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PubMed1987

Studies on the physical state of water in living cells and model systems. VII. Exclusion of sugars and sugar alcohols from the water in sulfonate ion exchange resins: the "size rule".

The equilibrium distribution of D-arabinose, glycerol, D-ribose, sorbitol, sucrose or inulin in the water of sulfonate ion exchange resins (containing as counterions to the sulfonate anions, H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+, tetraethylammonium or tetra-n-butyl-ammonium) was studied, usually at one temperature (25 degrees C) but sometimes at two (25 degrees C, 0 degrees C). The apparent equilibrium distribution (p-value) changes with the nature of the counterion, temperature and the molecular weights of the sugar, sugar alcohols, and derivative in question. Linear correlation coefficients between the molecular weights of the solutes and their respective p-values in the range of -0.92 to -0.93 were obtained when the resins were in the Li+, Na+, K+, or Rb+ form.

Anion Exchange Resins↗
PubMed1986

[Sulfone-resistance of Mycobacterium leprae--monotherapy with diaminodiphenylsulfone--the value of triple-drug combinations].

While the emergence of drug resistance in Mycobacterium leprae was foreseen and known for a long time, it is now presented as a tragedy jeopardizing leprosy control through monotherapy. This resistance has been mainly reported in the United States. It is not observed in other parts of the world. In our opinion, the unfavorable observations made at present result from an incorrect implementation of dapsone (DDS) therapy in the patients, resulting in low sulfone blood levels, as a consequence of the use of complex disubstituted sulfones, insufficient daily dapsone dosages, irregular or noncompliance to treatment, premature interruption of treatment, etc. Two measures are required in order to prevent the emergence of primary or secondary resistance to dapsone in M. leprae. First, it is necessary to go back to the previous regimen of 200 mg dapsone daily in an adult. It yields the "maximum tolerated effective dosage." It should never have been rejected in favor of 100 mg daily as currently recommended at the moment. The second measure is the implementation of multiple drug therapy (MDT), using concurrently DDS in association with rifampin and clofazimine. This is a logical and rational approach, at least from a theoretical point of view. However, MDT is most unfortunately quite expensive and therefore inapplicable in most countries with high prevalence, since they are poor and underdeveloped. Implementation of MDT also raises great problems, since dosages have to be strictly adhered to in order to prevent a potentially catastrophic emergence of multiple drug resistance in M. leprae.

Clofazimine↗
PubMed1986

The therapeutic use of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate in two cases of inorganic mercury poisoning.

Two patients had heavy metal intoxication resulting from industrial exposure to mercury vapors. One patient remained asymptomatic despite high urinary mercury levels. The second presented with a documented toxic reaction, including abnormal electromyograms and hematuria. Treatment was begun with 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate, and investigational drug used under Food and Drug Administration guidelines (IND 19,276). Use in both patients resulted in a dramatic change in excretion half-life of the mercury, from 33.1 days before treatment to 11.2 days during therapy. No significant toxic effects related to drug therapy were observed. Clearing of hematuria and reversal of electromyographic abnormalities were prompt in the symptomatic patient. Therapy with 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate was effective in these two patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Breakdown of alkyl sulfonate by Pseudomonas rathonis].

Pseudomonas rathonis T/1 utilizing alkyl sulfonate, an anionic surfactant, as a sole source of carbon and energy was isolated from the soil taken near a plant producing synthetic detergents. Pseudomonas rathonis T, a more active variant of the above strain, was obtained by selection under the conditions of continuous cultivation. As was shown by identification of intermediate products in the destruction of alkyl sulfonate, its molecule is first cleaved at the C--S bond yielding higher aliphatic alcohols which are then oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acids. The strain can be used for purification of industrial sewage containing anionic surfactants.

Alkanesulfonates↗
PubMed1983

[Clinical use of ticarcillin in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Efficacy of ticarcillin in single administration and in combination therapy with S-sulfonated human immunoglobulin].

Single use of ticarcillin (TIPC, Monapen) was administered in 57 cases and combination therapy of TIPC and S-sulfonated human immunoglobulin (Venilon) was carried out in 23 patients who were either with severe infection, very old or in poor general conditions. The results obtained were as follows. Effective rate of single use of TIPC was 100% (3/3) in cases with infection, 50% (3/6) in cases with infection in which prior antibiotics therapy was poorly effective and 100% (48/48) in post operative cases. Effective rate of combination therapy of TIPC with S-sulfonated human immunoglobulin was 85.7% (6/7) in cases with infection, 71.4% (5/7) in cases with infection in which prior antibiotics therapy was poorly effective and 100% (9/9) in post operative cases. In laboratory findings, mild elevations of transaminase were recognized in 6 cases but restored to normal values without specific therapy. Side effect such as diarrhea, exanthema, fever, nausea and vomiting was not found in our cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Evidence that Na+ in a sulfonate ion exchange resin exists in an adsorbed state. Its significance for the interpretation of NMR data in resins and cells.

