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PubMed2004

[Construction of a stress reaction scale based on an item response model and examination of the developmental process of psychological stress reactions by using test characteristic curves].

In this study, a stress reaction scale was constructed based on an Item Response Model, and the developmental process of psychological stress reactions was investigated by using test characteristic curves. Subjects consisted of 286 private college students and 234 national college students. The Job Stress Scale (JSS) was revised for college students, and used to assess psychological stress reaction. Graded response model of Item Response Theory (IRT) was used to estimate parameters. After estimating item and subject parameters, we assessed the precision of measurement and the fit of the model, and found both precision and fit to be satisfactory. Then we examined the test characteristic curves of each subscale to investigate the developmental process of psychological stress reactions of college students in comparison with company employees.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

[Problems in the genetics of stress. I. Genetic analysis of the behavior of mice in a stressful situation].

Behavior of progeny of complete diallel crossing between 4 inbred strains of mice (BALB/c, C3H/He, C57BL/6, AKR/J) in a stressful situation was studied. As a model of stressful situation, the open field test was used. A statistically significant influence of genotype on the variability of the behaviour characteristics is found. On the basis of analysis of general combining ability of the strains, a hypothesis is made that in the gene pool of BALB/c and C3H/He strains there are concentrated some genes of additive effect, which increase the strength of emotional reactions of mice in a stressful situation, while in the gene pool of C57BL/6 and AKR/J there are genes of opposite effect. An analysis of the specific combining ability demonstrates that an important role in the control of features characterizing the exploratory activity of mice is played by non-additive gene effects, in particular, the effects of over-dominance. Significant genotypic correlations between the rate of sexual maturation of female mice and their behaviour in stressful situation were observed. The mice which mature earlier are more reactive to the stressing effect of a strange environment.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Stress, stress reduction and hypercholesterolemia in African Americans: a review.

Psychological stress may directly contribute to the disproportionately high rates of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality and its etiologic risk factors in African Americans. Specifically, acute and chronic stress have been shown to raise serum lipids and are associated with clinical coronary events. The mechanisms by which stress contributes to alterations in lipid levels are not fully known, but various pathways (ie, hormonal, dietary, etc) have been implicated. Traditional methods for reducing blood serum lipids include diet, drugs or both. These methods have been criticized because of issues of compliance, side effects, and cost. Because of these limitations, nondrug behavioral methods are recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program as the first line of prevention and treatment for hypercholesterolemia and other risk factors. Research shows that CHD morbidity and mortality and major risk factors may be modifiable by behavioral intervention. Specifically, the Transcendental Meditation technique, an effective antidote to stress, reduces levels of major CHD risk factors including hypercholesterolemia, as well as blood pressure and smoking. Using an effective stress reduction approach for prevention and treatment of CHD and its risk factors in African Americans may prove to be a valuable asset for this underserved population.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2000

Stress and symptomatology in patients with interstitial cystitis: a laboratory stress model.

PURPOSE: Although patients with interstitial cystitis frequently report symptom exacerbation due to stress, to our knowledge this association has not been empirically examined. We evaluated the effects of a laboratory mental stress challenge on symptoms of urgency and pain in patients with interstitial cystitis and healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 14 females with interstitial cystitis and 14 age matched controls participated in a laboratory session, including a 60-minute baseline measurement, 25 minutes of mental stress tasks and 75 minutes of recovery. Acute symptoms of pain and urgency were assessed at voiding 15 minutes before the stressor, and 25, 70 and 100 minutes after stressor onset. Chronic symptoms were evaluated by questions from the Interstitial Cystitis Data Base survey. RESULTS: Patients reported significantly greater pain and urgency than controls at all 4 voidings (p <0.005). Pain increased in patients from the prestressor point to 25 minutes after stressor onset (p <0.005), remained elevated at 70, and decreased between 70 and 100. At 100 minutes patient pain remained significantly elevated above baseline (p = 0.018). Patient urgency was significantly elevated over baseline by 70 minutes after stressor onset (p <0.001) and significantly decreased between 70 and 100 minutes (p <0.002). Controls had no symptom changes with stress. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that an acute stressor evokes increased symptoms of pain and urgency in patients with interstitial cystitis but not in controls. Findings are consistent with sympathetic effects on inflammatory processes in interstitial cystitis. However, further evaluation of the mechanisms underlying stress related interstitial cystitis symptom exacerbation is needed to provide a more comprehensive understanding of these phenomena.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Responses to stress in adolescence: measurement of coping and involuntary stress responses.

