a country could be chosen providing its population was representative and of sufficient size. For the latter a minimum seize of 500,000 persons would be needed.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1992

Secular change in the occurrence of atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a common disease, and population-based studies indicate that the frequency of atopic dermatitis has increased substantially during recent decades. It has been generally accepted that disease onset occurs before 7 years of age in 80-90% of the cases, and consequently the epidemiology of atopic dermatitis has been studied mostly in children on admission of first grade school. Before 1960 about 2-3% of children suffered from atopic dermatitis. In the 1960s, some 4-8% was recorded in several studies, and for those born after 1970 most researchers found that 9-12% developed atopic dermatitis during childhood. The diagnostic criteria of Hanifin and Rajka are cumbersome for population studies not designed specifically for children. In order to compare epidemiologic data from varying times and locations, a framework for questionnaire studies in atopic dermatitis is proposed.

Child↗