The concentrations of total Na+ and of free Na+ were measured in solutions of Na+ polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS). Free Na+ was determined using a Na+-sensitive glass electrode having a high degree of specificity for Na+. In a 5% PSS solution, 80% or more of the Na+ was not detected by the glass electrode and was adsorbed specifically onto the anionic sulfonate groups. The degree of adsorption increased with an increase in the concentration of PSS. These results were discussed in regard to the interpretation of NMR studies of Na+ in the cross-linked PSS resins (Dowex 50) and in living cells. The results show that the quadrupolar splitting of the Na+ NMR signal is caused by specific ionic adsorption onto fixed anionic sites and not by a diffuse charge gradient extending over large distances.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1982

[Effect of ethylmethane sulfonate on the expression of one of the traits of malignancy by cultured mouse cells].

The influence of ethyl methane sulfonate (methane sulfonic acid ethyl esther, EMS) on anchorage independence of tumor cells was studied. Mouse near-diploid spontaneously transformed clonal fibroblasts (CAK-25Agr were used. They were characterized by a stable low cloning efficiency in 1,2% methyl cellulose ((3-5) . 10(-5) per cell seeded into a semi-solid medium). EMS enhanced the quantity of CAK-25Agr colonies grown in methyl cellulose. However, this enhancement was only obtained when correction on the cloning efficiency of the cells in a liquid medium was introduced. Subclones of CAK-25Agr isolated from methyl cellulose were studied for their ability to form colonies in the semi-solid medium. The number of subclones with elevated anchorage independence in cultures treated by a mutagen and in untreated cultures did not differ.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Evidence for an essential hydrophobic domain in the maintenance of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity. Site-specific binding and inactivation by 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate.

1-Anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) binds to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase with subsequent rapid inactivation. Kinetics are saturating, with an enzyme half-life of 0.29 min at 4 x 10(-4) M ANS. IDP, GDP, and phosphoenolpyruvate protect against the inactivation. The enzyme is not covalently modified and it retains an affinity for protecting substrates and substrate analogs, with the exception of oxalate. Binding of ANS occurs in a hydrophobic environment, as suggested by the changes in fluorescence emission, and is markedly pH-dependent, leading to more rapid inactivation at acid pH. Inactivation by ANS differs in this respect from inactivation by N-(iodoacetylaminoethyl)-5-naphthylamine-1-sulfonate which affinity labels the enzyme (Silverstein, R., Rawitch, A.B., and Grainger, D.A. (1979) Biochem. Biophys. Res Commun. 87, 911-918). Though the mechanism by which ANS inactivates the enzyme is unclear, the effect is atypical in that ANS binding does not normally lead to irreversible inactivation.

Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates↗
PubMed1993

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate: a cation exchange resin used in treating hyperkalemia.

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a cation exchange resin used in the treatment of nonlife-threatening hyperkalemia. Administered orally or rectally, the resin can effectively reduce serum potassium concentrations in the neonate as well as the elderly. Proper administration, assessment of drug effectiveness, and detection and prevention of potential adverse side effects of sodium polystyrene sulfonate are the responsibility of the nephrology nurse.

Cation Exchange Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in binding parameters of fluorescent probes 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate and 4-(n-dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium n-toluolsulfonate with liposomes upon radiation exposure].

Using fluorescent probes 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate and 4-(n-dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium n-toluenesulfonate the effect of radiation on the properties of liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine and diphosphatidylglycerol has been investigated. Parameters of the probes association with liposomes were estimated. It was suggested that radiation-induced increase of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate fluorescence intensity and decrease of that for 4-(n-dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium n-toluenesulfonate are caused by lipid's peroxidation.

Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates↗
PubMed1977

[Serologic-nephelometric method for the detection of allergic reactions to small-molecular drugs using polystyrene sodium particles instead of soluble polystyrene sulfonate sodium as pharmaceutic aids].