The development of a measure of coping and involuntary stress responses in adolescence is described. The Responses to Stress Questionnaire (RSQ) reflects a conceptual model that includes volitional coping efforts and involuntary responses to specific stressful events or specified domains of stress. The psychometric characteristics of the RSQ were examined across 4 domains of stress in 3 samples of adolescents and parent reports obtained in 2 samples. The factor structure of the RSQ was tested and replicated with an adequate degree of fit using confirmatory factor analysis across 3 stressors in 2 samples. Internal consistency and retest reliability for the 5 factors were adequate to excellent. Concurrent validity was established through correlations with another measure of coping, heart rate reactivity, and correlations of self- and parent-reports. Significant correlations with both adolescents' and parents' reports of internalizing and externalizing symptoms were consistent with hypotheses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Stress-induced rearrangement of the myocardium: time course of structural changes in various types of stress.

Common morphological changes in the myocardium were revealed in rats exposed to three different types of stress. At the initial stages of stress, the structural changes were stereotypical (contractures) irrespective of the type of stress factor and differed only by their severity. At later stages contractures were gradually replaced by cytolytic injuries, which did not depend on the type of stress either. Early predominance of myocytolysis in combination with excessive contracture injuries led to rapid death, which is probably a manifestation of genetically determined low capacity to adapt to stress in some individuals.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effects of hydrocortisone and beta-aminopropionitrile on stress-strain and stress-relaxation behaviors, and birefringent retardation of collagen fibers in the rat incisor periodontal ligament.

Three groups of male Wistar rats received daily subcutaneous injections of 10 mg/kg of hydrocortisone (HC group), 300 mg/kg of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN group), or saline (control group), for 10 days. The shear stress-strain and stress-relaxation properties of the incisor periodontal ligament were examined in transverse sections from dissected mandibles. Both the maximum shear stress and failure strain energy density increased significantly following the administration of hydrocortisone. The maximum shear stress decreased following the administration of BAPN. However, the stress-relaxations in the initial 10 min did not show significant differences among the three groups. Polarized light microscopic analysis revealed that the retardation value of the collagen fibers was highest in the HC group and lowest in the BAPN group for the bone-related area, but not for the tooth-related and middle areas of the ligament. It is suggested that the changes induced by hydrocortisone or BAPN occurred mainly in the elastic components and to a minor extent in the viscous components although the physical and biomechanical properties are determined by the interaction of all the various components. We also suggest that the main response to the drugs occurred in the collagen fibers in the bone-related area of the ligament.

Aminopropionitrile↗

PubMed2003

A behavioral-analytic model for assessing stress in police officers: phase I. Development of the Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS).

Research and clinical reports over the past 25 years have documented the high level of stress inherent in the law enforcement profession. Further, these findings have indicated a wide range of negative physical and mental health sequelae from this stress. The present study employed a behavioral-analytic assessment approach to develop a brief, early warning screening measure of stress among law enforcement officers, the Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS). This paper describes the initial phases of the LEOSS development following the behavioral-analytic method, which included situational analysis, item development, response enumeration, response evaluation, and construction of the survey. This process resulted in a final 25-item instrument specifically geared toward evaluation of stress in law enforcement officers. The next phase of research on the LEOSS, and suggestions for directions that research in this area might take, are offered.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Experimentally-induced stress in dyadic interactions. Presentation of the EISI (experimentally-induced stress in dyadic interactions) experiment].

In this article we present an experimental study (EISI-experiment: experimental induced stress in dyadic interaction), which focuses on a method for analysing individual and dyadic stress-experience and coping as well as its influence on dyadic interaction. The experiment offers a new diagnostic approach to analyse interaction processes under stress. We report the concept of our experimental design and show some first results. The findings suggest that our method is useful for the examination of stress phenomena in close relationships. It allows the investigation of interactional processes and in this context especially of "dyadic coping", a form of stress-management by couples.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Stressed or stressed out: what is the difference?

The term "allostasis" has been coined to clarify ambiguities associated with the word "stress". Allostasis refers to the adaptive processes that maintain homeostasis through the production of mediators such as adrenalin, cortisol and other chemical messengers. These mediators of the stress response promote adaptation in the aftermath of acute stress, but they also contribute to allostatic overload, the wear and tear on the body and brain that result from being "stressed out". This conceptual framework has created a need to know how to improve the efficiency of the adaptive response to stressors while minimizing overactivity of the same systems, since such overactivity results in many of the common diseases of modern life. This framework has also helped to demystify the biology of stress by emphasizing the protective as well as the damaging effects of the body's attempts to cope with the challenges known as stressors.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2005

The Montreal Imaging Stress Task: using functional imaging to investigate the effects of perceiving and processing psychosocial stress in the human brain.

OBJECTIVE: We developed a protocol for inducing moderate psychologic stress in a functional imaging setting and evaluated the effects of stress on physiology and brain activation. METHODS: The Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST), derived from the Trier Mental Challenge Test, consists of a series of computerized mental arithmetic challenges, along with social evaluative threat components that are built into the program or presented by the investigator. To allow the effects of stress and mental arithmetic to be investigated separately, the MIST has 3 test conditions (rest, control and experimental), which can be presented in either a block or an event-related design, for use with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or positron emission tomography (PET). In the rest condition, subjects look at a static computer screen on which no tasks are shown. In the control condition, a series of mental arithmetic tasks are displayed on the computer screen, and subjects submit their answers by means of a response interface. In the experimental condition, the difficulty and time limit of the tasks are manipulated to be just beyond the individual's mental capacity. In addition, in this condition the presentation of the mental arithmetic tasks is supplemented by a display of information on individual and average performance, as well as expected performance. Upon completion of each task, the program presents a performance evaluation to further increase the social evaluative threat of the situation. RESULTS: In 2 independent studies using PET and a third independent study using fMRI, with a total of 42 subjects, levels of salivary free cortisol for the whole group were significantly increased under the experimental condition, relative to the control and rest conditions. Performing mental arithmetic was linked to activation of motor and visual association cortices, as well as brain structures involved in the performance of these tasks (e.g., the angular gyrus). CONCLUSIONS: We propose the MIST as a tool for investigating the effects of perceiving and processing psychosocial stress in functional imaging studies.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Shear stress modulates the expression of thrombospondin-1 and CD36 in endothelial cells in vitro and during shear stress-induced angiogenesis in vivo.

Binding of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) to the CD36 receptor inhibits angiogenesis and induces apoptosis in endothelial cells (EC). Conversely, matrix-bound TSP-1 supports vessel formation. In this study we analyzed the shear stress-dependent expression of TSP-1 and CD36 in endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo to reveal its putative role in the blood flow-induced remodelling of vascular networks. Shear stress was applied to EC using a cone-and-plate apparatus and gene expression was analyzed by RT-PCR, Northern and Western blot. Angiogenesis in skeletal muscles of prazosin-fed (50 mg/l drinking water; 4 d) mice was assessed by measuring capillary-to-fiber (C/F) ratios. Protein expression in whole muscle homogenates (WMH) or BS-1 lectin-enriched EC fractions (ECF) was analyzed by Western blot. Shear stress downregulated TSP-1 and CD36 expression in vitro in a force- and time-dependent manner sustained for at least 72 h and reversible by restoration of no-flow conditions. In vivo, shear stress-driven increase of C/F in prazosin-fed mice was associated with reduced expression of TSP-1 and CD36 in ECF, while TSP-1 expression in WMH was increased. Down-regulation of endothelial TSP-1/CD36 by shear stress suggests a mechanism for inhibition of apoptosis in perfused vessels and pruning in the absence of flow. The increase of extra-endothelial (e.g. matrix-bound) TSP-1 could support a splitting type of vessel growth.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗

PubMed1991

[A comparison of stress distribution at tapered vs. threaded cylindrical posts using photoelastic stress analysis].

The need for complex restoration of pulpless teeth has resulted from successful endodontic therapy. When a post and core is necessary thought must be given to the stress producing characteristics of the post. A two-dimensional photoelastic analysis was used to investigate the stress distribution of a tapered post and core and two different core materials on the stress distribution of a threaded cylindrical post. A cast gold tapered post with core, and a prefabricated VLock post with amalgam or composite cores were compared with the VLock post without core at installation, at vertical, and at inclined loading. The findings confirm that tapered posts are benign on installation and that threaded posts create stress where they engage the model, the stresses being intensified upon loading where the posts are in contact with the models. The findings further indicate that cores can facilitate a more favorable distribution, especially at inclined loading.