The previously developed two-step method using soluble polystyrene sulfonate-Na for the detection of allergic reactions to small molecular drugs has been replaced by a one-step method using particles of the same substance. The new method is simpler to perform. Particulate polystyrene sulfonate is commercially available. The drug is added in increasing concentrations to diluted serum samples and the light scattering is measured with a highly sensitive nephelometer. Both the specific serum factor in the patient's serum (globulins) and the non-specific factor contained in most fresh human sera are particularly labile.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1998

Antibacterial and sebosuppressive efficacy of a combination of chloramphenicol and pale sulfonated shale oil. Multicentre, randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-blind study on 91 acne patients with acne papulopustulosa (Plewig and Kligman's grade II-III).

In a 3-armed, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study involving 91 patients with acne papulopustulosa, Plewig's grade II-III, evidence could be provided of a significant reduction of the propionibacteria as well as a subosuppressive effect (squalene reduction) under a combination of 1% chloramphenicol (CAS 56-75-7) and 0.5% pale sulfonated shale oil versus the alcoholic vehicle (1-2 ml twice daily). Likewise, monotherapy with chloramphenicol resulted in a significant reduction in bacteria compared to the vehicle. The combination therapy was superior to the monotherapy with regard to the sebosuppressive effects. Based on a kinetics test carried out for a total of 2 h, a clinically relevant percutaneous absorption of chloramphenicol was ruled out. The chloramphenicol serum level was between < 5.0 microgram/l to 180 microgram/l (average 25 micogram/l). This is important because with systemic application (peroral, i.v.), the therapeutic chloramphenicol level is > 25 mg/l (25,000 microgram 1). None of the blood count and serum parameters were pathologically changed in a clinically relevant way before and after the therapy. An induction of resistance against chloramphenicol in the propionibacteria could be excluded. No adverse events and side effects occurred. The topical therapy of acne papulopustulosa with chloramphenicol as a monosubstance or in combination with pale sulfonated shale oil represents an effective and safe local antibiotic treatment possibility.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1997

[Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Resonium A) as possible cause of rectal blood loss].

A 67-year-old man underwent laparotomy for a ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. Postoperatively he was treated with haemodialysis because of perioperatively developed acute renal failure. Hyperkalaemia was temporarily treated with sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Resonium A) after which he lost blood per rectum. A hemicolectomy was necessary because of intractable blood loss due to ulceration of the colon. This complication is related to uraemia and the use of sodium polystyrene sulfonate with or without sorbitol.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

[On the mechanism of the biological persistence of halogenated and sulfonated aromatic hydrocarbons (author's transl)].

Aromatic compounds with unphysiological substituents like halogen or SO2H-groups are mainly degraded by cometabolism. Investigations with model compounds show, that the negative inductive effect (-I-effect) of the halogen substituents impede the electrophilic attack of the oxygenases, particularly the pyrocatechases. Although the "affinity" of the enzyme for the substrate increases with the number of halogen substituents, the rate of ring cleavage decreases by the presence of halogen substituents. Benzoate oxygenation shows that in certain positions of substitution the -I-effect can be weakened by the + M-effect of the halogen. As soon as aromaticity is lost by the action of dioxygenases, halide can be eliminated with greater ease and total mineralization is possible. When naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid is degraded by a naphthalene utilizing Pseudomonas strain the sulfonic acid group appears to be eliminated oxygenolytically and the carbon skeleton is channelled into the naphthalene pathway.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1996

Protective effect of diallyl sulfone against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

Diallyl sulfone (DASO2) is a metabolite of diallyl sulfide, a compound derived from garlic. The present study investigated the effect of DASO2 as a protective agent against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Oral administration of DASO2 protected mice against the APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. When administered 1 hour prior to, immediately after, or 20 minutes after a toxic dose of APAP, DASO2 at a dose of 25 mg/kg completely protected mice from development of hepatotoxicity, as indicated by liver histopathology and serum lactate dehydrogenase levels. Protective effect was observed when DASO2 at a dose as low as 5 mg/kg was given to mice 1 hour prior to APAP administration. Oral administration of DASO2 to mice 1 hour prior to a toxic dose of APAP significantly inhibited the APAP-induced glutathione depletion in the liver. DASO2 treatment also decreased the levels of oxidative APAP metabolites in the plasma without affecting the concentrations of nonoxidative APAP metabolites. In liver microsomes, 0.1 mM of DASO2 caused a 60% decrease in the rate of APAP oxidation to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, which was determined as glutathione conjugate. This inhibitory effect is mainly due to its inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 activity; with an IC50 value equal to 0.11 mM. DASO2 also slightly inhibited the activities of P450s 3A and 1A, with IC50 values > 5 mM. Furthermore, a single oral dose of DASO2 inactivated P450 2E1- and P450 1A-dependent activities in liver microsomes. The results suggest that the protective effect of DASO2 against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity is due to its ability to block acetaminophen bioactivation mainly by the inactivation and inhibition of P450 2E1.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed2001

Improved calcification resistance and biocompatibility of tissue patch grafted with sulfonated PEO or heparin after glutaraldehyde fixation.