Dental Stress Analysis↗

PubMed1991

Work and stress in workers in Tokyo--its actual state, and anti-stress countermeasures taken by employers.

With the objective of clarifying the actual state of stress and overwork in employees in Tokyo, the representative city of Japan, the characteristics of urban outpatients visiting my stress clinic were studied, and countermeasures (anti-stress programs) taken by their companies were investigated by questionnaire. Overwork state in urban workers consisted primarily of psychological fatigue due to job-related stress. The results of the questionnaire revealed that companies are aggressively performing stress management as part of the health care provided to their employees, rather than taking mere countermeasures against disease, such as psychosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Stress breaking saddle framework or stress breaking framework. 1. Principles].

The treatment success of a removable partial denture is conditioned by the respect of the base structures, tooth abutments and hard and soft tissues. In order to achieve this goal, the prosthesis should be in accordance with the following fundamentals: tissue duality (STEIGER diagram); visco-elastic behaviour of the mucous membrane (TURK, KYDD, DALY, PICTON WILLS); JORES, LERICHE and POLICARD principles. The proposed prosthetic solution, the stress breaker framework allows the disconnexion between the saddle and the framework as well as between the different saddles. The originality of the concept is due to the particular design of the framework, which permits the disconnexion of the saddle. Due to its principle, the displacement of the saddle takes place only when mastication forces are applied on the prosthetic teeth. These movements stimulate the bony tissues. The clinical construction of a stress breaker framework can be adapted to all types of edentation, as well as to sub-total dentures. The clinical results shown that, after twelve years of experience, the stress breaker framework allows the preservation of the abutments as well as the conservation of osseo-mucous tissues (no need of rebase). Several experimental research investigations have been carried out. Work on trial banks have revealed that, compared with the semi-rigid framework, the stress breaker framework lays less stress on the abutment and provides a better base surface beneath the saddle. Other studies have dealt notably with the displacement of the saddle as well as with fatigue tests of the prosthetic system. These studies have led to the development of specific preformed systems.

Bite Force↗

PubMed1990

[Stress and immunity. The role of stress in auto-immunity of Basedow's disease].

The possible influence of stress on the immune system, long since suspected by the clinicians in their daily practice, was confirmed by human and animal studies, some of which being recent. Stress generally exert an immunosuppressive effect, but some of its characteristics (nature, duration, intensity, controllability of the stressing situation) can modulate this response, amplifying or reversing it. The concerned mechanisms are complex, involving the autonomic nervous system, the hypothalamo-pituitary complex and its target-glands through hormonal receptors born on immunocompetent cells. The immune system, conversely, is able to inform the brain about the interference of non cognitive stimuli (viruses, bacteria, tumors) through immunologic cell-derived immunohormones active in the central nervous system. Thus, close immune-neuroendocrine interactions exist, in order to cope with stress of all kinds. The stress can act in Graves' disease by depressing the T suppressive function via the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, by eliciting the secretion of catecholamines capable of initiating an hyperthyroidism, by facilitating through its immunosuppressive action a viral infection that can have a part in initiating the auto-immune process.

Autoimmunity↗

PubMed1987

[Plasma beta-endorphin and stress hormones in stress and adaptation].

The experiments on white rats have shown that the induction of 4 hour stress produces an acute increase in beta-endorphin level, as well as characteristic changes in ACTH, cortisol, insulin, thyroxin and triiodothyronine concentrations. Different types of adaptation (training with short stress periods or injection of rhodiola rosea extract) promote a moderate increase in the amount of serum immunoreactive beta-endorphin, preventing its subsequent stress-induced elevation. Adaptation is characterized by a decrease or total prevention of hormonal changes peculiar to stress. The role of opioid neuropeptides in enhancing stress tolerance and the effect of adaptation factors are discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1979

Effect of halothane on isometric contractile properties of muscle from stress-susceptible and stress-resistant pigs.

The effect of clinical concentrations of halothane on the isometric contractile properties of muscle in stress-susceptible and stress-resistant pigs was studied. Exposure to halothane initially increased the percentage of peak twitch tension in the muscle of stress-susceptible pigs whereas the tension gradually decreased in the stress-resistant group of pigs. Halothane may act as a potentiator of muscle contraction in stress-susceptible animals, but this effect is transitory.

Animals↗