A novel chemical modification of biological tissues was developed aimed at improving biocompatibility and calcification resistance. This method involved the additional grafting of sulfonated PEO (PEO-SO(3)) or heparin after conventional glutaraldehyde (GA) fixation of bovine pericardium (BP). The amino groups of PEO-SO(3) or heparin were utilized to react to the GA residues to block them. The PEO-SO(3) or heparin grafted tissues demonstrated a slightly higher shrinkage temperature and tensile strength, but greater resistance to collagenase digestion, than GA treated ones. These results suggest that modified tissues have improved durability due to the grafting and filling effect of PEO-SO(3) or heparin in addition to the GA cross-linking. At the direct contact cytotoxicity test in vitro, PEO-SO(3) or heparin grafted tissue was shown to be nontoxic, while relatively significant cytotoxicity was observed for the GA treated tissues, possibly due to the release of GA. From the in vivo calcification study, calcium contents deposited on the modified tissues were much less than those on GA treated tissues. Such a decreased calcification might be explained by the decrease of residual GA groups during the additional treatment, and the space-filling effect and the nonadhesive property and/or the blood compatibility of PEO-SO(3) or heparin grafted covalently. The newly modified tissue patch was observed to show improved pathological assessibility including less inflammation and tissue reactions. This simple modification method may be useful for calcification-resistant and blood-compatible tissue patches for cardiovascular implants.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Influence of the amino acid sequence and nature of the cyclodextrin on the separation of small peptide enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis using randomly substituted and single isomer sulfated and sulfonated cyclodextrins.

The separation of dipeptide and tripeptide enantiomers using negatively charged single isomers as well as randomly sulfated and sulfonated cyclodextrins (CDs) was investigated with respect to the amino acid sequence of the peptides and the nature of the CDs. Standardized conditions concerning buffer pH and molarity, CD concentration, and separation voltage were applied. Compared to suffobutylether-beta-CD and heptakis-(2,3-dimethyl-6-sulfato)-beta-CD, randomly sulfated beta-CD as well as the single isomer derivatives heptakis-6-sulfato-beta-CD and heptakis-(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-beta-CD were the more universal CDs for enantioseparations. The enantiomer migration order depended to a greater extent on the CD than on the amino acid sequence of the peptide although small structural differences such as formation of a peptide amide or ester affected the chiral recognition by the randomly substituted CD derivatives. Using sulfobutylether-beta-CD or heptakis-(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-beta-CD the DD enantiomers migrated before the LL enantiomers for most peptides while the opposite migration order, i.e. LL before DD, was observed when heptakis-6-sulfato-beta-CD was applied as chiral selector.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Efficient and highly reproducible capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of peptides using Polybrene-poly(vinyl sulfonate)-coated capillaries.

The potential of capillaries noncovalently coated with a bilayer of oppositely charged polymers for the analysis of peptides by CE-MS was investigated. Bilayer coatings were produced by subsequently rinsing fused-silica capillaries with a solution of Polybrene (PB) and poly(vinyl sulfonate) (PVS). The PB-PVS coating showed to be fully compatible with MS detection causing no ionization suppression or background signals. The bilayer coating provided a considerable EOF at low pH, thereby facilitating the fast separation of peptides using a BGE of formic acid (pH 2.5). Under optimized CE-MS conditions, for enkephalin peptides high separation efficiencies were obtained with plate numbers in the range of 300,000-500,000. It is demonstrated that both the cancellation of the hydrodynamic capillary flow induced by the nebulizer gas and a sufficiently high-data acquisition rate are crucial for achieving these efficiencies. The overall performance of the CE-MS system using PB-PVS-coated capillaries was evaluated by the analysis of a tryptic digest of cytochrome c. The system provided an efficient separation of the peptide mixture, which could be effectively monitored by MS/MS detection allowing identification of at least 13 peptides within a time interval of 1.5 min. In addition, the PB-PVS coating proved to be very consistent yielding stable CE-MS patterns with highly favorable migration time reproducibilities (RSDs < 1% over a 3-day period).

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